Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Surgery Today 5/2014

01-05-2014 | Review Article

Colorectal cancer and hypercoagulability

Authors: Kazushige Kawai, Toshiaki Watanabe

Published in: Surgery Today | Issue 5/2014

Login to get access

Abstract

Since the first report of the spontaneous appearance of venous thrombophlebitis as a sign of visceral cancer by Trousseau in 1865, many other studies have documented the existence of cancer-associated coagulation disorders. In this review, we describe the hypercoagulable state associated with colorectal cancer, from three perspectives: first, the incidence, risk factors and prevention of clinically symptomatic thromboembolic conditions associated with cancer, such as venous thromboembolism and arterial thrombosis; second, the association between hypercoagulable conditions, such as thrombocytosis, hyperfibrinogenemia, or d-dimer elevation, and the clinical progression and poor prognosis of cancer patients; third, the experimental approach to elucidate the role of various coagulation-related factors in the process of cancer progression, focusing specifically on the role of platelets and tissue factors.
Literature
2.
go back to reference Piccioli A, Lensing AW, Prins MH, et al. Extensive screening for occult malignant disease in idiopathic venous thromboembolism: a prospective randomized clinical trial. J Thromb Haemost. 2004;2:884–9.PubMedCrossRef Piccioli A, Lensing AW, Prins MH, et al. Extensive screening for occult malignant disease in idiopathic venous thromboembolism: a prospective randomized clinical trial. J Thromb Haemost. 2004;2:884–9.PubMedCrossRef
4.
go back to reference Wang L, Huang X, Chen Y, Jin X, Li Q, Yi TN. Prognostic value of TP/PD-ECGF and thrombocytosis in gastric carcinoma. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2012;38:568–73.PubMedCrossRef Wang L, Huang X, Chen Y, Jin X, Li Q, Yi TN. Prognostic value of TP/PD-ECGF and thrombocytosis in gastric carcinoma. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2012;38:568–73.PubMedCrossRef
5.
go back to reference Komurcuoglu B, Ulusoy S, Gayaf M, Guler A, Ozden E. Prognostic value of plasma d-dimer levels in lung carcinoma. Tumori. 2011;97:743–8.PubMed Komurcuoglu B, Ulusoy S, Gayaf M, Guler A, Ozden E. Prognostic value of plasma d-dimer levels in lung carcinoma. Tumori. 2011;97:743–8.PubMed
6.
go back to reference Yamashita H, Kitayama J, Kanno N, Yatomi Y, Nagawa H. Hyperfibrinogenemia is associated with lymphatic as well as hematogenous metastasis and worse clinical outcome in T2 gastric cancer. BMC Cancer. 2006;6:147.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Yamashita H, Kitayama J, Kanno N, Yatomi Y, Nagawa H. Hyperfibrinogenemia is associated with lymphatic as well as hematogenous metastasis and worse clinical outcome in T2 gastric cancer. BMC Cancer. 2006;6:147.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
7.
go back to reference Tsihlias J, Grossman HB. The utility of fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products in superficial bladder cancer. Urol Clin North Am. 2000;27:39–46.PubMedCrossRef Tsihlias J, Grossman HB. The utility of fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products in superficial bladder cancer. Urol Clin North Am. 2000;27:39–46.PubMedCrossRef
8.
go back to reference Tas F, Kilic L, Bilgin E, et al. Clinical and prognostic significance of coagulation assays in advanced epithelial ovarian cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2013;23:276–81.PubMedCrossRef Tas F, Kilic L, Bilgin E, et al. Clinical and prognostic significance of coagulation assays in advanced epithelial ovarian cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2013;23:276–81.PubMedCrossRef
9.
go back to reference Schellerer VS, Mueller-Bergh L, Merkel S, et al. The clinical value of von Willebrand factor in colorectal carcinomas. Am J Transl Res. 2011;3:445–53.PubMedCentralPubMed Schellerer VS, Mueller-Bergh L, Merkel S, et al. The clinical value of von Willebrand factor in colorectal carcinomas. Am J Transl Res. 2011;3:445–53.PubMedCentralPubMed
10.
go back to reference Palumbo JS, Talmage KE, Massari JV, et al. Platelets and fibrin(ogen) increase metastatic potential by impeding natural killer cell-mediated elimination of tumor cells. Blood. 2005;105:178–85.PubMedCrossRef Palumbo JS, Talmage KE, Massari JV, et al. Platelets and fibrin(ogen) increase metastatic potential by impeding natural killer cell-mediated elimination of tumor cells. Blood. 2005;105:178–85.PubMedCrossRef
11.
