Top

Published in:

Open Access 01-07-2011 | Original Contribution

The direction of effects between perceived parental behavioral control and psychological control and adolescents’ self-reported GAD and SAD symptoms

Authors: Saskia A. M. Wijsbroek, William W. Hale III, Quinten A. W. Raaijmakers, Wim H. J. Meeus

Published in: European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry | Issue 7/2011

Abstract

This study examined the direction of effects and age and sex differences between adolescents’ perceptions of parental behavioral and psychological control and adolescents’ self-reports of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and separation anxiety disorder (SAD) symptoms. The study focused on 1,313 Dutch adolescents (early-to-middle cohort n = 923, 70.3%; middle-to-late cohort n = 390, 29.7%) from the general population. A multi-group, structural equation model was employed to analyze the direction of the effects between behavioral control, psychological control and GAD and SAD symptoms for the adolescent cohorts. The current study demonstrated that a unidirectional child effect model of the adolescents’ GAD and SAD symptoms predicting parental control best described the data. Additionally, adolescent GAD and SAD symptoms were stronger and more systematically related to psychological control than to behavioral control. With regard to age–sex differences, anxiety symptoms almost systematically predicted parental control over time for the early adolescent boys, whereas no significant differences were found between the late adolescent boys and girls.

Albano AM, Kendall PC (2002) Cognitive behavioral therapy for children and adolescents with anxiety disorders: clinical research advances. Int Rev Psychiatry 14:129–134CrossRef

Albrecht AK, Galambos NL, Jansson SM (2007) Adolescents’ internalizing and aggressive behaviors and perceptions of parents’ psychological control: a panel study examining direction of effects. J Youth Adolesc 36:673–684CrossRef

Alloy LB, Riskind JH (eds) (2006) Cognitive vulnerability to emotional disorders. Erlbaum, New York

American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (2007) AACAP official action; practice parameter for the assessment and treatment of children and adolescents with anxiety disorders. J Am Ac Child Adolesc Psychiatry 46:267–283CrossRef

American Psychiatric Association (2000) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 4th edn, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) American Psychiatric Association, Washington

Andrews MD, Hobbs MJ, Borkovec TD, Beesdo K, Graske MG, Heimberg RG et al (2010) Generalized worry disorder: a review of DSM-IV generalized anxiety disorder and options for DSM-V. Depress Anxiety 27:134–147PubMedCrossRef

Arbuckle JL, Wothke W (2006) AMOS 7.0 user’s guide. SmallWaters, Chicago

Arim RG, Marshall SK, Shapka JD (2010) A domain-specific approach to adolescent reporting of parental control. J Adolesc 33:355–366PubMedCrossRef

Ballash N, Leyfer O, Buckley AF, Woodruff-Borden J (2006) Parental control in the etiology of anxiety. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 9:113–133PubMedCrossRef

10.

Barber BK (1996) Parental psychological control: revisiting a neglected construct. Child Dev 67:3296–3319PubMedCrossRef

11.

Barber BK, Harmon EL (2002) Violating the self: parental psychological control of children and adolescents. In: Barber BK (ed) Intrusive parenting: how psychological control affects children and adolescents. APA, Washington DC, pp 15–52CrossRef

12.

Barber BK, Olsen JE, Shagle SC (1994) Associations between parental psychological and behavioural control and youth internalized and externalized behaviors. Child Dev 65:1120–1136PubMedCrossRef

13.

Barber BK, Stolz HE, Olsen JA (2005) Parental support, psychological control, and behavioural control: assessing relevance across time, method, and culture. Monogr Soc Res Child Dev 70(282):1–137PubMed

14.

Barlow DH (2002) Anxiety and its disorders: the nature and treatment of anxiety and panic, 2nd edn. Guilford Press, New York

15.

Barmish A, Kendall P (2005) Should parents be co-clients in cognitive- behavioural therapy for anxious youth? J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 34(3):569–581PubMedCrossRef

16.

Beck AT, Clark DA (1997) An information processing model of anxiety: automatic and strategic processes. Behav Res Ther 35:49–58PubMedCrossRef

17.

Bell RQ, Chapman M (1986) Child effects in studies using experimental or brief longitudinal approaches to socialization. Dev Psychol 22:595–603CrossRef

18.

Belsky J (1984) The determinants of parenting. A process model. Child Dev 55:83–97PubMedCrossRef

19.

Birmaher B, Brent DA, Chiappetta L, Bridge J, Monga S, Baugher M (1999) Psychometric properties of the screen for child anxiety related emotional disorders (SCARED): a replication study. J Am Ac Child Adolesc Psychiatry 38:1230–1236CrossRef

20.

