Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Acta Neurochirurgica 8/2019

01-08-2019 | Glioblastoma | Technical Note - Tumor - Glioma

Comparison of commercial 5-aminolevulinic acid (Gliolan®) and the pharmacy-compounded solution fluorescence in glioblastoma

Authors: Santiago Garfias Arjona, Mónica Lara Almunia, Javier Ángel Ibáñez Domínguez, Olga Delgado Sánchez, Priam Villalonga, Ruth Villalonga-Planells, Javier Pierola Lopetegui, Joan Bestard Escalas, Albert Maimó Barceló, Marta Brell Doval

Published in: Acta Neurochirurgica | Issue 8/2019

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

5-Aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) has become an important assistant in glioblastoma (GB) surgery. Unfortunately, its price affects its widespread use.

Objective

The aim of this study was to compare commercial 5-ALA with the pharmacy-compounded solution.

Methods

Using first an in vitro experimental approach, different concentrations of the pharmacy-compounded solution and commercial 5-ALA were tested in U87MG, LN229, U373, and T98G commercial glioblastoma cell lines. Fluorescence intensity was compared for each concentration by flow cytometry. Mean fluorescence of culture supernatant and lysate samples were analyzed. In a second phase, both preparations were used for surgical glioblastoma resection and tumor samples were analyzed by confocal microscopy. Mean fluorescence intensity was analyzed for each preparation and compared.

Results

There was a high variability of fluorescence intensity between cell lines, but each cell line showed similar fluorescence for both preparations (compounded preparation and commercial 5-ALA). In the same way, both preparations had similar fluorescence intensity in glioblastoma samples.