go back to reference Alikhan R, Cohen AT, Combe S, et al. Risk factors for venous thromboembolism in hospitalized patients with acute medical illness: analysis of the MEDENOX Study. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164:963–8.PubMedCrossRef Alikhan R, Cohen AT, Combe S, et al. Risk factors for venous thromboembolism in hospitalized patients with acute medical illness: analysis of the MEDENOX Study. Arch Intern Med. 2004;164:963–8.PubMedCrossRef
12.
go back to reference Monreal M, Lensing AW, Prins MH, et al. Screening for occult cancer in patients with acute deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. J Thromb Haemost. 2004;2:876–81.PubMedCrossRef Monreal M, Lensing AW, Prins MH, et al. Screening for occult cancer in patients with acute deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. J Thromb Haemost. 2004;2:876–81.PubMedCrossRef
13.
go back to reference Davenport DL, Vargas HD, Kasten MW, Xenos ES. Timing and perioperative risk factors for in-hospital and post-discharge venous thromboembolism after colorectal cancer resection. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2012;18:569–75.PubMedCrossRef Davenport DL, Vargas HD, Kasten MW, Xenos ES. Timing and perioperative risk factors for in-hospital and post-discharge venous thromboembolism after colorectal cancer resection. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2012;18:569–75.PubMedCrossRef
14.
go back to reference Alcalay A, Wun T, Khatri V, et al. Venous thromboembolism in patients with colorectal cancer: incidence and effect on survival. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:1112–8.PubMedCrossRef Alcalay A, Wun T, Khatri V, et al. Venous thromboembolism in patients with colorectal cancer: incidence and effect on survival. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:1112–8.PubMedCrossRef
15.
go back to reference Gould MK, Garcia DA, Wren SM, et al. Prevention of VTE in nonorthopedic surgical patients: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest. 2012;141:e227S–77S.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef Gould MK, Garcia DA, Wren SM, et al. Prevention of VTE in nonorthopedic surgical patients: antithrombotic therapy and prevention of thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest. 2012;141:e227S–77S.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
16.
go back to reference Farge D, Debourdeau P, Beckers M, et al. International clinical practice guidelines for the treatment and prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer. J Thromb Haemost. 2013;11:56–70.PubMedCrossRef Farge D, Debourdeau P, Beckers M, et al. International clinical practice guidelines for the treatment and prophylaxis of venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer. J Thromb Haemost. 2013;11:56–70.PubMedCrossRef
17.
go back to reference Ay C, Pabinger I. Predictive potential of haemostatic biomarkers for venous thromboembolism in cancer patients. Thromb Res. 2012;129(Suppl 1):S6–9.PubMedCrossRef Ay C, Pabinger I. Predictive potential of haemostatic biomarkers for venous thromboembolism in cancer patients. Thromb Res. 2012;129(Suppl 1):S6–9.PubMedCrossRef
18.
go back to reference Scappaticci FA, Skillings JR, Holden SN, et al. Arterial thromboembolic events in patients with metastatic carcinoma treated with chemotherapy and bevacizumab. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2007;99:1232–9.PubMedCrossRef Scappaticci FA, Skillings JR, Holden SN, et al. Arterial thromboembolic events in patients with metastatic carcinoma treated with chemotherapy and bevacizumab. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2007;99:1232–9.PubMedCrossRef
19.
go back to reference Schutz FA, Je Y, Azzi GR, Nguyen PL, Choueiri TK. Bevacizumab increases the risk of arterial ischemia: a large study in cancer patients with a focus on different subgroup outcomes. Ann Oncol. 2011;22:1404–12.PubMedCrossRef Schutz FA, Je Y, Azzi GR, Nguyen PL, Choueiri TK. Bevacizumab increases the risk of arterial ischemia: a large study in cancer patients with a focus on different subgroup outcomes. Ann Oncol. 2011;22:1404–12.PubMedCrossRef
20.
