Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Lung 2/2012

01-04-2012

Cardiovascular Consequences of Sleep Apnea

Authors: Saeid Golbidi, Mohammad Badran, Najib Ayas, Ismail Laher

Published in: Lung | Issue 2/2012

Login to get access

Abstract

Sleep apnea is a common health concern that is characterized by repetitive episodes of asphyxia. This condition has been linked to serious long-term adverse effects such as hypertension, metabolic dysregulation, and cardiovascular disease. Although the mechanism for the initiation and aggravation of cardiovascular disease has not been fully elucidated, oxidative stress and subsequent endothelial dysfunction play major roles. Animal models, which have the advantage of being free of comorbidities and/or behavioral variables (that commonly occur in humans), allow invasive measurements under well-controlled experimental conditions, and as such are useful tools in the study of the pathophysiological mechanisms of sleep apnea. This review summarizes currently available information on the cardiovascular consequences of sleep apnea and briefly describes common experimental approaches useful to sleep apnea in different animal models.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Gupta RK, Chandra A, Verm AK, Kumar S (2010) Obstructive sleep apnoea: a clinical review. J Assoc Physicians India 58:438–441PubMed Gupta RK, Chandra A, Verm AK, Kumar S (2010) Obstructive sleep apnoea: a clinical review. J Assoc Physicians India 58:438–441PubMed
2.
go back to reference Dempsey JA, Veasey SC, Morgan BJ, O’Donnell CP (2010) Pathophysiology of sleep apnea. Physiol Rev 90:47–112PubMedCrossRef Dempsey JA, Veasey SC, Morgan BJ, O’Donnell CP (2010) Pathophysiology of sleep apnea. Physiol Rev 90:47–112PubMedCrossRef
3.
4.
go back to reference Young T, Palta M, Dempsey J, Skatrud J, Weber S, Badr S (1993) The occurrence of sleep-disordered breathing among middle-aged adults. N Engl J Med 328:1230–1235PubMedCrossRef Young T, Palta M, Dempsey J, Skatrud J, Weber S, Badr S (1993) The occurrence of sleep-disordered breathing among middle-aged adults. N Engl J Med 328:1230–1235PubMedCrossRef
5.
go back to reference Lavie L, Lavie P (2009) Molecular mechanisms of cardiovascular disease in OSAHS: the oxidative stress link. Eur Respir J 33:1467–1484PubMedCrossRef Lavie L, Lavie P (2009) Molecular mechanisms of cardiovascular disease in OSAHS: the oxidative stress link. Eur Respir J 33:1467–1484PubMedCrossRef
6.
go back to reference Peppard PE, Young T, Palta M, Skatrud J (2000) Prospective study of the association between sleep-disordered breathing and hypertension. N Engl J Med 342:1378–1384PubMedCrossRef Peppard PE, Young T, Palta M, Skatrud J (2000) Prospective study of the association between sleep-disordered breathing and hypertension. N Engl J Med 342:1378–1384PubMedCrossRef
7.
go back to reference Kanagy NL (2009) Vascular effects of intermittent hypoxia. ILAR J 50:282–288PubMed Kanagy NL (2009) Vascular effects of intermittent hypoxia. ILAR J 50:282–288PubMed
8.
go back to reference Drager LF, Bortolotto LA, Lorenzi MC, Figueiredo AC, Krieger EM, Lorenzi-Filho G (2005) Early signs of atherosclerosis in obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 172:613–618PubMedCrossRef Drager LF, Bortolotto LA, Lorenzi MC, Figueiredo AC, Krieger EM, Lorenzi-Filho G (2005) Early signs of atherosclerosis in obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 172:613–618PubMedCrossRef
9.
go back to reference Itzhaki S, Lavie L, Pillar G, Tal G, Lavie P (2005) Endothelial dysfunction in obstructive sleep apnea measured by peripheral arterial tone response in the finger to reactive hyperemia. Sleep 28:594–600PubMed Itzhaki S, Lavie L, Pillar G, Tal G, Lavie P (2005) Endothelial dysfunction in obstructive sleep apnea measured by peripheral arterial tone response in the finger to reactive hyperemia. Sleep 28:594–600PubMed
10.