Conclusion

Both, compounded and commercial 5-ALA preparations produce equivalent fluorescent responses in human glioblastoma cells. Fluorescence intensity is cell line specific, but fluorescent properties of both preparations are undistinguishable.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Cordova JS, Shu HK, Liang Z et al (2016) Whole-brain spectroscopic MRI biomarkers identify infiltrating margins in glioblastoma patients. Neuro-Oncology 18:1180–1189CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Cordova JS, Shu HK, Liang Z et al (2016) Whole-brain spectroscopic MRI biomarkers identify infiltrating margins in glioblastoma patients. Neuro-Oncology 18:1180–1189CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
2.
go back to reference Dang L, White DW, Gross S, Bennett BD, Bittinger MA, Driggers EM, Fantin VR, Jang HG, Jin S, Keenan MC, Marks KM, Prins RM, Ward PS, Yen KE, Liau LM, Rabinowitz JD et al (2010) Cancer-associated IDH1 mutations produce 2-hydroxyglutarate. Nature 465:966CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Dang L, White DW, Gross S, Bennett BD, Bittinger MA, Driggers EM, Fantin VR, Jang HG, Jin S, Keenan MC, Marks KM, Prins RM, Ward PS, Yen KE, Liau LM, Rabinowitz JD et al (2010) Cancer-associated IDH1 mutations produce 2-hydroxyglutarate. Nature 465:966CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
3.
go back to reference Delgado-López PD, Corrales-García EM (2016) Survival in glioblastoma: a review on the impact of treatment modalities. Clin Transl Oncol 18:1062–1071CrossRefPubMed Delgado-López PD, Corrales-García EM (2016) Survival in glioblastoma: a review on the impact of treatment modalities. Clin Transl Oncol 18:1062–1071CrossRefPubMed
4.
go back to reference Della Puppa A, Ciccarino P, Lombardi G, Rolma G, Cecchin D, Rosetto M (2014) 5-Aminolevulinic acid fluorescence in high grade glioma surgery: surgical outcome, intraoperative findings, and fluorescence patterns. Biomed Res Int 2014:232561PubMed Della Puppa A, Ciccarino P, Lombardi G, Rolma G, Cecchin D, Rosetto M (2014) 5-Aminolevulinic acid fluorescence in high grade glioma surgery: surgical outcome, intraoperative findings, and fluorescence patterns. Biomed Res Int 2014:232561PubMed
5.
go back to reference Della Puppa A, Gioffrè G, Gardiman MP et al (2014) Intraoperative 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-induced fluorescence of medulloblastoma: phenotypic variability and CD133(+) expression according to different fluorescence patterns. Neurol Sci 35:99–102CrossRefPubMed Della Puppa A, Gioffrè G, Gardiman MP et al (2014) Intraoperative 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-induced fluorescence of medulloblastoma: phenotypic variability and CD133(+) expression according to different fluorescence patterns. Neurol Sci 35:99–102CrossRefPubMed
6.
go back to reference Díez Valle R, Tejada Solis S, Idoate Gastearena MA, García de Eulate R, Domínguez Echávarri P, Aristu Mendiroz J (2011) Surgery guided by 5-aminolevulinic fluorescence in glioblastoma: volumetric analysis of extent of resection in single-center experience. Neurooncol 102:105–113CrossRef Díez Valle R, Tejada Solis S, Idoate Gastearena MA, García de Eulate R, Domínguez Echávarri P, Aristu Mendiroz J (2011) Surgery guided by 5-aminolevulinic fluorescence in glioblastoma: volumetric analysis of extent of resection in single-center experience. Neurooncol 102:105–113CrossRef
7.
8.
go back to reference Hefti M, Albert I, Luginbuehl V (2012) Phenytoin reduces 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced protoporphyrin IX accumulation in malignant glioma cells. J Neuro-Oncol 108:443–450CrossRef Hefti M, Albert I, Luginbuehl V (2012) Phenytoin reduces 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced protoporphyrin IX accumulation in malignant glioma cells. J Neuro-Oncol 108:443–450CrossRef
9.
go back to reference Ishihara R, Katayama Y, Watanabe T, Yoshino A, Fukushima T, Sakatani K (2007) Quantitative spectroscopic analysis of 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced protoporphyrin IX fluorescence intensity in diffusely infiltrating astrocytomas. Neurol Med Chir 47:53–57CrossRef Ishihara R, Katayama Y, Watanabe T, Yoshino A, Fukushima T, Sakatani K (2007) Quantitative spectroscopic analysis of 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced protoporphyrin IX fluorescence intensity in diffusely infiltrating astrocytomas. Neurol Med Chir 47:53–57CrossRef