go back to reference Kandemir EG, Mayadagli A, Karagoz B, Bilgi O, Turken O, Yaylaci M. Prognostic significance of thrombocytosis in node-negative colon cancer. J Int Med Res. 2005;33:228–35.PubMedCrossRef Kandemir EG, Mayadagli A, Karagoz B, Bilgi O, Turken O, Yaylaci M. Prognostic significance of thrombocytosis in node-negative colon cancer. J Int Med Res. 2005;33:228–35.PubMedCrossRef
21.
go back to reference Qiu MZ, Yuan ZY, Luo HY, et al. Impact of pretreatment hematologic profile on survival of colorectal cancer patients. Tumour Biol. 2010;31:255–60.PubMedCrossRef Qiu MZ, Yuan ZY, Luo HY, et al. Impact of pretreatment hematologic profile on survival of colorectal cancer patients. Tumour Biol. 2010;31:255–60.PubMedCrossRef
22.
go back to reference Sasaki K, Kawai K, Tsuno NH, Sunami E, Kitayama J. Impact of preoperative thrombocytosis on the survival of patients with primary colorectal cancer. World J Surg. 2012;36:192–200.PubMedCrossRef Sasaki K, Kawai K, Tsuno NH, Sunami E, Kitayama J. Impact of preoperative thrombocytosis on the survival of patients with primary colorectal cancer. World J Surg. 2012;36:192–200.PubMedCrossRef
23.
go back to reference Oya M, Akiyama Y, Okuyama T, Ishikawa H. High preoperative plasma d-dimer level is associated with advanced tumor stage and short survival after curative resection in patients with colorectal cancer. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2001;31:388–94.PubMedCrossRef Oya M, Akiyama Y, Okuyama T, Ishikawa H. High preoperative plasma d-dimer level is associated with advanced tumor stage and short survival after curative resection in patients with colorectal cancer. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2001;31:388–94.PubMedCrossRef
24.
go back to reference Stender MT, Larsen TB, Sorensen HT, Thorlacius-Ussing O. Preoperative plasma d-dimer predicts 1-year survival in colorectal cancer patients with absence of venous thromboembolism (VTE): a prospective clinical cohort study. J Thromb Haemost. 2012;10:2027–31.PubMedCrossRef Stender MT, Larsen TB, Sorensen HT, Thorlacius-Ussing O. Preoperative plasma d-dimer predicts 1-year survival in colorectal cancer patients with absence of venous thromboembolism (VTE): a prospective clinical cohort study. J Thromb Haemost. 2012;10:2027–31.PubMedCrossRef
25.
go back to reference Yamashita H, Kitayama J, Taguri M, Nagawa H. Effect of preoperative hyperfibrinogenemia on recurrence of colorectal cancer without a systemic inflammatory response. World J Surg. 2009;33:1298–305.PubMedCrossRef Yamashita H, Kitayama J, Taguri M, Nagawa H. Effect of preoperative hyperfibrinogenemia on recurrence of colorectal cancer without a systemic inflammatory response. World J Surg. 2009;33:1298–305.PubMedCrossRef
26.
go back to reference Tang L, Liu K, Wang J, Wang C, Zhao P, Liu J. High preoperative plasma fibrinogen levels are associated with distant metastases and impaired prognosis after curative resection in patients with colorectal cancer. J Surg Oncol. 2010;102:428–32.PubMedCrossRef Tang L, Liu K, Wang J, Wang C, Zhao P, Liu J. High preoperative plasma fibrinogen levels are associated with distant metastases and impaired prognosis after curative resection in patients with colorectal cancer. J Surg Oncol. 2010;102:428–32.PubMedCrossRef
27.
go back to reference Wang WS, Lin JK, Lin TC, et al. Plasma von Willebrand factor level as a prognostic indicator of patients with metastatic colorectal carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol. 2005;11:2166–70.PubMed Wang WS, Lin JK, Lin TC, et al. Plasma von Willebrand factor level as a prognostic indicator of patients with metastatic colorectal carcinoma. World J Gastroenterol. 2005;11:2166–70.PubMed
28.
go back to reference Gadducci A, Marrai R, Baicchi U, Gagetti O, Facchini V, Genazzani AR. Prothrombin fragment F1 + 2 and thrombin-antithrombin III complex (TAT) plasma levels in patients with gynecological cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 1996;61:215–7.PubMedCrossRef Gadducci A, Marrai R, Baicchi U, Gagetti O, Facchini V, Genazzani AR. Prothrombin fragment F1 + 2 and thrombin-antithrombin III complex (TAT) plasma levels in patients with gynecological cancer. Gynecol Oncol. 1996;61:215–7.PubMedCrossRef
29.