go back to reference Somers VK, White DP, Amin R, Abraham WT, Costa F, Culebras A, Daniels S, Floras JS, Hunt CE, Olson LJ, Pickering TG, Russell R, Woo M, Young T (2008) Sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease: an American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Foundation Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association Council for High Blood Pressure Research Professional Education Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology, Stroke Council, and Council on Cardiovascular Nursing. J Am Coll Cardiol 52:686–717PubMedCrossRef Somers VK, White DP, Amin R, Abraham WT, Costa F, Culebras A, Daniels S, Floras JS, Hunt CE, Olson LJ, Pickering TG, Russell R, Woo M, Young T (2008) Sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease: an American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Foundation Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association Council for High Blood Pressure Research Professional Education Committee, Council on Clinical Cardiology, Stroke Council, and Council on Cardiovascular Nursing. J Am Coll Cardiol 52:686–717PubMedCrossRef
11.
go back to reference Golbidi S, Laher I (2010) Antioxidant therapy in human endocrine disorders. Med Sci Monit 16:RA9–RA24PubMed Golbidi S, Laher I (2010) Antioxidant therapy in human endocrine disorders. Med Sci Monit 16:RA9–RA24PubMed
12.
go back to reference Schulz R, Mahmoudi S, Hattar K, Sibelius U, Olschewski H, Mayer K, Seeger W, Grimminger F (2000) Enhanced release of superoxide from polymorphonuclear neutrophils in obstructive sleep apnea: impact of continuous positive airway pressure therapy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 162:566–570PubMed Schulz R, Mahmoudi S, Hattar K, Sibelius U, Olschewski H, Mayer K, Seeger W, Grimminger F (2000) Enhanced release of superoxide from polymorphonuclear neutrophils in obstructive sleep apnea: impact of continuous positive airway pressure therapy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 162:566–570PubMed
13.
go back to reference Dyugovskaya L, Lavie P, Lavie L (2002) Increased adhesion molecules expression and production of reactive oxygen species in leukocytes of sleep apnea patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 165:934–939PubMed Dyugovskaya L, Lavie P, Lavie L (2002) Increased adhesion molecules expression and production of reactive oxygen species in leukocytes of sleep apnea patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 165:934–939PubMed
14.
go back to reference Barceló A, Miralles C, Barbé F, Vila M, Pons S, Agustí AG (2000) Abnormal lipid peroxidation in patients with sleep apnoea. Eur Respir J 16:644–647PubMedCrossRef Barceló A, Miralles C, Barbé F, Vila M, Pons S, Agustí AG (2000) Abnormal lipid peroxidation in patients with sleep apnoea. Eur Respir J 16:644–647PubMedCrossRef
15.
go back to reference Carpagnano GE, Kharitonov SA, Resta O, Foschino-Barbaro MP, Gramiccioni E, Barnes PJ (2003) 8-Isoprostane, a marker of oxidative stress, is increased in exhaled breath condensate of patients with obstructive sleep apnea after night and is reduced by continuous positive airway pressure therapy. Chest 124:1386–1392PubMedCrossRef Carpagnano GE, Kharitonov SA, Resta O, Foschino-Barbaro MP, Gramiccioni E, Barnes PJ (2003) 8-Isoprostane, a marker of oxidative stress, is increased in exhaled breath condensate of patients with obstructive sleep apnea after night and is reduced by continuous positive airway pressure therapy. Chest 124:1386–1392PubMedCrossRef
16.
go back to reference Christou K, Moulas AN, Pastaka C, Gourgoulianis KI (2003) Antioxidant capacity in obstructive sleep apnea patients. Sleep Med 4:225–228PubMedCrossRef Christou K, Moulas AN, Pastaka C, Gourgoulianis KI (2003) Antioxidant capacity in obstructive sleep apnea patients. Sleep Med 4:225–228PubMedCrossRef
17.
go back to reference Chen L, Einbinder E, Zhang Q, Hasday J, Balke CW, Scharf SM (2005) Oxidative stress and left ventricular function with chronic intermittent hypoxia in rats. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 172:915–920PubMedCrossRef Chen L, Einbinder E, Zhang Q, Hasday J, Balke CW, Scharf SM (2005) Oxidative stress and left ventricular function with chronic intermittent hypoxia in rats. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 172:915–920PubMedCrossRef
18.
go back to reference Yamauchi M, Kimura H (2008) Oxidative stress in obstructive sleep apnea: putative pathways to the cardiovascular complications. Antioxid Redox Signal 10:755–768PubMedCrossRef Yamauchi M, Kimura H (2008) Oxidative stress in obstructive sleep apnea: putative pathways to the cardiovascular complications. Antioxid Redox Signal 10:755–768PubMedCrossRef
19.