10.
go back to reference Ishikawa T, Kajimoto Y, Inoue Y, Ikegami Y, Kuroiwa T (2015) Critical role of ABCG2 in ALA-photodynamic diagnosis and therapy of human brain tumor. Adv Cancer Res 125:197–216CrossRefPubMed Ishikawa T, Kajimoto Y, Inoue Y, Ikegami Y, Kuroiwa T (2015) Critical role of ABCG2 in ALA-photodynamic diagnosis and therapy of human brain tumor. Adv Cancer Res 125:197–216CrossRefPubMed
11.
go back to reference Juzeniene A, Kaliszewski M, Bugaj A, Moan J (2009) Clearance of protoporphyrin IX induced by 5-aminolevulinic acid from WiDr human colon carcinoma cells. Proc of SPIE 7380 Juzeniene A, Kaliszewski M, Bugaj A, Moan J (2009) Clearance of protoporphyrin IX induced by 5-aminolevulinic acid from WiDr human colon carcinoma cells. Proc of SPIE 7380
12.
go back to reference Kamp MA, Krause Molle Z, Munoz-Bendix C et al (2018) Various shades of red—a systematic analysis of qualitative estimation of ALA-derived fluorescence in neurosurgery. Neurosurg Rev 41:3–18CrossRefPubMed Kamp MA, Krause Molle Z, Munoz-Bendix C et al (2018) Various shades of red—a systematic analysis of qualitative estimation of ALA-derived fluorescence in neurosurgery. Neurosurg Rev 41:3–18CrossRefPubMed
13.
go back to reference Kim JE, Cho HR, Xu WJ et al (2015) Mechanism for enhanced 5-aminolevulinic acid fluorescence in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 mutant malignant gliomas. Oncotarget 6:20266–20277PubMedPubMedCentral Kim JE, Cho HR, Xu WJ et al (2015) Mechanism for enhanced 5-aminolevulinic acid fluorescence in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 mutant malignant gliomas. Oncotarget 6:20266–20277PubMedPubMedCentral
14.
go back to reference Lacroix M, Albi-Said D, Fourney DR et al (2001) A multivariate analysis of 416 patients with glioblastoma multiforme: prognosis, extent of resection, and survival. J Neurosurg 95:190–198CrossRefPubMed Lacroix M, Albi-Said D, Fourney DR et al (2001) A multivariate analysis of 416 patients with glioblastoma multiforme: prognosis, extent of resection, and survival. J Neurosurg 95:190–198CrossRefPubMed
15.
go back to reference Lawrence JE, Steele CJ, Rovin RA, Beltron RJ, Rj W (2016) Dexamethasone alone and in combination with desipramine, phenytoin, valproic acid or levetiracetam interferes with5-ALA-mediated PpIX production and cellular retention in glioblastoma cells. J Neuro-Oncol 127:15–21CrossRef Lawrence JE, Steele CJ, Rovin RA, Beltron RJ, Rj W (2016) Dexamethasone alone and in combination with desipramine, phenytoin, valproic acid or levetiracetam interferes with5-ALA-mediated PpIX production and cellular retention in glioblastoma cells. J Neuro-Oncol 127:15–21CrossRef
16.
go back to reference Louis DN, Perry A, Reifenberger G et al (2016) The 2016 World Health Organization classification of tumors of the central nervous system: a summary. Acta Neuropathol 131:803CrossRefPubMed Louis DN, Perry A, Reifenberger G et al (2016) The 2016 World Health Organization classification of tumors of the central nervous system: a summary. Acta Neuropathol 131:803CrossRefPubMed
17.
go back to reference Makary MA, Daniel M (2016) Medical error—the third leading cause of death in the US. BMJ 353:i2139CrossRefPubMed Makary MA, Daniel M (2016) Medical error—the third leading cause of death in the US. BMJ 353:i2139CrossRefPubMed
18.
go back to reference Moan J, Bech O, Gaullier JM, Stokke T, Steen HB, Ma LW et al (1998) Protoporphyrin IX accumulation in cells treated with 5-aminolevulinic acid: dependence on cell density, cell size, and cell cycle. Int J Cancer 75:134–139CrossRefPubMed Moan J, Bech O, Gaullier JM, Stokke T, Steen HB, Ma LW et al (1998) Protoporphyrin IX accumulation in cells treated with 5-aminolevulinic acid: dependence on cell density, cell size, and cell cycle. Int J Cancer 75:134–139CrossRefPubMed
19.
go back to reference Moiyadi AV, Sridhar E (2015) 5-Aminolevulinic acid-induced fluorescence unmasks biological intratumoral heterogeneity within histologically homogeneous areas of malignant gliomas. Acta Neurochir 157:617–619CrossRefPubMed Moiyadi AV, Sridhar E (2015) 5-Aminolevulinic acid-induced fluorescence unmasks biological intratumoral heterogeneity within histologically homogeneous areas of malignant gliomas. Acta Neurochir 157:617–619CrossRefPubMed
20.
go back to reference Moiyadi AV, Stummer W (2015) α-Aminolevulinic acid-induced fluorescence-guided resection of brain tumors. Neurol India 63:155–165CrossRefPubMed Moiyadi AV, Stummer W (2015) α-Aminolevulinic acid-induced fluorescence-guided resection of brain tumors. Neurol India 63:155–165CrossRefPubMed