Birmaher B, Khetarpal S, Brent D, Cully M, Balach L, Kaufman J, McKenzie-Neer S et al (1997) The screen for child anxiety related emotional disorders (SCARED): scale construction and psychometric characteristics. J Am Ac Child Adolesc Psychiatry 36:533–545

21.

Bögels SM, Brechman-Toussaint ML (2006) Family issues in child anxiety: attachment, family functioning, parental rearing and beliefs. Clin Psychol Rev 26:834–856PubMedCrossRef

22.

Bollen L (1989) Structural equations with latent variables. Wiley, New York

23.

Borkovec TD, Newman MG, Pincus AL, Lytle R (2002) A component analysis of cognitive-behavioral therapy for generalized anxiety disorder and the role of interpersonal problems. J Consult Clin Psychol 70:288–298PubMedCrossRef

24.

Borkovec TD, Ruscio A (2000) Psychotherapy for generalized anxiety disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 62:37–45

25.

Branje SJT, Hale WW III, Meeus WHJ (2008) Reciprocal development of parent–adolescent support and adolescent problem behaviors. In: Kerr M, Stattin H, Engels R (eds) What can parents do? New insights into the role of parents in adolescent problem behaviour. Wiley, Chichester, pp 135–162

26.

Chorpita BF, Barlow DH (1998) The development of anxiety: the role of control in the early development. Psychol Bull 124:3–21PubMedCrossRef

27.

Chorpita BF, Brown TS, Barlow DH (1998) Perceived control as a mediator of family environment in etiological models of childhood anxiety. Beh Ther 29:457–476CrossRef

28.

Cobham VE, Dadds MR, Spence SH (1999) Anxious children and their parents: what do they expect? J Clin Child Psychol 28:220–231PubMedCrossRef

29.

Costello EJ, Mustillo S, Erkanli A, Keeler G, Angold A (2003) Prevalence and development of psychiatric disorders in childhood and adolescence. Arch Gen Psychiatry 54:329–336

30.

Cronk NJ, Slutske WS, Madden PAF, Bucholz KK, Heath AC (2004) Risk for separation anxiety disorder among girls: paternal absence, socioeconomic disadvantage, and genetic vulnerability. J Abn Psychol 113:237–247CrossRef

31.

Dadds MR (2002) Learning and intimacy in the families of anxious children. In: McMahon RJ, Peters RD (eds) The effects of parental dysfunction on children. Kluwer Academic/Plenum, New York, pp 87–104

32.

Dadds MR, Barrett PM, Rapee RM, Ryan S (1996) Family process and child anxiety and aggression: an observational analysis. J Abn Child Psychol 24:715–734CrossRef

33.

Diamond G, Josephson A (2005) Family based treatment research: a 10-year update. J Am Ac Child Adolesc Psychiatry 44(9):872–887CrossRef

34.

Grolnick WS, Pomerantz EM (2009) Issues and challenges in studying parental control: toward a new conceptualization. Child Dev Perspect 3:165–170CrossRef

35.

Hale WW III, Engels R, Meeus W (2006) Adolescent’s perceptions of parenting behaviors and its relationship to adolescent generalized anxiety disorder symptoms. J Adolesc 29:407–417PubMedCrossRef

36.

Hale WW III, Raaijmakers Q, Muris P, van Hoof A, Meeus W (2008) Developmental trajectories of adolescent anxiety disorder symptoms: a 5-year prospective community study. J Am Ac Child Adolesc Psychiatry 47:557–565

37.

Hale WW III, Raaijmakers Q, Muris P, Meeus W (2005) Psychometric properties of the screen for child anxiety related emotional disorders (SCARED) in the general adolescent population. J Am Ac Child Adolesc Psychiatry 44:283–290CrossRef

38.

Hankin BL, Abramson LY (2001) Development of gender differences in depression: an elaborated cognitive vulnerability transactional stress theory. Psychol Bull 127:773–796PubMedCrossRef

39.

Hudson JL, Rapee RM (2004) From anxious temperament to disorder. In: Heimberg RG, Turk CL, Mennin DS (eds) Generalized anxiety disorder: advances in research and practice. The Guilford Press, New York, pp 51–74

40.

Kawash GF, Clewes JL (1988) A factor analysis of a short form of the CRPBI: are children’s perceptions of control and discipline multidimensional? J Psychol 122:57–67

41.

Kerr M, Stattin H (2003) Parenting of adolescents: action or reaction? In: Crouter AC, Booth A (eds) Children’s influence on family dynamics: the neglected side of family relationships. Erlbaum, New York, pp 121–151

42.

Kline RB (2005) Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guildford Press, New York

43.

Lollis S, Kuczynski L (1997) Beyond one hand clapping: seeing bidirectonality in parent–child relations. J Soc Pers Rel 14:441–461CrossRef

44.