go back to reference Williams A, Scharf SM (2007) Obstructive sleep apnea, cardiovascular disease, and inflammation is NFkappaB the key? Sleep Breath 11:69–76PubMedCrossRef Williams A, Scharf SM (2007) Obstructive sleep apnea, cardiovascular disease, and inflammation is NFkappaB the key? Sleep Breath 11:69–76PubMedCrossRef
20.
go back to reference Minoguchi K, Yokoe T, Tazaki T, Minoguchi H, Tanaka A, Oda N, Okada S, Ohta S, Naito H, Adachi M (2005) Increased carotid intima-media thickness and serum inflammatory markers in obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 172:625–630PubMedCrossRef Minoguchi K, Yokoe T, Tazaki T, Minoguchi H, Tanaka A, Oda N, Okada S, Ohta S, Naito H, Adachi M (2005) Increased carotid intima-media thickness and serum inflammatory markers in obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 172:625–630PubMedCrossRef
21.
go back to reference Ryan S, Taylor CT, McNicholas WT (2005) Selective activation of inflammatory pathways by intermittent hypoxia in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Circulation 112:2660–2667PubMedCrossRef Ryan S, Taylor CT, McNicholas WT (2005) Selective activation of inflammatory pathways by intermittent hypoxia in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Circulation 112:2660–2667PubMedCrossRef
22.
go back to reference Greenberg H, Ye X, Wilson D, Htoo AK, Hendersen T, Liu SF (2006) Chronic intermittent hypoxia activates nuclear factor-kappaB in cardiovascular tissues in vivo. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 343:591–596PubMedCrossRef Greenberg H, Ye X, Wilson D, Htoo AK, Hendersen T, Liu SF (2006) Chronic intermittent hypoxia activates nuclear factor-kappaB in cardiovascular tissues in vivo. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 343:591–596PubMedCrossRef
23.
go back to reference Takahashi S, Nakamura Y, Nishijima T, Sakurai S, Inoue H (2005) Essential roles of angiotensin II in vascular endothelial growth factor expression in sleep apnea syndrome. Respir Med 99:1125–1131PubMedCrossRef Takahashi S, Nakamura Y, Nishijima T, Sakurai S, Inoue H (2005) Essential roles of angiotensin II in vascular endothelial growth factor expression in sleep apnea syndrome. Respir Med 99:1125–1131PubMedCrossRef
24.
go back to reference Schulz R, Hummel C, Heinemann S, Seeger W, Grimminger F (2002) Serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor are elevated in patients with obstructive sleep apnea and severe nighttime hypoxia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 165:67–70PubMed Schulz R, Hummel C, Heinemann S, Seeger W, Grimminger F (2002) Serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor are elevated in patients with obstructive sleep apnea and severe nighttime hypoxia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 165:67–70PubMed
25.
go back to reference Gjørup PH, Sadauskiene L, Wessels J, Nyvad O, Strunge B, Pedersen EB (2007) Abnormally increased endothelin-1 in plasma during the night in obstructive sleep apnea: relation to blood pressure and severity of disease. Am J Hypertens 20:44–52PubMedCrossRef Gjørup PH, Sadauskiene L, Wessels J, Nyvad O, Strunge B, Pedersen EB (2007) Abnormally increased endothelin-1 in plasma during the night in obstructive sleep apnea: relation to blood pressure and severity of disease. Am J Hypertens 20:44–52PubMedCrossRef
26.
go back to reference Phillips SA, Olson EB, Morgan BJ, Lombard JH (2004) Chronic intermittent hypoxia impairs endothelium-dependent dilation in rat cerebral and skeletal muscle resistance arteries. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 286:H388–H393PubMedCrossRef Phillips SA, Olson EB, Morgan BJ, Lombard JH (2004) Chronic intermittent hypoxia impairs endothelium-dependent dilation in rat cerebral and skeletal muscle resistance arteries. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 286:H388–H393PubMedCrossRef
27.
go back to reference Kato M, Roberts-Thomson P, Phillips BG, Haynes WG, Winnicki M, Accurso V, Somers VK (2000) Impairment of endothelium-dependent vasodilation of resistance vessels in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Circulation 102:2607–2610PubMed Kato M, Roberts-Thomson P, Phillips BG, Haynes WG, Winnicki M, Accurso V, Somers VK (2000) Impairment of endothelium-dependent vasodilation of resistance vessels in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Circulation 102:2607–2610PubMed
28.