21.
go back to reference Moon JH, Kim SH, Shim JK et al (2016) Histopathological implications of ventricle wall 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced fluorescence in the absence of tumor involvement on magnetic resonance images. Oncol Rep 36:837–844CrossRefPubMed Moon JH, Kim SH, Shim JK et al (2016) Histopathological implications of ventricle wall 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced fluorescence in the absence of tumor involvement on magnetic resonance images. Oncol Rep 36:837–844CrossRefPubMed
22.
go back to reference Neidert MC, Hostettler IC, Burkhardt JK et al (2016) The influence of intraoperative resection control modalities on survival following gross total resection of glioblastoma. Neurosurg Rev 39:401–409CrossRefPubMed Neidert MC, Hostettler IC, Burkhardt JK et al (2016) The influence of intraoperative resection control modalities on survival following gross total resection of glioblastoma. Neurosurg Rev 39:401–409CrossRefPubMed
23.
go back to reference Piccirillo SG, Dietz S, Madhu B, Griffiths J, Price SJ, Collins VP et al (2012) Fluorescence-guided surgical sampling of glioblastoma identifies phenotypically distinct tumour-initiating cell populations in the tumour mass and margin. Br J Cancer 24:462–468CrossRef Piccirillo SG, Dietz S, Madhu B, Griffiths J, Price SJ, Collins VP et al (2012) Fluorescence-guided surgical sampling of glioblastoma identifies phenotypically distinct tumour-initiating cell populations in the tumour mass and margin. Br J Cancer 24:462–468CrossRef
24.
go back to reference Pogue BW, Gibbs-Strauss S, Valdés PA, Samkoe K, Roberts DW, Paulsen KD (2010) Review of neurosurgical fluorescence imaging methodologies. IEEE J Sel Top Quantum Electron 16:493–505CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Pogue BW, Gibbs-Strauss S, Valdés PA, Samkoe K, Roberts DW, Paulsen KD (2010) Review of neurosurgical fluorescence imaging methodologies. IEEE J Sel Top Quantum Electron 16:493–505CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
25.
go back to reference Rampazzo E, Della Puppa A, Frasson C, Battilana G, Bianco S, Scienza R et al (2014) Phenotypic and functional characterization of glioblastoma cancer stem cells identified through 5-aminolevulinic acid-assisted surgery. J Neuro-Oncol 116:505–513CrossRef Rampazzo E, Della Puppa A, Frasson C, Battilana G, Bianco S, Scienza R et al (2014) Phenotypic and functional characterization of glioblastoma cancer stem cells identified through 5-aminolevulinic acid-assisted surgery. J Neuro-Oncol 116:505–513CrossRef
26.
go back to reference Roberts DW, Valdes PA, Harris BT et al (2011) Coregistered fluorescence-enhanced tumor resection of malignant glioma: relationships between δ-aminolevulinic acid-induced protoporphyrin IX fluorescence, magnetic resonance imaging enhancement, and neuropathological parameters. Clinical article. J Neurosurg 114:595–603CrossRefPubMed Roberts DW, Valdes PA, Harris BT et al (2011) Coregistered fluorescence-enhanced tumor resection of malignant glioma: relationships between δ-aminolevulinic acid-induced protoporphyrin IX fluorescence, magnetic resonance imaging enhancement, and neuropathological parameters. Clinical article. J Neurosurg 114:595–603CrossRefPubMed
27.
go back to reference Sachar M, Anderson KE, Ma X (2015) Protoporphyrin IX: the good, the bad, and the ugly. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 356:267–275CrossRefPubMed Sachar M, Anderson KE, Ma X (2015) Protoporphyrin IX: the good, the bad, and the ugly. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 356:267–275CrossRefPubMed
28.
go back to reference Sanai N, Polley MY, McDermott MW, Parsa AT, Berger MS (2011) An extent of resection threshold for newly diagnosed gliobastomas. J Neurosurg 115:3–8CrossRefPubMed Sanai N, Polley MY, McDermott MW, Parsa AT, Berger MS (2011) An extent of resection threshold for newly diagnosed gliobastomas. J Neurosurg 115:3–8CrossRefPubMed
29.
go back to reference Schebesch KM, Brawanski A, Hohenberger C, Höhne J (2016) Fluorescein sodium-guided surgery of malignant brain tumors: history, current concepts, and future projects. Turk Neurosurg 26:185–194PubMed Schebesch KM, Brawanski A, Hohenberger C, Höhne J (2016) Fluorescein sodium-guided surgery of malignant brain tumors: history, current concepts, and future projects. Turk Neurosurg 26:185–194PubMed
