Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Clinical Oral Investigations 3/2011

01-06-2011 | Original Article

Toluidine blue color perception in identification of oral mucosal lesions

Authors: Pelin Güneri, Joel B. Epstein, Selin Ergün, Hayal Boyacioğlu

Published in: Clinical Oral Investigations | Issue 3/2011

Login to get access

Abstract

The objective of this study is to examine observer agreement on the rank of the color tones after toluidine blue staining of a mucosal lesion. Cohort study with repeated measures is the design of the study. Twenty observers ranked and scored 8 specified areas on the color images of a lesion before and after toluidine blue application in two sessions. Inter and intra-observer variations were analyzed with Cohen’s kappa. The L* (the black-white axis), a* (red-green axis), and b* (yellow-blue axis) values were measured and set as the gold standards. Intra and inter-observer agreements were к = 0.86 and к = 0.854. All color parameters were effective on the color ranking order (pL* = 0.00, pa* = 0.007, pb* = 0.00), although L* and b* were more effective on the ranking of the samples than a*. Areas that appeared pale blue visually had a significant blue component, but the observers were confused with the effect of whiteness of the area in clinical decision making.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Braga JC, Scope A, Klaz I, Mecca P, Spencer P, Marghoob AA (2008) Melanoma mimicking seborrheic keratosis: an error of perception precluding correct dermoscopic diagnosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 58:875–880PubMedCrossRef Braga JC, Scope A, Klaz I, Mecca P, Spencer P, Marghoob AA (2008) Melanoma mimicking seborrheic keratosis: an error of perception precluding correct dermoscopic diagnosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 58:875–880PubMedCrossRef
2.
go back to reference Scully C, Felix DH (2005) Oral medicine—update for the dental practitioner. Oral white patches. Br Dent J 199:565–572PubMedCrossRef Scully C, Felix DH (2005) Oral medicine—update for the dental practitioner. Oral white patches. Br Dent J 199:565–572PubMedCrossRef
3.
go back to reference Scully C, Felix DH (2005) Oral medicine—update for the dental practitioner. Red and pigmented lesions. Br Dent J 199:639–645PubMedCrossRef Scully C, Felix DH (2005) Oral medicine—update for the dental practitioner. Red and pigmented lesions. Br Dent J 199:639–645PubMedCrossRef
4.
go back to reference Johnson N, Franceschi S, Ferlay J, Ramadas K, Schmid S, MacDonald DG, Bouquot JE, Slootweg PJ (2005) Squamous cell carcinoma, Chapter 4: Tumours of the oral cavity and oropharynx. In: Barnes L, Eveson JW, Reichart P, Sidransky D (eds) World Health Organization Classification of tumours, pathology and genetics of head and neck tumours. IARC Publication. http://www.iarc.fr/IARCPress/pdfs/bb9/bb9-chap4.pdf. Accessed 09 Sep 2009 Johnson N, Franceschi S, Ferlay J, Ramadas K, Schmid S, MacDonald DG, Bouquot JE, Slootweg PJ (2005) Squamous cell carcinoma, Chapter 4: Tumours of the oral cavity and oropharynx. In: Barnes L, Eveson JW, Reichart P, Sidransky D (eds) World Health Organization Classification of tumours, pathology and genetics of head and neck tumours. IARC Publication. http://​www.​iarc.​fr/​IARCPress/​pdfs/​bb9/​bb9-chap4.​pdf. Accessed 09 Sep 2009
6.
go back to reference Reichart PA (2001) Identification of risk groups for oral precancer and cancer and preventive measures. Clin Oral Invest 5:207–213CrossRef Reichart PA (2001) Identification of risk groups for oral precancer and cancer and preventive measures. Clin Oral Invest 5:207–213CrossRef
7.
go back to reference Epstein JB, Zhang L, Rosin M (2002) Advances in the diagnosis of oral premalignant and malignant lesions. J Can Dent Assoc 68:17–21 Epstein JB, Zhang L, Rosin M (2002) Advances in the diagnosis of oral premalignant and malignant lesions. J Can Dent Assoc 68:17–21
8.