go back to reference Kwon HC, Oh SY, Lee S, et al. Plasma levels of prothrombin fragment F1 + 2, d-dimer and prothrombin time correlate with clinical stage and lymph node metastasis in operable gastric cancer patients. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2008;38:2–7.PubMedCrossRef Kwon HC, Oh SY, Lee S, et al. Plasma levels of prothrombin fragment F1 + 2, d-dimer and prothrombin time correlate with clinical stage and lymph node metastasis in operable gastric cancer patients. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 2008;38:2–7.PubMedCrossRef
30.
go back to reference Tomimaru Y, Yano M, Takachi K, et al. Correlation between pretherapeutic d-dimer levels and response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with advanced esophageal cancer. Dis Esophagus. 2008;21:281–7.PubMedCrossRef Tomimaru Y, Yano M, Takachi K, et al. Correlation between pretherapeutic d-dimer levels and response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in patients with advanced esophageal cancer. Dis Esophagus. 2008;21:281–7.PubMedCrossRef
31.
go back to reference Holgersson G, Sandelin M, Hoye E, et al. Swedish lung cancer radiation study group: the prognostic value of anaemia, thrombocytosis and leukocytosis at time of diagnosis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Med Oncol. 2012;29:3176–82.PubMedCrossRef Holgersson G, Sandelin M, Hoye E, et al. Swedish lung cancer radiation study group: the prognostic value of anaemia, thrombocytosis and leukocytosis at time of diagnosis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Med Oncol. 2012;29:3176–82.PubMedCrossRef
32.
go back to reference Kawai K, Kitayama J, Tsuno NH, Sunami E, Nagawa H. Hyperfibrinogenemia after preoperative chemoradiotherapy predicts poor response and poor prognosis in rectal cancer. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2011;26:45–51.PubMedCrossRef Kawai K, Kitayama J, Tsuno NH, Sunami E, Nagawa H. Hyperfibrinogenemia after preoperative chemoradiotherapy predicts poor response and poor prognosis in rectal cancer. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2011;26:45–51.PubMedCrossRef
33.
go back to reference Kawai K, Kitayama J, Tsuno NH, Sunami E, Watanabe T. Thrombocytosis before pre-operative chemoradiotherapy predicts poor response and shorter local recurrence-free survival in rectal cancer. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2012 Kawai K, Kitayama J, Tsuno NH, Sunami E, Watanabe T. Thrombocytosis before pre-operative chemoradiotherapy predicts poor response and shorter local recurrence-free survival in rectal cancer. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2012
34.
go back to reference Vossen CY, Hoffmeister M, Chang-Claude JC, Rosendaal FR, Brenner H. Clotting factor gene polymorphisms and colorectal cancer risk. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29:1722–7.PubMedCrossRef Vossen CY, Hoffmeister M, Chang-Claude JC, Rosendaal FR, Brenner H. Clotting factor gene polymorphisms and colorectal cancer risk. J Clin Oncol. 2011;29:1722–7.PubMedCrossRef
35.
go back to reference Nieswandt B, Hafner M, Echtenacher B, Mannel DN. Lysis of tumor cells by natural killer cells in mice is impeded by platelets. Cancer Res. 1999;59:1295–300.PubMed Nieswandt B, Hafner M, Echtenacher B, Mannel DN. Lysis of tumor cells by natural killer cells in mice is impeded by platelets. Cancer Res. 1999;59:1295–300.PubMed
36.
go back to reference Gasic GJ. Role of plasma, platelets, and endothelial cells in tumor metastasis. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 1984;3:99–114.PubMedCrossRef Gasic GJ. Role of plasma, platelets, and endothelial cells in tumor metastasis. Cancer Metastasis Rev. 1984;3:99–114.PubMedCrossRef
37.
go back to reference Gasic GJ, Gasic TB, Galanti N, Johnson T, Murphy S. Platelet-tumor-cell interactions in mice. The role of platelets in the spread of malignant disease. Int J Cancer. 1973;11:704–18.PubMedCrossRef Gasic GJ, Gasic TB, Galanti N, Johnson T, Murphy S. Platelet-tumor-cell interactions in mice. The role of platelets in the spread of malignant disease. Int J Cancer. 1973;11:704–18.PubMedCrossRef
38.
