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Open Access 01-07-2012 | Invited Editorial

Historical milestones in renal pathology

Authors: Jan J. Weening, J. Charles Jennette

Published in: Virchows Archiv | Issue 1/2012

Excerpt

The history of renal pathology can be divided into two eras: one starting with the invention of the microscope and its application to renal tissue; the second with the introduction of the renal biopsy, which coincided with the development of electron microscopy and immunofluorescence microscopy that allowed the analysis of pathological changes in great detail with an eye for pathogenesis and pathophysiology. These two eras started in 1650 and 1950, respectively; an interval of no less than three centuries during which clinicians and pathologists struggled with a lack of clear understanding of the causes and evolution of renal disease. In concordance with the design of this series on the history of pathology, we focus primarily on the history of renal pathology before 1970.

Table 1

Time table of seminal discoveries in renal pathology

1666	The glomerulus	[1]
1842	The nephron	[3]
1827	Clinical renal syndromes	[4]
1914	First renal histopathology classification	[15]
1900–1950	Experimental autoimmune glomerulonephritis	[25, 26]
1950–1960	Renal biopsy	[29‐32]
1950–1970	Immunofluorescence microscopy, electron microscopy	[33‐37]
1960–present	Immune complex diseases, anti-GBM, lupus nephritis, post-infectious GN, IgAN	[27, 28, 42‐47, 51]
1975–present	Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis	[19‐21, 58, 59]
1980–present	ANCA disease	[54‐56]
1980–present	Membranous glomerulopathy pathogenesis	[48‐50]
1990–2009	Hemolytic uremic syndrome	[60]
1990–present	Podocyte pathobiology	[57, 59]
1990–present	Classification of diseases of the transplanted kidney	[62]

…

Malpighi M (1666) De Viscerum Structura execitatio anatomica. Bologna

Morgagni GB (1761) De Sedibus et causis morborum per anatomem indagatis. Venice

Bowman W (1842) On the structure and use of the Malpighian bodies of the kidney, with observations on the circulation through that gland. Philos Trans R Soc 132:57–80CrossRef

Bright R (1827) Reports of medical cases selected with a view of illustrating the symptoms and cure of disease by a reference to morbid anatomy. Longman, Rees, Orme and Green, London

Bostock J (1803) Observations on the urine. London Med Phys J 9:349–355

Rayer PFO (1840) Traite des maladies des reins, vol II. Balliere, Paris

Frerichs FT (1851) Die Bright’sche Nierenkrankheitund deren Behandlung; eine Monographie. F Vieweg und Sohn, Braunschweig

Rokitansky KF (1846) Handbuch der allgemeinen pathologischen anatomie. Braumiller & Seidel, Wien

Valentin G (1837) Repertorium fuer anatomie und physiologie. Huber, Bern

10.

Klebs TAE (1870) Handbuch der pathologischen anatomie. August Hirschwald, Berlin, pp 644–648

11.

Remak R (1855) Untersuchungen uber die Entwickelung der Wirbelthiere. G Reimer, Berlin

12.

Virchow R (1858) Die Cellular-Pathologie in ihrer Begründung auf physiologische und pathologische Gewebelehre. A Hirschwald, Berlin

13.

Henle J (1862) Zur Anatomie der Niere. Dieterichschen Buchhandl, Goettingen

14.

Henle J (1876) Handbuch der Systematischen Anatomie des Menschen. Druck und Verlag von Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn, Braunschweig

15.

Volhard F, Fahr T (1914) Die Brightsche Nierenkrankheit. Klinik, Pathologie und Atlas. Julius Springer, Berlin

16.

Fahr T (1925) Die Pathologische Anatomie des Morbus Brightii. In: Henke F, Lubarsch O (eds). Handbuch der speziellen pathologischen anatomie und histology, Vol VI/1. Julius Springer, Berlin, p. 177-178, 368-405

17.

Ellis A (1942) Natural history of Bright’s disease. Clinical, histological and experimental observations. Lancet 1:1–7CrossRef

18.

Tuffier T (1889) Etudes experimentales sur la Chirurgie des Reins. G. Steinhill, Paris

19.

Elema JD, Arends A (1975) Focal and segmental glomerular hyalinosis and sclerosis in the rat. Lab Invest 33:554–561PubMed

20.