go back to reference Patton LL (2003) The effectiveness of community-based visual screening and utility of adjunctive diagnostic aids in the early detection of oral cancer. Oral Oncol 39:708–723PubMedCrossRef Patton LL (2003) The effectiveness of community-based visual screening and utility of adjunctive diagnostic aids in the early detection of oral cancer. Oral Oncol 39:708–723PubMedCrossRef
9.
go back to reference Samei E, Flynn MJ, Peterson E, Eyler WR (2003) Subtle lung nodules: influence of local anatomic variations on detection. Radiology 228:76–84PubMedCrossRef Samei E, Flynn MJ, Peterson E, Eyler WR (2003) Subtle lung nodules: influence of local anatomic variations on detection. Radiology 228:76–84PubMedCrossRef
10.
go back to reference Niimi T, Imai K, Maeda H, Ikeda M (2007) Information loss in visual assessments of medical images. Eur J Radiol 61:362–326PubMedCrossRef Niimi T, Imai K, Maeda H, Ikeda M (2007) Information loss in visual assessments of medical images. Eur J Radiol 61:362–326PubMedCrossRef
11.
go back to reference Knispel G (1991) Factors affecting the process of colour matching restorative materials to natural teeth. Quintessence Int 22:525–531PubMed Knispel G (1991) Factors affecting the process of colour matching restorative materials to natural teeth. Quintessence Int 22:525–531PubMed
12.
13.
go back to reference Douglas RD (1997) Precision of in vivo colorimetric assessments of teeth. J Prosthet Dent 77:464–470PubMedCrossRef Douglas RD (1997) Precision of in vivo colorimetric assessments of teeth. J Prosthet Dent 77:464–470PubMedCrossRef
14.
go back to reference Wozniak WT, Moser JB (1981) How to improve shade matching in the dental operatory. Council on dental materials, ınstruments, and equipment. J Am Dent Assoc 102:209–210PubMed Wozniak WT, Moser JB (1981) How to improve shade matching in the dental operatory. Council on dental materials, ınstruments, and equipment. J Am Dent Assoc 102:209–210PubMed
15.
go back to reference Vleugels L, Lafosse C, van Nunen A, Nachtergaele S, Ketelaer P, Charlier M, Vandenbussche E (2000) Visuoperceptual impairment in multiple sclerosis patients diagnosed with neurophysiological tasks. Mult Scler 6:241–254PubMed Vleugels L, Lafosse C, van Nunen A, Nachtergaele S, Ketelaer P, Charlier M, Vandenbussche E (2000) Visuoperceptual impairment in multiple sclerosis patients diagnosed with neurophysiological tasks. Mult Scler 6:241–254PubMed
16.
go back to reference Iregren A, Andersson M, Nylen P (2002) Color vision and occupational chemical exposures: I. An overview of tests and effects. Neurotoxicology 23:719–733PubMedCrossRef Iregren A, Andersson M, Nylen P (2002) Color vision and occupational chemical exposures: I. An overview of tests and effects. Neurotoxicology 23:719–733PubMedCrossRef
17.
go back to reference Shuwairi SM, Cronin-Golomb A, McCarley RW, O'Donnell BF (2002) Color discrimination in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 55:197–204PubMedCrossRef Shuwairi SM, Cronin-Golomb A, McCarley RW, O'Donnell BF (2002) Color discrimination in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 55:197–204PubMedCrossRef
18.
go back to reference Brewer JD, Wee A, Seghi R (2004) Advances in color matching. Dent Clin North Am 48:341–358CrossRef Brewer JD, Wee A, Seghi R (2004) Advances in color matching. Dent Clin North Am 48:341–358CrossRef
20.
go back to reference Okubo SR, Kanawati A, Richards MW, Childress S (1998) Evaluation of visual and instrument shade matching. J Prosthet Dent 80:642–648PubMedCrossRef Okubo SR, Kanawati A, Richards MW, Childress S (1998) Evaluation of visual and instrument shade matching. J Prosthet Dent 80:642–648PubMedCrossRef
21.