go back to reference Nurden AT. Platelets, inflammation and tissue regeneration. Thromb Haemost. 2011;105(Suppl 1):S13–33.PubMedCrossRef Nurden AT. Platelets, inflammation and tissue regeneration. Thromb Haemost. 2011;105(Suppl 1):S13–33.PubMedCrossRef
39.
go back to reference Shida D, Kitayama J, Yamaguchi H, et al. Sphingosine 1-phosphate transactivates c-Met as well as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in human gastric cancer cells. FEBS Lett. 2004;577:333–8.PubMedCrossRef Shida D, Kitayama J, Yamaguchi H, et al. Sphingosine 1-phosphate transactivates c-Met as well as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in human gastric cancer cells. FEBS Lett. 2004;577:333–8.PubMedCrossRef
40.
go back to reference Yamashita H, Kitayama J, Shida D, et al. Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor expression profile in human gastric cancer cells: differential regulation on the migration and proliferation. J Surg Res. 2006;130:80–7.PubMedCrossRef Yamashita H, Kitayama J, Shida D, et al. Sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor expression profile in human gastric cancer cells: differential regulation on the migration and proliferation. J Surg Res. 2006;130:80–7.PubMedCrossRef
41.
go back to reference Shida D, Kitayama J, Yamaguchi H, et al. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) enhances the metastatic potential of human colon carcinoma DLD1 cells through LPA1. Cancer Res. 2003;63:1706–11.PubMed Shida D, Kitayama J, Yamaguchi H, et al. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) enhances the metastatic potential of human colon carcinoma DLD1 cells through LPA1. Cancer Res. 2003;63:1706–11.PubMed
42.
go back to reference Mori K, Kitayama J, Shida D, Yamashita H, Watanabe T, Nagawa H. Lysophosphatidic acid-induced effects in human colon carcinoma DLD1 cells are partially dependent on transactivation of epidermal growth factor receptor. J Surg Res. 2006;132:56–61.PubMedCrossRef Mori K, Kitayama J, Shida D, Yamashita H, Watanabe T, Nagawa H. Lysophosphatidic acid-induced effects in human colon carcinoma DLD1 cells are partially dependent on transactivation of epidermal growth factor receptor. J Surg Res. 2006;132:56–61.PubMedCrossRef
43.
go back to reference Helley D, Banu E, Bouziane A, et al. Platelet microparticles: a potential predictive factor of survival in hormone-refractory prostate cancer patients treated with docetaxel-based chemotherapy. Eur Urol. 2009;56:479–84.PubMedCrossRef Helley D, Banu E, Bouziane A, et al. Platelet microparticles: a potential predictive factor of survival in hormone-refractory prostate cancer patients treated with docetaxel-based chemotherapy. Eur Urol. 2009;56:479–84.PubMedCrossRef
44.
go back to reference Dashevsky O, Varon D, Brill A. Platelet-derived microparticles promote invasiveness of prostate cancer cells via upregulation of MMP-2 production. Int J Cancer. 2009;124:1773–7.PubMedCrossRef Dashevsky O, Varon D, Brill A. Platelet-derived microparticles promote invasiveness of prostate cancer cells via upregulation of MMP-2 production. Int J Cancer. 2009;124:1773–7.PubMedCrossRef
45.
go back to reference Seto S, Onodera H, Kaido T, et al. Tissue factor expression in human colorectal carcinoma: correlation with hepatic metastasis and impact on prognosis. Cancer. 2000;88:295–301.PubMedCrossRef Seto S, Onodera H, Kaido T, et al. Tissue factor expression in human colorectal carcinoma: correlation with hepatic metastasis and impact on prognosis. Cancer. 2000;88:295–301.PubMedCrossRef
46.
go back to reference Rao B, Gao Y, Huang J, et al. Mutations of p53 and K-ras correlate TF expression in human colorectal carcinomas: TF downregulation as a marker of poor prognosis. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2011;26:593–601.PubMedCrossRef Rao B, Gao Y, Huang J, et al. Mutations of p53 and K-ras correlate TF expression in human colorectal carcinomas: TF downregulation as a marker of poor prognosis. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2011;26:593–601.PubMedCrossRef
47.
go back to reference Yu JL, May L, Lhotak V, et al. Oncogenic events regulate tissue factor expression in colorectal cancer cells: implications for tumor progression and angiogenesis. Blood. 2005;105:1734–41.PubMedCrossRef Yu JL, May L, Lhotak V, et al. Oncogenic events regulate tissue factor expression in colorectal cancer cells: implications for tumor progression and angiogenesis. Blood. 2005;105:1734–41.PubMedCrossRef
48.