Hostetter TH, Olson J, Rennke HG, Venkatachalam MA, Brenner BM (1981) Hyperfiltration in remnant nephrons: a potentially adverse response to renal ablation. Am J Physiol 241:F85–F93PubMed

21.

Olson J, Hostetter TH, Rennke HG, Brenner BM, Venkatachalam MA (1981) Altered glomerular permselectivity and progressive sclerosis following extreme ablation of renal mass. Kidney Int 22:112–126CrossRef

22.

von Pirquet CE, Schick B (1905) Die serumkrankheit. Deuticke, Vienna

23.

Schick B (1907) Die nachkrankheiten der Scharlachs. Jahrb Kinderheilk 65:132–172

24.

Richet C (1902) Des effets anaphylactiques de l’actinotoxine sur la pression arteriolle. Compt Rendu Soc Biol 54:837

25.

Lindemann W (1900) Sur le mode d’action de certain poisons renaux. Ann Inst Pasteur 14:49–59

26.

Masugi M, Tomizuka Y (1931) Ueber die spezifischen zytotoxischen veraenderungen der niere und der leber durch das spezifische antiserum zugleich ein beitrag zur pathogenese die glomerulonephritis. Trans Jpn Pathol Soc 21:329–341

27.

Germuth FG Jr (1953) A comparative histologic and immunologic study in rabbits of induced hypersensitivity of the serum sickness type. J Exp Med 97:257–282PubMedCrossRef

28.

Dixon FJ, Feldman JD, Vasquez JJ (1961) Experimental glomerulonephritis. The pathogenesis of a laboratory model resembling the spectrum of human glomerulonephritis. J Exp Med 113:899–920PubMedCrossRef

29.

Alwall N (1952) Aspiration biopsy of the kidney, including a report of a case of amyloidosis diagnosed in 1944 and investigated at autopsy in 1950. Acta Med Scandinavica 143:430–435CrossRef

30.

Iversen P, Brun C (1951) Aspiration biopsy of the kidney. Am J Med 11:324–330PubMedCrossRef

31.

Kark RM, Muehrcke RC (1954) Biopsy of the kidney in prone position. Lancet 266:1047–1049PubMedCrossRef

32.

Muehrcke RC, Kark RM, Pirani CL (1955) Biopsy of the kidney in the diagnosis and management of renal disease. N Engl J Med 253:537–546PubMedCrossRef

33.

Coons AH, Kaplan MH (1950) Localization of antigen in tissue cells; improvements in a method for the detection of antigen by means of fluorescent antibody. J Exp Med 91:1–13PubMedCrossRef

34.

Mellors RC (1955) Histochemical demonstration of the in vivo localization of antibodies: antigenic components and the pathogenesis of glomerulonephritis. J Histochem Cytochem 3:284–289PubMedCrossRef

35.

Freedman P, Peters JH (1959) Immunologic aspects of renal disease. N Engl J Med 261:1275–81PubMedCrossRef

36.

Farquhar MG, Vernier RL, Good RA (1957) An electron microscope study of the glomerulus in nephrosis, glomerulonephritis and lupus erythematosus. J Exp Med 106:649–660PubMedCrossRef

37.

Karnovsky MJ (1979) The ultrastructure of glomerular filtration. Ann Rev Med 30:213–224PubMedCrossRef

38.

Cameron JS and Hicks J. The introduction of renal biopsy into nephrology from 1901 to 1961: a paradigm of the forming of nephrology by technology. Am J Nephrol 17:347-358

39.

Heptinstall RH Pathology of the kidney (1966) Little, Brown and Company, Boston

40.

Jennette JC, Olson JL, Schwartz MM, Silva FG (2007) Heptinstall’s pathology of the kidney. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia

41.

Heptinstall RH Pathology of the kidney (1974) Little, Brown and Company, Boston

42.

Churg J, Sobin LH (1982) Lupus nephritis. Renal disease, classification and atlas of glomerular diseases Igaku-Shoin, New York pp 127-149

43.

Weening JJ, D’Agati VD, Schwartz MM et al (2004) The classification of glomerulonephritis in systemic lupus erythematosus revisited. Kidney Int 65:521–530PubMedCrossRef

44.