go back to reference Ip MS, Lam B, Chan LY, Zheng L, Tsang KW, Fung PC, Lam WK (2000) Circulating nitric oxide is suppressed in obstructive sleep apnea and is reversed by nasal continuous positive airway pressure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 162:2166–2171PubMed Ip MS, Lam B, Chan LY, Zheng L, Tsang KW, Fung PC, Lam WK (2000) Circulating nitric oxide is suppressed in obstructive sleep apnea and is reversed by nasal continuous positive airway pressure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 162:2166–2171PubMed
29.
go back to reference Chulz R, Schmidt D, Blum A, Lopes-Ribeiro X, Lucke C, Mayer K, Olschewski H, Seeger W, Grimminger F (2000) Decreased plasma levels of nitric oxide derivatives in obstructive sleep apnea: response to CPAP therapy. Thorax 55:1046–1051CrossRef Chulz R, Schmidt D, Blum A, Lopes-Ribeiro X, Lucke C, Mayer K, Olschewski H, Seeger W, Grimminger F (2000) Decreased plasma levels of nitric oxide derivatives in obstructive sleep apnea: response to CPAP therapy. Thorax 55:1046–1051CrossRef
30.
go back to reference Lavie L, Hefetz A, Luboshitzky R, Lavie P (2003) Plasma levels of nitric oxide and l-arginine in sleep apnea patients: effects of nCPAP treatment. J Mol Neurosci 21:57–63PubMedCrossRef Lavie L, Hefetz A, Luboshitzky R, Lavie P (2003) Plasma levels of nitric oxide and l-arginine in sleep apnea patients: effects of nCPAP treatment. J Mol Neurosci 21:57–63PubMedCrossRef
31.
go back to reference Teramoto S, Kume H, Matsuse T, Ishii T, Miyashita A, Akishita M, Toba K, Ouchi Y (2003) Oxygen administration improves the serum level of nitric oxide metabolites in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Sleep Med 4:403–407PubMedCrossRef Teramoto S, Kume H, Matsuse T, Ishii T, Miyashita A, Akishita M, Toba K, Ouchi Y (2003) Oxygen administration improves the serum level of nitric oxide metabolites in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Sleep Med 4:403–407PubMedCrossRef
32.
go back to reference Bayram NA, Ciftci B, Keles T, Durmaz T, Turhan S, Bozkurt E, Peker Y (2009) Endothelial function in normotensive men with obstructive sleep apnea before and 6 months after CPAP treatment. Sleep 32:1257–1263PubMed Bayram NA, Ciftci B, Keles T, Durmaz T, Turhan S, Bozkurt E, Peker Y (2009) Endothelial function in normotensive men with obstructive sleep apnea before and 6 months after CPAP treatment. Sleep 32:1257–1263PubMed
33.
go back to reference Schulz R, Seeger W, Grimminger F (2001) Serum nitrite/nitrate levels in obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164:1997–1998PubMed Schulz R, Seeger W, Grimminger F (2001) Serum nitrite/nitrate levels in obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164:1997–1998PubMed
34.
go back to reference Svatikova A, Wolk R, Wang HH, Otto ME, Bybee KA, Singh RJ, Somers VK (2004) Circulating free nitrotyrosine in obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Physiol 287:R284–R287 Svatikova A, Wolk R, Wang HH, Otto ME, Bybee KA, Singh RJ, Somers VK (2004) Circulating free nitrotyrosine in obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Physiol 287:R284–R287
35.
go back to reference Tabrizi-Fard MA, Maurer TS, Fung HL (1999) In vivo disposition of 3-nitro-l-tyrosine in rats: implications on tracking systemic peroxynitrite exposure. Drug Metab Dispos 27:429–431PubMed Tabrizi-Fard MA, Maurer TS, Fung HL (1999) In vivo disposition of 3-nitro-l-tyrosine in rats: implications on tracking systemic peroxynitrite exposure. Drug Metab Dispos 27:429–431PubMed
36.
