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01-03-2015 | Original Article

Possible anatomical pathways for short-latency multisensory integration processes in primary sensory cortices

Authors: Julia U. Henschke, Tömme Noesselt, Henning Scheich, Eike Budinger

Published in: Brain Structure and Function | Issue 2/2015

Abstract

Multisensory integration does not only recruit higher-level association cortex, but also low-level and even primary sensory cortices. Here, we will describe and quantify two types of anatomical pathways, a thalamocortical and a corticocortical that possibly underlie short-latency multisensory integration processes in the primary auditory (A1), somatosensory (S1), and visual cortex (V1). Results were obtained from Mongolian gerbils, a common model-species in neuroscience, using simultaneous injections of different retrograde tracers into A1, S1, and V1. Several auditory, visual, and somatosensory thalamic nuclei project not only to the primary sensory area of their own (matched) but also to areas of other (non-matched) modalities. The crossmodal output ratios of these nuclei, belonging to both core and non-core sensory pathways, vary between 0.4 and 63.5 % of the labeled neurons. Approximately 0.3 % of the sensory thalamic input to A1, 5.0 % to S1, and 2.1 % to V1 arise from non-matched nuclei. V1 has most crossmodal corticocortical connections, projecting strongest to S1 and receiving a similar amount of moderate inputs from A1 and S1. S1 is mainly interconnected with V1. A1 has slightly more projections to V1 than S1, but gets just faint inputs from there. Concerning the layer-specific distribution of the retrogradely labeled somata in cortex, V1 provides the most pronounced feedforward-type outputs and receives (together with S1) most pronounced feedback-type inputs. In contrast, A1 has most pronounced feedback-type outputs and feedforward-type inputs in this network. Functionally, the different sets of thalamocortical and corticocortical connections could underlie distinctive types of integration mechanisms for different modality pairings.

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As reviewed by Driver and Noesselt (2008), multisensory interplay reveals crossmodal influences on sensory-specific brain areas, in particular of the cortex. The authors suggest, that there are at least three possible neuronal pathways mediating this multisensory interplay, which are not mutually exclusive: Account A (for "All multisensory): Direct feedforward influences between A1, V1, and S1, which might either arise subcortically at thalamic levels (account A.I) and/or via corticocortical connections directly between the primary sensory cortices (account A.II). Account B (for new Bimodal brain areas): Some multisensory regions may exist near classic unisensory regions. Account C (for "Critical role of feedback circuitry"): Feedback connections may exist from higher-level multisensory regions back to lower-level areas that are (predominantly) sensory-specific apart from these feedback influences. This feedback can also be mediated by thalamo-cortico-thalamic loops (see also Sherman and Guillery 2011). In the present study, we will largely provide evidence for the first possibility (account A).

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Title: Possible anatomical pathways for short-latency multisensory integration processes in primary sensory cortices
Authors: Julia U. Henschke
Tömme Noesselt
Henning Scheich
Eike Budinger
Publication date: 01-03-2015
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in: Brain Structure and Function / Issue 2/2015
Print ISSN: 1863-2653
Electronic ISSN: 1863-2661
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00429-013-0694-4

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Possible anatomical pathways for short-latency multisensory integration processes in primary sensory cortices

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