McLeod BD, Wood JJ, Weisz JR (2007) Examining the association between parenting and childhood anxiety: a meta-analysis. Clin Psychol Rev 27:155–172PubMedCrossRef

45.

Meeus W, Akse J, Branje SJT et al (2004) Codeboek van het onderzoeksproject CONflicts And Management Of RElationships (CONAMORE). Eerste meetronde: 2001. [Codebook of the research project CONflicts And Management Of RElationships (CONAMORE) First wave: 2001.] Unpublished manuscript, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.

46.

Muris P, Meesters C, Merckelbach H, Huelsenbeck P (2000) Worry in children is related to perceived parental rearing and attachment. Beh Res Ther 38:487–497CrossRef

47.

Muris P, Meesters C, Van Melick M, Zwambag L (2001) Self reported attachment style, attachment quality, and symptoms of anxiety and depression in young adolescents. Pers Individ Dif 30:809–818CrossRef

48.

Muris P, Merckelbach H (1998) Perceived parental rearing behavior and anxiety disorders symptoms in normal children. Pers Individ Dif 25:1199–1206CrossRef

49.

Myers K, Winters NC (2002) Ten-year review of rating scales. II: scales for internalizing disorders. J Am Ac Child Adolesc Psychiatry 41:634–659CrossRef

50.

Padilla-Walker LM, Carlo G (2003) “It’s not fair!” Adolescents’ constructions of appropriateness of parental reactions. J Youth Adolesc 33:389–401CrossRef

51.

Patterson GR (1982) A social learning approach: III. Coercive family process. Castalia, Eugene

52.

Parker G (1993) Parental overprotection: a risk factor in psychosocial development. Grune and Stratton, New York

53.

Pettit GS, Laird RD, Dodge KA, Bates JE, Criss MM (2001) Antecedents and behavior-problem outcomes of parental monitoring and psychological control in early adolescence. Child Dev 72:583–598PubMedCrossRef

54.

Rapee RM (1991) Generalized anxiety disorder: a review of clinical features and theoretic concepts. Clin psychol Rev 11:419–440CrossRef

55.

Rapee RM (1997) Potential role of childrearing practices in the development of anxiety and depression. Clin Psychol Rev 7:47–67CrossRef

56.

Rapee RM (2001) The development of generalized anxiety. In: Vasey MW, Dadds MR (eds) The developmental psychopathology of anxiety. Oxford University Press, London, pp 481–503

57.

Riskind JH, Williams NL (2005) The looming cognitive style and generalized anxiety disorder: distinctive danger schemas and cognitive phenomenology. Cognit Ther Res 29:7–27CrossRef

58.

Riskind JH, Tzur D, Williams NL, Mann B, Shahar G (2007) Short-term predictive effects of the looming cognitive style on anxiety disorder symptoms under restrictive methodological conditions. Behav Res Ther 45:1765–1777PubMedCrossRef

59.

Riskind JH, Williams NL, Joiner TE Jr (2006) The looming cognitive style: a cognitive vulnerability for anxiety disorders. J Soc Clin Psychol 25:779–801CrossRef

60.

Rogers KN, Buchanan CM, Winchell ME (2003) Psychological control during early adolescence: links to adjustment in differing parent/adolescent dyads. J Early Adolesc 23:349–383CrossRef

61.

Rubin KH, Mills RSL (1991) Conceptualizing developmental pathways to internalizing disorders in childhood. Can J Behav Sci 23:300–317

62.

Sameroff AJ (1983) Developmental systems: contexts and evolution. In: Kessen W (ed) Handbook of Child Psychology, 4th edn. Wiley, New York, pp 237–294

63.

Schaefer ES (1965) Children’s reports of parental behavior: an inventory. Child Dev 36:413–424PubMedCrossRef

64.

Schaefer ES (1965) A configurational analysis of children’s reports of parent behavior. J Cons Psychol 20:552–557CrossRef

65.

Schwarz JC, Barton-Henry ML, Pruzinsky T (1985) Assessing child-rearing behaviors: a comparison of ratings made by mother, father, child, and sibling on the CRPBI. Child Dev 56:462–479PubMedCrossRef

66.

Silverman W, Kurtines W, Ginsberg G, Weems C, Lumpkin P, Carmichael D (1999) Treating anxiety disorders in children with Group cognitive behaviour therapy: a randomized clinical trial. J Consult Clin Psychol 76:995–1003

67.

Smetana JG, Daddis C (2002) Domain-specific antecedents of parental psychological control and monitoring: The role of parenting beliefs and practices. Child Dev 73:563–580PubMedCrossRef

68.