go back to reference Uchida H, Vaidyanathan J, Viswanadhan T, Vaidyanathan TK (1998) Colour stability of dental composites as a function of shade. J Prosthet Dent 79:372–377PubMedCrossRef Uchida H, Vaidyanathan J, Viswanadhan T, Vaidyanathan TK (1998) Colour stability of dental composites as a function of shade. J Prosthet Dent 79:372–377PubMedCrossRef
22.
go back to reference Cal E, Sonugelen M, Guneri P, Kesercioglu A, Kose T (2004) Application of a digital technique in evaluating the reliability of shade guides. J Oral Rehabil 31:483–491PubMedCrossRef Cal E, Sonugelen M, Guneri P, Kesercioglu A, Kose T (2004) Application of a digital technique in evaluating the reliability of shade guides. J Oral Rehabil 31:483–491PubMedCrossRef
23.
go back to reference Cal E, Guneri P, Kose T (2006) Comparison of digital and spectrophotometric measurements of color shade guides. J Oral Rehabil 33:221–228PubMedCrossRef Cal E, Guneri P, Kose T (2006) Comparison of digital and spectrophotometric measurements of color shade guides. J Oral Rehabil 33:221–228PubMedCrossRef
24.
go back to reference McCaslin AJ, Haywood VB, Potter BJ, Dickinson GL, Russell CM (1999) Assessing dentin color changes from nightguard vital bleaching. J Am Dent Assoc 130:1485–1490PubMed McCaslin AJ, Haywood VB, Potter BJ, Dickinson GL, Russell CM (1999) Assessing dentin color changes from nightguard vital bleaching. J Am Dent Assoc 130:1485–1490PubMed
25.
go back to reference Bentley C, Leonard RH, Nelson CF, Bentley SA (1999) Quantitation of vital bleaching by computer analysis of photographic images. J Am Dent Assoc 130:809–816PubMed Bentley C, Leonard RH, Nelson CF, Bentley SA (1999) Quantitation of vital bleaching by computer analysis of photographic images. J Am Dent Assoc 130:809–816PubMed
26.
go back to reference Lai YL, Yang ML, Lee SY (2003) Microhardness and color changes of human dentin with repeated intracoronal bleaching. Oper Dent 28:786–792PubMed Lai YL, Yang ML, Lee SY (2003) Microhardness and color changes of human dentin with repeated intracoronal bleaching. Oper Dent 28:786–792PubMed
27.
go back to reference Jarad FD, Albadri SS, Mair LH (2008) The use of objective digital matching to achieve an esthetic composite restoration. J Clin Dent 19:9–13PubMed Jarad FD, Albadri SS, Mair LH (2008) The use of objective digital matching to achieve an esthetic composite restoration. J Clin Dent 19:9–13PubMed
28.
go back to reference Wilson J, Firnhaber R, Kutcher MJ (1992) Computer-aided analysis of intraoral ulcerative lesions. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 74:393–399PubMedCrossRef Wilson J, Firnhaber R, Kutcher MJ (1992) Computer-aided analysis of intraoral ulcerative lesions. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 74:393–399PubMedCrossRef
29.
go back to reference Ishihara R, Yamada T, Iishi H, Kato M, Yamamoto S, Yamamoto S, Masuda E, Tatsumi K, Takeuchi Y, Higashino K, Uedo N, Tatsuta M, Ishiguro S (2009) Quantitative analysis of the color change after iodine staining for diagnosing esophageal high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia and invasive cancer. Gastrointest Endosc 69:213–218PubMedCrossRef Ishihara R, Yamada T, Iishi H, Kato M, Yamamoto S, Yamamoto S, Masuda E, Tatsumi K, Takeuchi Y, Higashino K, Uedo N, Tatsuta M, Ishiguro S (2009) Quantitative analysis of the color change after iodine staining for diagnosing esophageal high-grade intraepithelial neoplasia and invasive cancer. Gastrointest Endosc 69:213–218PubMedCrossRef
30.