30.
go back to reference Schucht P, Beck J, Abu-Isa J et al (2012) Gross total resection rates in contemporary glioblastoma surgery: results of an institutional protocol combining 5-aminolevulinic acid intraoperative fluorescence imaging and brain mapping. Neurosurgery 71:927–936CrossRefPubMed Schucht P, Beck J, Abu-Isa J et al (2012) Gross total resection rates in contemporary glioblastoma surgery: results of an institutional protocol combining 5-aminolevulinic acid intraoperative fluorescence imaging and brain mapping. Neurosurgery 71:927–936CrossRefPubMed
31.
go back to reference Schwake M, Stummer W, Suero-Molina EJ, Wölfer J (2015) Simultaneous fluorescein sodium and 5-ALA in fluorescence-guided glioma surgery. Acta Neurochir 157:887–879CrossRef Schwake M, Stummer W, Suero-Molina EJ, Wölfer J (2015) Simultaneous fluorescein sodium and 5-ALA in fluorescence-guided glioma surgery. Acta Neurochir 157:887–879CrossRef
32.
go back to reference Senders JT, Muskens IS, Schnoor R, Karhade AV, Cote DJ, Smith TR, Broekman MLD (2017) Agents for fluorescence-guided glioma surgery: a systematic review of preclinical and clinical results. Acta Neurochir 159:151–167CrossRefPubMed Senders JT, Muskens IS, Schnoor R, Karhade AV, Cote DJ, Smith TR, Broekman MLD (2017) Agents for fluorescence-guided glioma surgery: a systematic review of preclinical and clinical results. Acta Neurochir 159:151–167CrossRefPubMed
33.
go back to reference Slof J, Díez Valle R, Galván J (2015) Cost-effectiveness of 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced fluorescence in malignant gliomasurgery [Spanish]. Neurología 30:163–168CrossRefPubMed Slof J, Díez Valle R, Galván J (2015) Cost-effectiveness of 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced fluorescence in malignant gliomasurgery [Spanish]. Neurología 30:163–168CrossRefPubMed
34.
go back to reference Stummer W, Meinel PU, Wiestler OD, Zanella F, Reulen HJ (2006) Fluorescence-guided surgery with 5-aminolevulinic acid for resection of malignant glioma: a randomized controlled multicentre phase III trial. Lancet Oncol 7:392–401CrossRefPubMed Stummer W, Meinel PU, Wiestler OD, Zanella F, Reulen HJ (2006) Fluorescence-guided surgery with 5-aminolevulinic acid for resection of malignant glioma: a randomized controlled multicentre phase III trial. Lancet Oncol 7:392–401CrossRefPubMed
35.
go back to reference Stummer W, Stepp H, Möller G, Ehrhardt A, Leonhard M, Reulen HJ (1998) Technical principles for protoporphyrin-IX-fluorescence guided microsurgical resection of malignant glioma tissue. Acta Neurochir 140:995–1000CrossRefPubMed Stummer W, Stepp H, Möller G, Ehrhardt A, Leonhard M, Reulen HJ (1998) Technical principles for protoporphyrin-IX-fluorescence guided microsurgical resection of malignant glioma tissue. Acta Neurochir 140:995–1000CrossRefPubMed
36.
go back to reference Stummer W, Tonn JC, Goetz C, Ullrich W, Stepp H, Bink A et al (2015) 5-Aminolevulinic acid-derived tumor fluorescence: the diagnostic accuracy of visible fluorescence qualities as corroborated by spectrometry and histology and postoperative imaging. Neurosurgery 74:310–309CrossRef Stummer W, Tonn JC, Goetz C, Ullrich W, Stepp H, Bink A et al (2015) 5-Aminolevulinic acid-derived tumor fluorescence: the diagnostic accuracy of visible fluorescence qualities as corroborated by spectrometry and histology and postoperative imaging. Neurosurgery 74:310–309CrossRef
37.
go back to reference Stupp R, Hegi ME, Mason WP et al (2009) Effects of radiotherapy with concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide versus radiotherapy alone on survival in glioblastoma in a randomized phase III study: 5-year analysis of the EORTC-NCIC trial. Lancet Oncol 10:459–466CrossRefPubMed Stupp R, Hegi ME, Mason WP et al (2009) Effects of radiotherapy with concomitant and adjuvant temozolomide versus radiotherapy alone on survival in glioblastoma in a randomized phase III study: 5-year analysis of the EORTC-NCIC trial. Lancet Oncol 10:459–466CrossRefPubMed
38.
go back to reference Suzuki T, Wada S, Eguchi H et al (2013) Cadherin 13 overexpression as an important factor related to the absence of tumor fluorescence in 5-aminolevulinic acid-guided resection of glioma. J Neurosurg 119:1331–1339CrossRefPubMed Suzuki T, Wada S, Eguchi H et al (2013) Cadherin 13 overexpression as an important factor related to the absence of tumor fluorescence in 5-aminolevulinic acid-guided resection of glioma. J Neurosurg 119:1331–1339CrossRefPubMed