go back to reference Khorana AA, Ahrendt SA, Ryan CK, et al. Tissue factor expression, angiogenesis, and thrombosis in pancreatic cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2007;13:2870–5.PubMedCrossRef Khorana AA, Ahrendt SA, Ryan CK, et al. Tissue factor expression, angiogenesis, and thrombosis in pancreatic cancer. Clin Cancer Res. 2007;13:2870–5.PubMedCrossRef
49.
go back to reference Verheul HM, Hoekman K, Lupu F, et al. Platelet and coagulation activation with vascular endothelial growth factor generation in soft tissue sarcomas. Clin Cancer Res. 2000;6:166–71.PubMed Verheul HM, Hoekman K, Lupu F, et al. Platelet and coagulation activation with vascular endothelial growth factor generation in soft tissue sarcomas. Clin Cancer Res. 2000;6:166–71.PubMed
51.
go back to reference Klepfish A, Greco MA, Karpatkin S. Thrombin stimulates melanoma tumor-cell binding to endothelial cells and subendothelial matrix. Int J Cancer. 1993;53:978–82.PubMedCrossRef Klepfish A, Greco MA, Karpatkin S. Thrombin stimulates melanoma tumor-cell binding to endothelial cells and subendothelial matrix. Int J Cancer. 1993;53:978–82.PubMedCrossRef
52.
go back to reference Chang LH, Chen CH, Huang DY, Pai HC, Pan SL, Teng CM. Thrombin induces expression of twist and cell motility via the hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha translational pathway in colorectal cancer cells. J Cell Physiol. 2011;226:1060–8.PubMedCrossRef Chang LH, Chen CH, Huang DY, Pai HC, Pan SL, Teng CM. Thrombin induces expression of twist and cell motility via the hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha translational pathway in colorectal cancer cells. J Cell Physiol. 2011;226:1060–8.PubMedCrossRef
53.
go back to reference Tang JQ, Fan Q, Wu WH, et al. Extrahepatic synthesis of coagulation factor VII by colorectal cancer cells promotes tumor invasion and metastasis. Chin Med J. 2010;123:3559–65.PubMed Tang JQ, Fan Q, Wu WH, et al. Extrahepatic synthesis of coagulation factor VII by colorectal cancer cells promotes tumor invasion and metastasis. Chin Med J. 2010;123:3559–65.PubMed
54.
go back to reference Choe KS, Correa D, Jani AB, Liauw SL. The use of anticoagulants improves biochemical control of localized prostate cancer treated with radiotherapy. Cancer. 2010;116:1820–6.PubMedCrossRef Choe KS, Correa D, Jani AB, Liauw SL. The use of anticoagulants improves biochemical control of localized prostate cancer treated with radiotherapy. Cancer. 2010;116:1820–6.PubMedCrossRef
55.
go back to reference Noble S. Low-molecular-weight heparin and survival in lung cancer. Thromb Res. 2012;129(Suppl 1):S114–8.PubMedCrossRef Noble S. Low-molecular-weight heparin and survival in lung cancer. Thromb Res. 2012;129(Suppl 1):S114–8.PubMedCrossRef
56.
go back to reference Maurer LH, Herndon JE 2nd, Hollis DR, et al. Randomized trial of chemotherapy and radiation therapy with or without warfarin for limited-stage small-cell lung cancer: a Cancer and Leukemia Group B study. J Clin Oncol. 1997;15:3378–87.PubMed Maurer LH, Herndon JE 2nd, Hollis DR, et al. Randomized trial of chemotherapy and radiation therapy with or without warfarin for limited-stage small-cell lung cancer: a Cancer and Leukemia Group B study. J Clin Oncol. 1997;15:3378–87.PubMed
57.
Metadata
Title
Colorectal cancer and hypercoagulability
Authors
Kazushige Kawai
Toshiaki Watanabe
Publication date
01-05-2014
Publisher
Springer Japan
Published in
Surgery Today / Issue 5/2014
Print ISSN: 0941-1291
Electronic ISSN: 1436-2813
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00595-013-0606-5

Other articles of this Issue 5/2014

Surgery Today 5/2014 Go to the issue