go back to reference Iwami Y, Hayashi N, Takeshige F, Ebisu S (2008) Relationship between the color of carious dentin with varying lesion activity, and bacterial detection. J Dent 36:143–151PubMedCrossRef Iwami Y, Hayashi N, Takeshige F, Ebisu S (2008) Relationship between the color of carious dentin with varying lesion activity, and bacterial detection. J Dent 36:143–151PubMedCrossRef
31.
go back to reference Pladellorens J, Pintó A, Segura J, Cadevall C, Antó J, Pujol J, Vilaseca M, Coll J (2008) A device for the color measurement and detection of spots on the skin. Skin Res Technol 14:65–70PubMed Pladellorens J, Pintó A, Segura J, Cadevall C, Antó J, Pujol J, Vilaseca M, Coll J (2008) A device for the color measurement and detection of spots on the skin. Skin Res Technol 14:65–70PubMed
32.
go back to reference Jönsson A, Mattsson U, Cassuto J, Heyden G (1998) Quantification of burn induced extravasation of Evans blue albumin based on digital image analysis. Comput Biol Med 28:153–167PubMedCrossRef Jönsson A, Mattsson U, Cassuto J, Heyden G (1998) Quantification of burn induced extravasation of Evans blue albumin based on digital image analysis. Comput Biol Med 28:153–167PubMedCrossRef
33.
go back to reference Kayser K, Görtler J, Metze K, Goldmann T, Vollmer E, Mireskandari M, Kosjerina Z, Kayser G (2008) How to measure image quality in tissue-based diagnosis (diagnostic surgical pathology). Diagn Pathol 3(Suppl 1):S11PubMedCrossRef Kayser K, Görtler J, Metze K, Goldmann T, Vollmer E, Mireskandari M, Kosjerina Z, Kayser G (2008) How to measure image quality in tissue-based diagnosis (diagnostic surgical pathology). Diagn Pathol 3(Suppl 1):S11PubMedCrossRef
34.
go back to reference Silverman S Jr, Sugerman PB (2000) Oral premalignancies and squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Dermatol 18:563–568PubMedCrossRef Silverman S Jr, Sugerman PB (2000) Oral premalignancies and squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Dermatol 18:563–568PubMedCrossRef
35.
go back to reference Mashberg A (1983) Final evaluation of tolonium chloride rinse for screening of high-risk patients with asymptomatic squamous carcinoma. J Am Dent Assoc 106:319–323PubMed Mashberg A (1983) Final evaluation of tolonium chloride rinse for screening of high-risk patients with asymptomatic squamous carcinoma. J Am Dent Assoc 106:319–323PubMed
36.
go back to reference Martin LC, Kerawala CJ, Reed M (1998) The application of toluidine blue as a diagnostic adjunct in the detection of epithelial dyslasia. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 85:444–446PubMedCrossRef Martin LC, Kerawala CJ, Reed M (1998) The application of toluidine blue as a diagnostic adjunct in the detection of epithelial dyslasia. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 85:444–446PubMedCrossRef
37.
go back to reference Missmann M, Jank Siegfried J, Laimer K, Gassner R (2006) A reason for the use of toluidine blue staining in the presurgical management of patients with oral squamous cell carcinomas. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 102:741–743PubMedCrossRef Missmann M, Jank Siegfried J, Laimer K, Gassner R (2006) A reason for the use of toluidine blue staining in the presurgical management of patients with oral squamous cell carcinomas. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 102:741–743PubMedCrossRef
38.
go back to reference Patton LL, Epstein JB, Kerr AR (2008) Adjuncts for oral cancer examination and lesion diagnosis: a systematic review of literature. J Am Dent Assoc 139:896–905PubMed Patton LL, Epstein JB, Kerr AR (2008) Adjuncts for oral cancer examination and lesion diagnosis: a systematic review of literature. J Am Dent Assoc 139:896–905PubMed
39.
go back to reference Epstein JB, Oakley C, Millner A, Emerton S, van der Meij E, Le N (1997) The utility of toluidine blue application as a diagnostic aid in patients previously treated for upper oropharyngeal carcinoma. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 83:537–547PubMedCrossRef Epstein JB, Oakley C, Millner A, Emerton S, van der Meij E, Le N (1997) The utility of toluidine blue application as a diagnostic aid in patients previously treated for upper oropharyngeal carcinoma. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 83:537–547PubMedCrossRef
40.
