Top

Published in:

01-05-2010 | Original Article

Effects of resistance exercise and protein ingestion on blood leukocytes and platelets in young and older men

Authors: Juha J. Hulmi, T. Myllymäki, M. Tenhumäki, N. Mutanen, R. Puurtinen, G. Paulsen, A. A. Mero

Published in: European Journal of Applied Physiology | Issue 2/2010

Abstract

This study investigated, in a multi-experiment design, the acute effects of milk protein ingestion, aging [50 young (~26 years) vs. 45 older (~61 years) men] and training state for the blood leukocyte and platelet responses acutely after a single bout of resistance exercise (RE). Moreover, basal effects of 21 weeks of resistance training (RT) were examined. The single bout of RE rapidly increased all blood leukocytes and platelets (P < 0.05). Protein ingestion before or before and after the RE bout did not have an effect on this response. However, younger men had a larger immediate exercise-induced response in leukocytes and platelets than older men. Basal fasting levels of leukocytes and platelets remained unchanged after 21 weeks of RT and this RT period did not change the acute RE-induced leukocyte and platelet response. The long-term RT was, however, able to slightly increase blood hematocrit. Blood platelet counts were consistently higher in the younger men when compared to the older men. Blood lymphopenia occurred only after a larger volume of exercise. In conclusion, the acute increase in blood leukocytes and platelets may be smaller in the older as when compared to the younger men. However, the number of immune cells and thus probably their function may not be affected by milk protein ingestion or months of resistance training.

Ahmadizad S, El-Sayed MS (2003) The effects of graded resistance exercise on platelet aggregation and activation. Med Sci Sports Exerc 35:1026–1032CrossRefPubMed

Ahmadizad S, El-Sayed MS, Maclaren DP (2006) Responses of platelet activation and function to a single bout of resistance exercise and recovery. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 35:159–168PubMed

Alonso-Fernandez P, Puerto M, Mate I, Ribera JM, de la Fuente M (2008) Neutrophils of centenarians show function levels similar to those of young adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 56:2244–2251CrossRefPubMed

American College of Sports Medicine (2009) American college of sports medicine position stand. Progression models in resistance training for healthy adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 41:687–708CrossRef

Bobeuf F, Labonte M, Khalil A, Dionne IJ (2009) Effect of resistance training on hematological blood markers in older men and women: a pilot study. Curr Gerontol Geriatr Res 156820

Cannon JG, Orencole SF, Fielding RA, Meydani M, Meydani SN, Fiatarone MA, Blumberg JB, Evans WJ (1990) Acute phase response in exercise: interaction of age and vitamin E on neutrophils and muscle enzyme release. Am J Physiol 259:R1214–R1219PubMed

Cannon JG, Fiatarone MA, Fielding RA, Evans WJ (1994) Aging and stress-induced changes in complement activation and neutrophil mobilization. J Appl Physiol 76:2616–2620PubMed

Chamberlain KG, Tong M, Penington DG (1990) Properties of the exchangeable splenic platelets released into the circulation during exercise-induced thrombocytosis. Am J Hematol 34:161–168CrossRefPubMed

Convertino VA, Brock PJ, Keil LC, Bernauer EM, Greenleaf JE (1980) Exercise training-induced hypervolemia: role of plasma albumin, renin, and vasopressin. J Appl Physiol 48:665–669PubMed

Corberand J, Ngyen F, Laharrague P, Fontanilles AM, Gleyzes B, Gyrard E, Senegas C (1981) Polymorphonuclear functions and aging in humans. J Am Geriatr Soc 29:391–397PubMed

Cribb PJ, Williams AD, Stathis CG, Carey MF, Hayes A (2007) Effects of whey isolate, creatine, and resistance training on muscle hypertrophy. Med Sci Sports Exerc 39:298–307CrossRefPubMed

Cury-Boaventura MF, Levada-Pires AC, Folador A, Gorjao R, Alba-Loureiro TC, Hirabara SM, Peres FP, Silva PR, Curi R, Pithon-Curi TC (2008) Effects of exercise on leukocyte death: prevention by hydrolyzed whey protein enriched with glutamine dipeptide. Eur J Appl Physiol 103:289–294CrossRefPubMed

Durnin JV, Womersley J (1974) Body fat assessed from total body density and its estimation from skinfold thickness: measurements on 481 men and women aged from 16 to 72 years. Br J Nutr 32:77–97CrossRefPubMed