Soenens B, Luyckx K, Vansteenkiste M, Duriez B, Goossens L (2008) Clarifying the link between parental psychological control and adolescents’ depressive symptoms. Reciprocal versus unidirectional models. Merrill-Palmer Q 54:411–444CrossRef

69.

Soenens B, Vansteenkiste M (2010) A theoretical upgrade of the concept of parental psychological control: proposing new insights on the basis of self-determination theory. Dev Rev 30:74–99CrossRef

70.

Soenens B, Vansteenkiste M, Luyten DuriezB, Goossens L (2005) Maladaptive perfectionistic self-representations: the mediational link between psychological control and adjustment. Pers Individ Dif 38:487–498CrossRef

71.

Southam-Gerow MA, Kendall PC, Weersing VR (2001) Examining outcome variability: correlates of treatment response in a child and adolescent clinic. J Clin Child Psychol 30:422–436PubMedCrossRef

72.

Stallings P, March JS (1995) Assessment. In: March JS (ed) Anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Guilford, New York, pp 125–147

73.

Stattin H, Kerr M (2000) Parental monitoring: a reinterpretation. Child Dev 71:1072–1085PubMedCrossRef

74.

Van Brakel AML, Muris P, Bögels SM, Thomassen C (2006) A multifactorial model for the etiology of anxiety in non-clinical adolescents: main and interactive effects of behavioral inhibition, attachment and parental rearing. J Child Fam Stud 15:569–579CrossRef

75.

Verhulst FC, Van der Ende J, Ferdinand RF, Kasius MC (1997) The prevalence of DSM-III-R diagnoses in a national sample of Dutch adolescents. Arch Gen Psychiatry 54:329–336PubMed

76.

Wang Q, Pomerantz EM, Chen HC (2007) The role of parents’ control in early adolescents’ psychological functioning: a longitudinal investigation in the United States and China. Child Dev 78:1592–1610PubMedCrossRef

77.

Warren S, Sroufe LA (2004) Developmental Issues. In: Ollendick T, Marsh J (eds) Phobic and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents: a clinican’s guide to effective psychosocial and pharmacological intervention. Oxford University Press, New York, pp 92–115

78.

Weems CF, Costa NM (2005) Developmental differences in the expression of childhood anxiety symptoms and fears. J Am Ac Child Adolesc Psychiatry 44:656–663CrossRef

79.

Weems CF, Silverman WK, La Greca AM (2000) What do youth referred for anxiety problems worry about? Worry and its relation to anxiety and anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. J Abn Child Psychol 28:63–72CrossRef

80.

Weems CF, Stickle TR (2005) Anxiety disorders in childhood: casting a nomological net. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 8:107–134PubMedCrossRef

81.

Westenberg PM, Drewes MJ, Siebelink BM, Treffers PDA (2004) A developmental analysis of self-reported fears in late childhood through mid-adolescence: social-evaluative fears on the rise? J Child Psychol Psychiatry Allied Disc 45:481–496CrossRef

82.

Wood JJ, McLeod BD, Piacentini JC, Sigman M (2009) One-year follow-up of family versus child CBT for anxiety disorders: exploring the roles of child age and parental intrusiveness. Child Psychiatry Human Dev 40:301–316CrossRef

83.

Wood JJ, McLeod BD, Sigman M, Hwang W-C, Chu BC (2003) Parenting and childhood anxiety: theory, empirical findings, and future directions. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 44:134–151PubMedCrossRef

84.

Woodruff-Borden J, Morrow C, Bourland S, Cambron S (2002) The behavior of anxious parents: examining mechanisms of transmission of anxiety from parent to child. J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol 31:364–374PubMed

Title: The direction of effects between perceived parental behavioral control and psychological control and adolescents’ self-reported GAD and SAD symptoms
Authors: Saskia A. M. Wijsbroek
William W. Hale III
Quinten A. W. Raaijmakers
Wim H. J. Meeus
Publication date: 01-07-2011
Publisher: Springer-Verlag
Published in: European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry / Issue 7/2011
Print ISSN: 1018-8827
Electronic ISSN: 1435-165X
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-011-0183-3

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

The direction of effects between perceived parental behavioral control and psychological control and adolescents’ self-reported GAD and SAD symptoms

Abstract

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 7/2011

Prenatal and postnatal psychological symptoms of parents and family functioning: the impact on child emotional and behavioural problems

Erratum to: Special Issue: European clinical guidelines for Tourette Syndrome and other tic disorders

Supporting researchers: mentoring and awards of the Journal

Odor detection threshold, but not odor identification, is impaired in children with autism

Epidemiology of psychoactive drug use amongst adolescents in metropolitan Lagos, Nigeria

Novel clinical finding in MECP2 duplication syndrome