go back to reference Guo Z, Yamaguchi K, Sanchez-Cespedes M, Westra WH, Koch WM, Sidransky D (2001) Allelic losses in OraTest-directed biopsies of patients with prior upper aerodigestive tract malignancies. Clin Cancer Res 7:1963–1968PubMed Guo Z, Yamaguchi K, Sanchez-Cespedes M, Westra WH, Koch WM, Sidransky D (2001) Allelic losses in OraTest-directed biopsies of patients with prior upper aerodigestive tract malignancies. Clin Cancer Res 7:1963–1968PubMed
41.
go back to reference Epstein JB, Feldman R, Dolor RJ, Porter SR (2003) The utility of tolonium chloride rinse in the diagnosis of recurrent or second primary cancers in patients with prior upper aerodigestive tract cancer. Head Neck 25:911–921PubMedCrossRef Epstein JB, Feldman R, Dolor RJ, Porter SR (2003) The utility of tolonium chloride rinse in the diagnosis of recurrent or second primary cancers in patients with prior upper aerodigestive tract cancer. Head Neck 25:911–921PubMedCrossRef
42.
go back to reference Epstein JB, Zhang L, Poh C, Nakamura H, Berean K, Rosin M (2003) Increased allelic loss in toluidine blue positive oral malignant lesions. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 95:45–50PubMedCrossRef Epstein JB, Zhang L, Poh C, Nakamura H, Berean K, Rosin M (2003) Increased allelic loss in toluidine blue positive oral malignant lesions. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 95:45–50PubMedCrossRef
43.
go back to reference Zhang L, Williams M, Poh CF, Laronde D, Epstein JB, Durham S, Nakamura H, Berean K, Hovan A, Le ND, Hislop G, Priddy R, Hay J, Lam WL, Rosin MP (2005) Toluidine blue staining identifies high-risk primary oral premalignant lesions with poor outcome. Cancer Res 65:8017–8021PubMed Zhang L, Williams M, Poh CF, Laronde D, Epstein JB, Durham S, Nakamura H, Berean K, Hovan A, Le ND, Hislop G, Priddy R, Hay J, Lam WL, Rosin MP (2005) Toluidine blue staining identifies high-risk primary oral premalignant lesions with poor outcome. Cancer Res 65:8017–8021PubMed
44.
go back to reference Gandolfo S, Pentenero M, Brocoletti R, Pagano M, Carrozzo M, Scully C (2006) Toluidine blue uptake in potentially malignant oral lesions in vivo: clinical and histological assessment. Oral Oncol 42:89–95PubMedCrossRef Gandolfo S, Pentenero M, Brocoletti R, Pagano M, Carrozzo M, Scully C (2006) Toluidine blue uptake in potentially malignant oral lesions in vivo: clinical and histological assessment. Oral Oncol 42:89–95PubMedCrossRef
45.
go back to reference Epstein JB, Scully C, Spinelli J (1992) Toluidine blue and Lugol's iodine application in the assessment of oral malignant disease and lesions at risk of malignancy. J Oral Pathol Med 21:160–163PubMedCrossRef Epstein JB, Scully C, Spinelli J (1992) Toluidine blue and Lugol's iodine application in the assessment of oral malignant disease and lesions at risk of malignancy. J Oral Pathol Med 21:160–163PubMedCrossRef
46.
go back to reference Warnakulasuriya KA, Johnson NW (1996) Sensitivity and specificity of OraScan (R) toluidine blue mouthrinse in the detection of oral cancer and precancer. J Oral Pathol Med 25:97–103PubMedCrossRef Warnakulasuriya KA, Johnson NW (1996) Sensitivity and specificity of OraScan (R) toluidine blue mouthrinse in the detection of oral cancer and precancer. J Oral Pathol Med 25:97–103PubMedCrossRef
47.