Gabriel H, Kindermann W (1997) The acute immune response to exercise: What does it mean? Int J Sports Med 18(suppl 1):S28–S45CrossRefPubMed

Galvao DA, Nosaka K, Taaffe DR, Peake J, Spry N, Suzuki K, Yamaya K, McGuigan MR, Kristjanson LJ, Newton RU (2008) Endocrine and immune responses to resistance training in prostate cancer patients. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 11:160–165CrossRefPubMed

Gielen S, Schuler G, Hambrecht R (2001) Exercise training in coronary artery disease and coronary vasomotion. Circulation 103:E1–E6PubMed

Ha E, Zemel MB (2003) Functional properties of whey, whey components, and essential amino acids: mechanisms underlying health benefits for active people (review). J Nutr Biochem 14:251–258CrossRefPubMed

Häkkinen K, Pakarinen A, Kraemer WJ, Häkkinen A, Valkeinen H, Alen M (2001) Selective muscle hypertrophy, changes in EMG and force, and serum hormones during strength training in older women. J Appl Physiol 91:569–580PubMed

Hartman JW, Tang JE, Wilkinson SB, Tarnopolsky MA, Lawrence RL, Fullerton AV, Phillips SM (2007) Consumption of fat-free fluid milk after resistance exercise promotes greater lean mass accretion than does consumption of soy or carbohydrate in young, novice, male weightlifters. Am J Clin Nutr 86:373–381PubMed

Hu M, Finni T, Sedliak M, Zhou W, Alen M, Cheng S (2008) Seasonal variation of red blood cell variables in physically inactive men: effects of strength training. Int J Sports Med 29:564–568CrossRefPubMed

Hulmi JJ, Volek JS, Selänne H, Mero AA (2005) Protein ingestion prior to strength exercise affects blood hormones and metabolism. Med Sci Sports Exerc 37:1990–1997CrossRefPubMed

Hulmi JJ, Ahtiainen JP, Kaasalainen T, Pöllänen E, Häkkinen K, Alen M, Selänne H, Kovanen V, Mero AA (2007) Postexercise myostatin and activin IIb mRNA levels: effects of strength training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 39:289–297CrossRefPubMed

Hulmi JJ, Ahtiainen JP, Selänne H, Volek JS, Häkkinen K, Kovanen V, Mero AA (2008a) Androgen receptors and testosterone in men—effects of protein ingestion, resistance exercise and fiber type. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 110:130–137CrossRefPubMed

Hulmi JJ, Kovanen V, Lisko I, Selänne H, Mero AA (2008b) The effects of whey protein on myostatin and cell cycle-related gene expression responses to a single heavy resistance exercise bout in trained older men. Eur J Appl Physiol 102:205–213CrossRefPubMed

Hulmi JJ, Kovanen V, Selänne H, Kraemer WJ, Häkkinen K, Mero AA (2009a) Acute and long-term effects of resistance exercise with or without protein ingestion on muscle hypertrophy and gene expression. Amino Acids 37:297–308CrossRefPubMed

Hulmi JJ, Tannerstedt J, Selänne H, Kainulainen H, Kovanen V, Mero AA (2009b) Resistance exercise with whey protein ingestion affects mTOR signaling pathway and myostatin in men. J Appl Physiol 106:1720–1729CrossRefPubMed

Iversen PO, Stokland A, Rolstad B, Benestad HB (1994) Adrenaline-induced leucocytosis: recruitment of blood cells from rat spleen, bone marrow and lymphatics. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 68:219–227CrossRefPubMed

Jagels MA, Hugli TE (1992) Neutrophil chemotactic factors promote leukocytosis. A common mechanism for cellular recruitment from bone marrow. J Immunol 148:1119–1128PubMed

Kappel M, Hansen MB, Diamant M, Jorgensen JO, Gyhrs A, Pedersen BK (1993) Effects of an acute bolus growth hormone infusion on the human immune system. Horm Metab Res 25:579–585CrossRefPubMed

Kerksick C, Harvey T, Stout J, Campbell B, Wilborn C, Kreider R, Kalman D, Ziegenfuss T, Lopez H, Landis J, Ivy JL, Antonio J (2008) International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutrient timing. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 5:17CrossRefPubMed

Komi PV, Bosco C (1978) Utilization of stored elastic energy in leg extensor muscles by men and women. Med Sci Sports 10:261–265PubMed

