Top

Published in:

01-07-2006 | Original Article

Responses of old men to repeated bouts of eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors in comparison with young men

Authors: A. P. Lavender, K. Nosaka

Published in: European Journal of Applied Physiology | Issue 5/2006

Abstract

A bout of eccentric exercise confers protection against subsequent bouts of the same exercise. This study investigated whether the protective effect would be produced similarly between old and young adults. Eight old men (70.5 ± 4.1 years) and ten young men (20.4 ± 2.0 years) performed two bouts of eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors (six sets of five eccentric actions) separated by 4 weeks. Changes in maximal isometric strength, range of motion (ROM), upper arm circumference (CIR), plasma creatine kinase (CK) activity, myoglobin (Mb) concentration, and muscle soreness (SOR) before, immediately after, and 1, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h following exercise were compared between bouts, and between groups by a two-way repeated measures ANOVA. Changes in the measures following the first bout were significantly (P < 0.05) smaller for the old than the young group. The young group showed significantly (P < 0.05) smaller changes in all measures following the second bout than the first bout; however, the old group had the protective effect only for ROM, Mb, and SOR. The magnitude of the effect observed for ROM and Mb concentration in the old group was significantly (P < 0.05) smaller compared with that of the young group. These results suggest that the protective effect conferred by the first bout was less for the old than the young group. This may be due to the less muscle damage after the first bout in the old subjects, but it is also possible that the protective effect of old adults does not last as long as that of young adults.

Chen T (2003) Effects of a second bout of maximal eccentric exercise on muscle damage and electromyographic activity. Eur J Appl Physiol 89:115–121PubMedCrossRef

Clarkson PM, Dedrick ME (1988) Exercise-induced muscle damage, repair and adaptation in old and young subjects. J Gerontol 43:M91–M96PubMed

Clarkson PM, Hubal MJ (2001) Are women less susceptible to exercise-induced muscle damage? Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 4:527–531PubMedCrossRef

Clarkson PM, Tremblay I (1988) Exercise-induced muscle damage, repair, and adaptaion in humans. J Appl Physiol 65:1–6PubMed

Clarkson PM, Nosaka K, Braun B (1992) Muscle function after exercise-induced muscle damage and rapid adaptation. Med Sci Sports Exerc 24:512–520PubMed

Dedrick ME, Clarkson PM (1990) The effects of eccentric exercise on motor performance in young and older women. Eur J Appl Physiol 60:183–186CrossRef

Ebbeling CB, Clarkson PM (1990) Muscle adaptation prior to recovery following eccentric exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 60:26–31CrossRef

Frontera WR, Hughes VA, Dallal GE, Evans WJ (1993) Reliability of isokinetic muscle strength testing in 45- to 78-year old men and women. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 74:1181–1185PubMed

Hamada K, Vannier E, Sacheck LM, Witsell AL, Roubenoff R (2005) Senescence of human skeletal muscle impairs the local inflammatory cytokine response to acute eccentric exercise. FASEB J 19:264–266PubMed

Hirose L, Nosaka K, Newton M, Lavender A, Kano M, Peake J, Suzuki K (2004) Changes in inflammatory mediators following eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors. Exerc Immunol Rev 10:75–90PubMed

Jones DA, Newham DJ, Round JM, Tolfree SEJ (1986) Experimental human muscle damage: morphological changes in relation to other indices of damage. J Physiol 375:435–448PubMed

Klein CS, Rice CL, Marsh GD (2001) Nomalized force, activation, and coactivation in the arm muscles of young and old men. J Appl Physiol 91:1341–1349PubMed

Klein CS, Marsh GD, Petrella RJ, Rice CL (2003) Muscle fiber number in the biceps brachii muscle of young and old men. Muscle Nerve 28:62–68PubMedCrossRef

Lavender AP, Nosaka K. (2006) Comparison of changes in markers of muscle damage between old and young men following voluntary eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 31:1–8CrossRef