go back to reference Epstein JB, Silverman S Jr, Epstein JD, Lonky SA, Bride MA (2008) Analysis of oral lesion biopsies identified and evaluated by visual examination, chemiluminescence and toluidine blue. Oral Oncol 44:538–544PubMedCrossRef Epstein JB, Silverman S Jr, Epstein JD, Lonky SA, Bride MA (2008) Analysis of oral lesion biopsies identified and evaluated by visual examination, chemiluminescence and toluidine blue. Oral Oncol 44:538–544PubMedCrossRef
48.
go back to reference Ram S, Siar CH (2005) Chemiluminescence as a diagnostic aid in the detection of oral cancer and potentially malignant epithelial dysplasia. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 34:521–527PubMedCrossRef Ram S, Siar CH (2005) Chemiluminescence as a diagnostic aid in the detection of oral cancer and potentially malignant epithelial dysplasia. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 34:521–527PubMedCrossRef
49.
go back to reference Silverman S, Migliorati C, Barbosa J (1984) Toluidine blue staining in the detection of oral precancerous and malignant lesions. Oral Surg 57:379–382PubMedCrossRef Silverman S, Migliorati C, Barbosa J (1984) Toluidine blue staining in the detection of oral precancerous and malignant lesions. Oral Surg 57:379–382PubMedCrossRef
50.
go back to reference Russell MD, Gulfraz M, Moss BW (2000) In vivo measurement of color changes in natural teeth. J Oral Rehabil 27:786–792PubMedCrossRef Russell MD, Gulfraz M, Moss BW (2000) In vivo measurement of color changes in natural teeth. J Oral Rehabil 27:786–792PubMedCrossRef
51.
go back to reference Rogers DF (1988) Procedural elements for computer graphics, 4th edn. McGraw-Hill Inc, Singapore, pp 383–410 Rogers DF (1988) Procedural elements for computer graphics, 4th edn. McGraw-Hill Inc, Singapore, pp 383–410
52.
go back to reference Park JH, Lee YK, Lim BS (2006) Influence of illuminants on the color distribution of shade guides. J Prosthet Dent 96:402–411PubMedCrossRef Park JH, Lee YK, Lim BS (2006) Influence of illuminants on the color distribution of shade guides. J Prosthet Dent 96:402–411PubMedCrossRef
54.
go back to reference Mashberg A, Samit A (1995) Early diagnosis of asymptomatic oral and oropharyngeal squamous cancers. CA Cancer J Clin 45:328–351PubMedCrossRef Mashberg A, Samit A (1995) Early diagnosis of asymptomatic oral and oropharyngeal squamous cancers. CA Cancer J Clin 45:328–351PubMedCrossRef
55.
go back to reference Epstein JB, Sciubba J, Silverman S Jr, Sroussi HY (2007) Utility of toluidine blue in oral premalignant lesions and squamous cell carcinoma: continuing research and implications for clinical practice. Head Neck 29:948–958PubMedCrossRef Epstein JB, Sciubba J, Silverman S Jr, Sroussi HY (2007) Utility of toluidine blue in oral premalignant lesions and squamous cell carcinoma: continuing research and implications for clinical practice. Head Neck 29:948–958PubMedCrossRef
56.
go back to reference Mashberg A (1980) Re-evaluation of toluidine blue application as a diagnostic adjunct in the detection of asymptomatic oral squamous cell carcinoma: a continuing prospective study of oral cancer. Cancer 46:758–763PubMedCrossRef Mashberg A (1980) Re-evaluation of toluidine blue application as a diagnostic adjunct in the detection of asymptomatic oral squamous cell carcinoma: a continuing prospective study of oral cancer. Cancer 46:758–763PubMedCrossRef
57.
go back to reference Onofre MA, Sposto MR, Navarro CM (2001) Reliability of toluidine blue application in the detection of oral epithelial dysplasia and in situ and invasive squamous cell carcinomas. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 91:535–540PubMedCrossRef Onofre MA, Sposto MR, Navarro CM (2001) Reliability of toluidine blue application in the detection of oral epithelial dysplasia and in situ and invasive squamous cell carcinomas. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 91:535–540PubMedCrossRef
58.