Kraemer WJ, Clemson A, Triplett NT, Bush JA, Newton RU, Lynch JM (1996) The effects of plasma cortisol elevation on total and differential leukocyte counts in response to heavy-resistance exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 73:93–97CrossRefPubMed

Kraemer WJ, Adams K, Cafarelli E, Dudley GA, Dooly C, Feigenbaum MS, Fleck SJ, Franklin B, Fry AC, Hoffman JR, Newton RU, Potteiger J, Stone MH, Ratamess NA, Triplett-McBride T, American College of Sports Medicine (2002) American college of sports medicine position stand. Progression models in resistance training for healthy adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 34:364–380CrossRefPubMed

Kreider RB, Earnest CP, Lundberg J, Rasmussen C, Greenwood M, Cowan P, Almada AL (2007) Effects of ingesting protein with various forms of carbohydrate following resistance-exercise on substrate availability and markers of anabolism, catabolism, and immunity. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 4:18CrossRefPubMed

Krzywkowski K, Petersen EW, Ostrowski K, Kristensen JH, Boza J, Pedersen BK (2001) Effect of glutamine supplementation on exercise-induced changes in lymphocyte function. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 281:C1259–C1265PubMed

Lagranha CJ, Levada-Pires AC, Sellitti DF, Procopio J, Curi R, Pithon-Curi TC (2008) The effect of glutamine supplementation and physical exercise on neutrophil function. Amino Acids 34:337–346CrossRefPubMed

Malinowski K, Shock EJ, Rochelle P, Kearns CF, Guirnalda PD, McKeever KH (2006) Plasma beta-endorphin, cortisol and immune responses to acute exercise are altered by age and exercise training in horses. Equine Vet J Suppl (36):267–273

Mayhew DL, Thyfault JP, Koch AJ (2005) Rest-interval length affects leukocyte levels during heavy resistance exercise. J Strength Cond Res 19:16–22CrossRefPubMed

McCarthy DA, Macdonald I, Grant M, Marbut M, Watling M, Nicholson S, Deeks JJ, Wade AJ, Perry JD (1992) Studies on the immediate and delayed leucocytosis elicited by brief (30-min) strenuous exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 64:513–517CrossRefPubMed

McFarlin BK, Flynn MG, Phillips MD, Stewart LK, Timmerman KL (2005) Chronic resistance exercise training improves natural killer cell activity in older women. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 60:1315–1318PubMed

Mitchell JB, Pizza FX, Paquet A, Davis BJ, Forrest MB, Braun WA (1998) Influence of carbohydrate status on immune responses before and after endurance exercise. J Appl Physiol 84:1917–1925PubMed

Natale VM, Brenner IK, Moldoveanu AI, Vasiliou P, Shek P, Shephard RJ (2003) Effects of three different types of exercise on blood leukocyte count during and following exercise. Sao Paulo Med J 121:9–14CrossRefPubMed

Neves Sda C Jr, Lima RM, Simoes HG, Marques MC, Reis VM, de Oliveira RJ (2009) Resistance exercise sessions do not provoke acute immunosuppression in older women. J Strength Cond Res 23:259–265PubMed

Nieman DC, Henson DA, Sampson CS, Herring JL, Suttles J, Conley M, Stone MH, Butterworth DE, Davis JM (1995) The acute immune response to exhaustive resistance exercise. Int J Sports Med 16:322–328CrossRefPubMed

Paulsen G, Benestad HB, Strom-Gundersen I, Morkrid L, Lappegard KT, Raastad T (2005) Delayed leukocytosis and cytokine response to high-force eccentric exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 37:1877–1883CrossRefPubMed

Peake JM, Suzuki K, Wilson G, Hordern M, Nosaka K, Mackinnon L, Coombes JS (2005) Exercise-induced muscle damage, plasma cytokines, and markers of neutrophil activation. Med Sci Sports Exerc 37:737–745CrossRefPubMed

Pedersen BK, Hoffman-Goetz L (2000) Exercise and the immune system: regulation, integration, and adaptation. Physiol Rev 80:1055–1081PubMed

Pedersen BK, Ullum H (1994) NK cell response to physical activity: possible mechanisms of action. Med Sci Sports Exerc 26:140–146CrossRefPubMed

Pizza FX, Davis BH, Henrickson SD, Mitchell JB, Pace JF, Bigelow N, DiLauro P, Naglieri T (1996) Adaptation to eccentric exercise: effect on CD64 and CD11b/CD18 expression. J Appl Physiol 80:47–55PubMed