Nasr SH, Markowitz GS, Stokes MB et al (2008) Acute postinfectious glomerulonephritis in the modern era: experience with 86 adults and review of the literature. Medicine 87:21–32PubMedCrossRef

45.

Sethi S, Fervenza FC (2012) Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, a new look at an old entity. N Engl J Med 366:1119–1131PubMedCrossRef

46.

Lerner RA, Glassock RJ, Dixon FJ (1967) The role of anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody in pathogenesis of human glomerulonephritis. J Exp Med 126:989–1004PubMedCrossRef

47.

Hudson GB, Tryggvason K, Sundaramoorthy M, Neilson EG (2003) Alport’s syndrome, Goodpasture’s syndrome, and type IV collagen. N Engl J Med 348:2543–2556PubMedCrossRef

48.

van Damme BJC, Fleuren GJ, Bakker WW et al (1978) Experimental glomerulonephritis n the rat induced by antibodies to tubular antigens. V. Fixed glomerular antigens in the pathogenesis of heterologous immune complex glomerulonephritis. Lab Invest 38:502–510PubMed

49.

Debiec H, Guignonis V, Mougenot B et al (2002) Antenatal membranous glomerulonephritis due to anti-neutral endopeptidase antibodies. N Engl J Med 346:2053–2060PubMedCrossRef

50.

Beck LH, Bonegio RGB, Lambeau G et al (2009) M-type phospholipase A2 receptor as target antigen in idiopathic membranous nephropathy. N Engl J Med 361:11–21PubMedCrossRef

51.

Berger J, Hinglais (1968) Les depots intracapillaires d’IgA–IgG. J Urol Nephrol 74:694–695

52.

Cattran DC et al (2009) The Oxford classification of IgA nephropathy: rationale, clinicopathological correlations and classification. Kidney Int 76:536–546CrossRef

53.

Roberts IS et al (2009) The Oxford classification of IgA nephropathy: pathology definitions, correlations and classification. Kidney Int 76:546–556PubMedCrossRef

54.

Davies DJ, Moran JE, Niall JF, Ryan GB (1982) Segmental necrotising glomerulonephritis with antineutrophil antibody: possible arbovirus aetiology? Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 285:606CrossRef

55.

van der Woude FJ, Rasmussen N, Lobatto S et al (1985) Autoantibodies against neutrophils and monocytes: tool for diagnosis and marker of disease activity in Wegener’s granulomatosis. Lancet I:425–529CrossRef

56.

Falk RJ, Jennette JC (1988) Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies with specificity for myeloperoxidase in patients with systemic vasculitis and idiopathic necrotizing and crescentic glomerulonephritis. N Engl J Med 318(25):1651–1657PubMedCrossRef

57.

Pavenstaedt H, Kriz W, Kretzler M (2003) Cell biology of the podocyte. Physiol Rev 83:253–307

58.

Churg J, Habib R, White RHR (1970) Pathology of the nephrotic syndrome in children. A report of the international study of kidney disease in children. Lancet 1:1299–1302CrossRef

59.

D’ Agati VD, Kaskel FJ, Falk RJ (2011) Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. N Engl J Med 365:2398–2411CrossRef

60.

Noris M, Remuzzi G (2009) Atypical haemolytic-uremic syndrome. N Engl J Med 361:1676–1687PubMedCrossRef

61.

Zeisberg M, Neilson EG (2010) Mechanisms of tubulointerstitial fibrosis. J Am Soc Nephrol 21:1819–1834PubMedCrossRef

62.

Solez K (2010) History of the Banff classification of allograft pathology as it approaches its 20th year. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 15:49–51PubMedCrossRef

63.

Weening JJ, Brenner BM, Dirks JH, Schrier RW (1998) Toward global advancement of medicine: the International Society of Nephrology experience. Kidney Int 54:1017–1021PubMedCrossRef

Title: Historical milestones in renal pathology
Authors: Jan J. Weening
J. Charles Jennette
Publication date: 01-07-2012
Publisher: Springer-Verlag
Published in: Virchows Archiv / Issue 1/2012
Print ISSN: 0945-6317
Electronic ISSN: 1432-2307
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00428-012-1254-7

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