go back to reference Da Silva JD, Park SE, Weber HP, Ishikawa-Nagai S (2008) Clinical performance of a newly developed spectrophotometric system on tooth color reproduction. J Prosthet Dent 99:361–368PubMedCrossRef Da Silva JD, Park SE, Weber HP, Ishikawa-Nagai S (2008) Clinical performance of a newly developed spectrophotometric system on tooth color reproduction. J Prosthet Dent 99:361–368PubMedCrossRef
59.
go back to reference Ishikawa-Nagai S, Ishibashi K, Tsuruta O, Weber HP (2005) Reproducibility of tooth color gradation using a computer color-matching technique applied to ceramic restorations. J Prosthet Dent 93:129–137PubMedCrossRef Ishikawa-Nagai S, Ishibashi K, Tsuruta O, Weber HP (2005) Reproducibility of tooth color gradation using a computer color-matching technique applied to ceramic restorations. J Prosthet Dent 93:129–137PubMedCrossRef
60.
go back to reference Kerawala CJ, Beale V, Reed M, Martin IC (2000) The role of vital tissue staining in the marginal control of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 29:32–35PubMedCrossRef Kerawala CJ, Beale V, Reed M, Martin IC (2000) The role of vital tissue staining in the marginal control of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 29:32–35PubMedCrossRef
61.
go back to reference Rosenberg D, Cretin S (1989) Use of meta-analysis to evaluate tolonium chloride in oral cancer screening. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 67:621–627PubMedCrossRef Rosenberg D, Cretin S (1989) Use of meta-analysis to evaluate tolonium chloride in oral cancer screening. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 67:621–627PubMedCrossRef
62.
go back to reference Jiang WW, Fujii H, Shirai T, Mega H, Takagi M (2001) Accumulative increase of loss of heterozygosity from leukoplakia to foci of early cancerization in leukoplakia of the oral cavity. Cancer 92:2349–2356PubMedCrossRef Jiang WW, Fujii H, Shirai T, Mega H, Takagi M (2001) Accumulative increase of loss of heterozygosity from leukoplakia to foci of early cancerization in leukoplakia of the oral cavity. Cancer 92:2349–2356PubMedCrossRef
63.
go back to reference Joiner A, Hopkinson I, Deng Y, Westland S (2008) A review of tooth colour and whiteness. J Dent 365:52–57 Joiner A, Hopkinson I, Deng Y, Westland S (2008) A review of tooth colour and whiteness. J Dent 365:52–57
64.
go back to reference Bayindir F, Bayindir YZ, Gozalo-Diaz DJ, Wee AG (2009) Coverage error of gingival shade guide systems in measuring color of attached anterior gingiva. J Prosthet Dent 101:46–53PubMedCrossRef Bayindir F, Bayindir YZ, Gozalo-Diaz DJ, Wee AG (2009) Coverage error of gingival shade guide systems in measuring color of attached anterior gingiva. J Prosthet Dent 101:46–53PubMedCrossRef
65.
go back to reference Heydecke G, Schnitzer S, Türp JC (2005) The color of human gingiva and mucosa: visual measurement and description of distribution. Clin Oral Invest 9:257–265CrossRef Heydecke G, Schnitzer S, Türp JC (2005) The color of human gingiva and mucosa: visual measurement and description of distribution. Clin Oral Invest 9:257–265CrossRef
66.
go back to reference Patel VL, Kaufman DR, Arocha JF (2002) Emerging paradigms of cognition in medical decision-making. J Biomed Inform 35:52–75PubMedCrossRef Patel VL, Kaufman DR, Arocha JF (2002) Emerging paradigms of cognition in medical decision-making. J Biomed Inform 35:52–75PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Toluidine blue color perception in identification of oral mucosal lesions
Authors
Pelin Güneri
Joel B. Epstein
Selin Ergün
Hayal Boyacioğlu
Publication date
01-06-2011
Publisher
Springer-Verlag
Published in
Clinical Oral Investigations / Issue 3/2011
Print ISSN: 1432-6981
Electronic ISSN: 1436-3771
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-010-0398-6

Other articles of this Issue 3/2011

Clinical Oral Investigations 3/2011 Go to the issue