Raastad T, Risoy BA, Benestad HB, Fjeld JG, Hallen J (2003) Temporal relation between leukocyte accumulation in muscles and halted recovery 10–20 h after strength exercise. J Appl Physiol 95:2503–2509PubMed

Rall LC, Roubenoff R, Cannon JG, Abad LW, Dinarello CA, Meydani SN (1996) Effects of progressive resistance training on immune response in aging and chronic inflammation. Med Sci Sports Exerc 28:1356–1365PubMed

Ramel A, Wagner KH, Elmadfa I (2003) Acute impact of submaximal resistance exercise on immunological and hormonal parameters in young men. J Sports Sci 21:1001–1008CrossRefPubMed

Risoy BA, Raastad T, Hallen J, Lappegard KT, Baeverfjord K, Kravdal A, Siebke EM, Benestad HB (2003) Delayed leukocytosis after hard strength and endurance exercise: aspects of regulatory mechanisms. BMC Physiol 3:14CrossRefPubMed

Rochira V, Zirilli L, Madeo B, Maffei L, Carani C (2009) Testosterone action on erythropoiesis does not require its aromatization to estrogen: insights from the testosterone and estrogen treatment of two aromatase-deficient men. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 113:189–194CrossRefPubMed

Saxton JM, Claxton D, Winter E, Pockley AG (2003) Peripheral blood leucocyte functional responses to acute eccentric exercise in humans are influenced by systemic stress, but not by exercise-induced muscle damage. Clin Sci (Lond) 104:69–77CrossRef

Schmidt KG, Rasmussen JW (1984) Exercise-induced changes in the in vivo distribution of ¹¹¹In-labelled platelets. Scand J Haematol 32:159–166PubMed

Schumacher YO, Schmid A, Grathwohl D, Bultermann D, Berg A (2002) Hematological indices and iron status in athletes of various sports and performances. Med Sci Sports Exerc 34:869–875CrossRefPubMed

Sedliak M, Finni T, Cheng S, Kraemer WJ, Häkkinen K (2007) Effect of time-of-day-specific strength training on serum hormone concentrations and isometric strength in men. Chronobiol Int 24:1159–1177CrossRefPubMed

Segal JB, Moliterno AR (2006) Platelet counts differ by sex, ethnicity, and age in the united states. Ann Epidemiol 16:123–130CrossRefPubMed

Senchina DS, Kohut ML (2007) Immunological outcomes of exercise in older adults. Clin Interv Aging 2:3–16CrossRefPubMed

Shephard RJ, Verde TJ, Thomas SG, Shek P (1991) Physical activity and the immune system. Can J Sport Sci 16:169–185PubMed

Simonson SR (2001) The immune response to resistance exercise. J Strength Cond Res 15:378–384CrossRefPubMed

Simonson SR, Jackson CG (2004) Leukocytosis occurs in response to resistance exercise in men. J Strength Cond Res 18:266–271CrossRefPubMed

Yamada M, Suzuki K, Kudo S, Totsuka M, Nakaji S, Sugawara K (2002) Raised plasma G-CSF and IL-6 after exercise may play a role in neutrophil mobilization into the circulation. J Appl Physiol 92:1789–1794PubMed

Title: Effects of resistance exercise and protein ingestion on blood leukocytes and platelets in young and older men
Authors: Juha J. Hulmi
T. Myllymäki
M. Tenhumäki
N. Mutanen
R. Puurtinen
G. Paulsen
A. A. Mero
Publication date: 01-05-2010
Publisher: Springer-Verlag
Published in: European Journal of Applied Physiology / Issue 2/2010
Print ISSN: 1439-6319
Electronic ISSN: 1439-6327
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-010-1360-7

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Effects of resistance exercise and protein ingestion on blood leukocytes and platelets in young and older men

Abstract

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 2/2010

Evaluation of the Oxycon Mobile metabolic system against the Douglas bag method

Effects of athletes’ muscle mass on urinary markers of hydration status

It is not hypoxia itself, but how you use it

Caffeine improves supramaximal cycling but not the rate of anaerobic energy release

ACE I/D and ACTN3 R/X polymorphisms and muscle function and muscularity of older Caucasian men

Low vagal tone is associated with impaired post stress recovery of cardiovascular, endocrine, and immune markers