39.
go back to reference Tamura A, Onishi Y, An R, Hoshiba S, Wakabayashi K, Hoshijima K et al (2007) In vitro evaluation of photosensitivity risk related to genetic polymorphisms of human ABC transporter ABCG2 and inhibition by drugs. Drug Metab Pharmacokinetic 22:428–440CrossRef Tamura A, Onishi Y, An R, Hoshiba S, Wakabayashi K, Hoshijima K et al (2007) In vitro evaluation of photosensitivity risk related to genetic polymorphisms of human ABC transporter ABCG2 and inhibition by drugs. Drug Metab Pharmacokinetic 22:428–440CrossRef
40.
go back to reference Teng L, Nakada M, Sg Z et al (2011) Silencing of ferrochelatase enhances 5-aminolevulinic acid-based fluorescence and photodynamic therapy efficacy. Br J Cancer 104:798–807CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Teng L, Nakada M, Sg Z et al (2011) Silencing of ferrochelatase enhances 5-aminolevulinic acid-based fluorescence and photodynamic therapy efficacy. Br J Cancer 104:798–807CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
41.
go back to reference Valdes PA, Bekelis K, Harris BT et al (2014) 5-Aminolevulinic acid-induced protoporphyrin IX fluorescence in meningioma: qualitative and quantitative measurements in vivo. Neurosurgery 10:74–82PubMed Valdes PA, Bekelis K, Harris BT et al (2014) 5-Aminolevulinic acid-induced protoporphyrin IX fluorescence in meningioma: qualitative and quantitative measurements in vivo. Neurosurgery 10:74–82PubMed
42.
go back to reference Valdes PA, Jacobs V, Harris BT et al (2015) Quantitive fluorescence using 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced protoporphyrin IX biomarker as a surgical adjunct in low-grade glioma surgery. J Neurosurg 123:771–780CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Valdes PA, Jacobs V, Harris BT et al (2015) Quantitive fluorescence using 5-aminolevulinic acid-induced protoporphyrin IX biomarker as a surgical adjunct in low-grade glioma surgery. J Neurosurg 123:771–780CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
43.
go back to reference Valdes PA, Kim A, Brantsch M et al (2011) δ-Aminolevulinic acid-induced protoporphyrin IX concentration correlates with histopathologic markers of malignancy inhuman gliomas: the need for quantitative fluorescence-guided resection to identify regions of increasing malignancy. Neuro-Oncology 13:846–856CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Valdes PA, Kim A, Brantsch M et al (2011) δ-Aminolevulinic acid-induced protoporphyrin IX concentration correlates with histopathologic markers of malignancy inhuman gliomas: the need for quantitative fluorescence-guided resection to identify regions of increasing malignancy. Neuro-Oncology 13:846–856CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
44.
go back to reference Widhalm G, Wolfsberger S, Minchev G, Woehrer A, Krssak M, Czech T et al (2010) 5-Aminolevulinic acid is a promising marker for detection of anaplastic foci in diffusely infiltrating gliomas with nonsignificant contrast enhancement. Cancer 116:1545–1552CrossRefPubMed Widhalm G, Wolfsberger S, Minchev G, Woehrer A, Krssak M, Czech T et al (2010) 5-Aminolevulinic acid is a promising marker for detection of anaplastic foci in diffusely infiltrating gliomas with nonsignificant contrast enhancement. Cancer 116:1545–1552CrossRefPubMed
45.
go back to reference Zhao SG, Chen XF, Wang LG et al (2013) Increased expression of ABCB6 enhances protoporphyrin IX accumulation and photodynamic effect in human glioma. Ann Surg Oncol 20:4379–4388CrossRefPubMed Zhao SG, Chen XF, Wang LG et al (2013) Increased expression of ABCB6 enhances protoporphyrin IX accumulation and photodynamic effect in human glioma. Ann Surg Oncol 20:4379–4388CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
Comparison of commercial 5-aminolevulinic acid (Gliolan®) and the pharmacy-compounded solution fluorescence in glioblastoma
Authors
Santiago Garfias Arjona
Mónica Lara Almunia
Javier Ángel Ibáñez Domínguez
Olga Delgado Sánchez
Priam Villalonga
Ruth Villalonga-Planells
Javier Pierola Lopetegui
Joan Bestard Escalas
Albert Maimó Barceló
Marta Brell Doval
Publication date
01-08-2019
Publisher
Springer Vienna
Published in
Acta Neurochirurgica / Issue 8/2019
Print ISSN: 0001-6268
Electronic ISSN: 0942-0940
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00701-019-03930-4

Other articles of this Issue 8/2019

Acta Neurochirurgica 8/2019 Go to the issue