Lemmer JT, Hurlbut DE, Martel GF, Tracy BL, Ivey FM, Metter EJ, Fozard JL, Fleg JL, Hurley BF (2000) Age and gender responses to strength training and detraining. Med Sci Sports Exerc 32:1505–1512PubMedCrossRef

Macaluso A, De Vito G. (2004) Muscle strength, power and adaptations to resistance training in older people. Eur J Appl Physiol 91:450–472PubMedCrossRef

Manfredi TG, Fielding RA, O’Reilly KP, Meredith CN, Lee HY, Evans WJ (1991) Plasma creatine kinase activity and exercise-induced muscle damage in older men. Med Sci Sports Exerc 23:1028–1034PubMed

McHugh MP (2003) Recent advances in the understanding of the repeated bout effect: the protective effect against muscle damage from a single bout of eccentric exercise. Scand J Med Sci Sports 13:88–97PubMedCrossRef

Monemi M, Eriksson P-O, Eriksson A, Thornell L-E. (1998) Adverse changes in fiber type composition of the human masseter versus biceps brachii muscle during aging. J Neurol Sci 154:35–48PubMedCrossRef

Nosaka K, Newton M (2002) Difference in the magnitude of muscle damage between maximal and submaximal eccentric loading. J Strength Cond Res 16:202–208PubMedCrossRef

Nosaka K, Sakamoto K, Newton M, Sacco P (2001a) The repeated bout effect of reduced-load eccentric exercise on elbow flexor muscle damage. Eur J Appl Physiol 85:34–40CrossRef

Nosaka K, Sakamoto K, Newton M, Sacco P (2001b) How long does the protective effect on eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage last? Med Sci Sports Exerc 33:1490–1495CrossRef

Nosaka K, Newton M, Sacco P, Chapman D, Lavender A (2005) Partial protection against muscle damage by eccentric actions at short muscle lengths. Med Sci Sports Exerc 37:746–753PubMedCrossRef

Ploutz-Snyder LL, Giamis EL, Formikell M, Rosenbaum AE (2001) Resistance training reduces susceptibility to eccentric exercise-induced muscle dysfunction in older women. J Gerontol 56:B384–B390

Roth SM, Martel GF, Ivey FM, Lemmer JT, Metter EJ, Hurley BF, Rogers MA (1999) Ultrastructural muscle damage in young vs. older men after high-volume, heavy-resistance strength training. J Appl Physiol 86:1833–1840PubMed

Roth SM, Martel GF, Ivey FM, Lemmer JT, Tracy BL, Hurlbut DE, Metter EJ, Hurley BF, Rogers MA (2000) High-volume, heavy-resistance strength training and muscle damage in young and older women. J Appl Physiol 88:1112–1118PubMed

Symons TB, Vandervoot AA, Rice CL, Overend TJ, Marsh GD (2005) Reliability of a single-session isokinetic and isometric strength measurement protocol in older men. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 60:114–119PubMed

Tiidus PM (2000) Estrogen and gender effects on muscle damage, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Can J Appl Physiol 25:274–287PubMed

Warren GL, Ingalls CP, Lowe DA, Armstrong RB (1999) What mechanisms contribute to the strength loss that occurs during and in the recovery from skeletal muscle injury? J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 32:58–64

Title: Responses of old men to repeated bouts of eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors in comparison with young men
Authors: A. P. Lavender
K. Nosaka
Publication date: 01-07-2006
Publisher: Springer-Verlag
Published in: European Journal of Applied Physiology / Issue 5/2006
Print ISSN: 1439-6319
Electronic ISSN: 1439-6327
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-006-0224-7

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Responses of old men to repeated bouts of eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors in comparison with young men

Abstract

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 5/2006

Distance of walking in childhood and femoral bone density in perimenopausal women

Protein supplementation before and after resistance training in older men

Body fat and blood lipids in postmenopausal women are related to resting autonomic nervous system activity

Muscle triacylglycerol and hormone-sensitive lipase activity in untrained and trained human muscles

Central adaptations during repetitive contractions assessed by the readiness potential

Different vascular responses in glabrous and nonglabrous skin with increasing core temperature during exercise