go back to reference Jelic S, Padeletti M, Kawut SM, Higgins C, Canfield SM, Onat D, Colombo PC, Basner RC, Factor P, LeJemtel TH (2008) Inflammation, oxidative stress, and repair capacity of the vascular endothelium in obstructive sleep apnea. Circulation 117:2270–2278PubMedCrossRef Jelic S, Padeletti M, Kawut SM, Higgins C, Canfield SM, Onat D, Colombo PC, Basner RC, Factor P, LeJemtel TH (2008) Inflammation, oxidative stress, and repair capacity of the vascular endothelium in obstructive sleep apnea. Circulation 117:2270–2278PubMedCrossRef
37.
go back to reference Tanaka T, Nakamura H, Yodoi J, Bloom ET (2005) Redox regulation of the signaling pathways leading to eNOS phosphorylation. Free Radic Biol Med 38:1231–1242PubMedCrossRef Tanaka T, Nakamura H, Yodoi J, Bloom ET (2005) Redox regulation of the signaling pathways leading to eNOS phosphorylation. Free Radic Biol Med 38:1231–1242PubMedCrossRef
38.
go back to reference Yung LM, Leung FP, Yao X, Chen ZY, Huang Y (2006) Reactive oxygen species in vascular wall. Cardiovasc Hematol Disord Drug Targets 6:1–19PubMed Yung LM, Leung FP, Yao X, Chen ZY, Huang Y (2006) Reactive oxygen species in vascular wall. Cardiovasc Hematol Disord Drug Targets 6:1–19PubMed
39.
go back to reference Antoniades C, Shirodaria C, Warrick N, Cai S, de Bono J, Lee J, Leeson P, Neubauer S, Ratnatunga C, Pillai R, Refsum H, Channon KM (2006) 5-Methyltetrahydrofolate rapidly improves endothelial function and decreases superoxide production in human vessels: effects on vascular tetrahydrobiopterin availability and endothelial nitric oxide synthase coupling. Circulation 114:1193–1201PubMedCrossRef Antoniades C, Shirodaria C, Warrick N, Cai S, de Bono J, Lee J, Leeson P, Neubauer S, Ratnatunga C, Pillai R, Refsum H, Channon KM (2006) 5-Methyltetrahydrofolate rapidly improves endothelial function and decreases superoxide production in human vessels: effects on vascular tetrahydrobiopterin availability and endothelial nitric oxide synthase coupling. Circulation 114:1193–1201PubMedCrossRef
40.
go back to reference Carlson J, Hedner J, Pettersson A (1997) Increased plasma concentration of ADMA, a naturally occurring nitric oxide synthesis inhibitor, in OSA patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 155:A869 Carlson J, Hedner J, Pettersson A (1997) Increased plasma concentration of ADMA, a naturally occurring nitric oxide synthesis inhibitor, in OSA patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 155:A869
41.
go back to reference Ohike Y, Kozaki K, Iijima K, Eto M, Kojima T, Ohga E, Santa T, Imai K, Hashimoto M, Yoshizumi M, Ouchi Y (2005) Amelioration of vascular endothelial dysfunction in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome by nasal continuous positive airway pressure–possible involvement of nitric oxide and asymmetric NG, NG-dimethylarginine. Circ J 69:221–226PubMedCrossRef Ohike Y, Kozaki K, Iijima K, Eto M, Kojima T, Ohga E, Santa T, Imai K, Hashimoto M, Yoshizumi M, Ouchi Y (2005) Amelioration of vascular endothelial dysfunction in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome by nasal continuous positive airway pressure–possible involvement of nitric oxide and asymmetric NG, NG-dimethylarginine. Circ J 69:221–226PubMedCrossRef
42.
go back to reference Bolli R, Shinmura K, Tang XL, Kodani E, Xuan YT, Guo Y, Dawn B (2002) Discovery of a new function of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2: COX-2 is a cardioprotective protein that alleviates ischemia/reperfusion injury and mediates the late phase of preconditioning. Cardiovasc Res 55:506–519PubMedCrossRef Bolli R, Shinmura K, Tang XL, Kodani E, Xuan YT, Guo Y, Dawn B (2002) Discovery of a new function of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2: COX-2 is a cardioprotective protein that alleviates ischemia/reperfusion injury and mediates the late phase of preconditioning. Cardiovasc Res 55:506–519PubMedCrossRef
43.
go back to reference Antman EM, DeMets D, Loscalzo J (2005) Cyclooxygenase inhibition and cardiovascular risk. Circulation 112:759–770PubMedCrossRef Antman EM, DeMets D, Loscalzo J (2005) Cyclooxygenase inhibition and cardiovascular risk. Circulation 112:759–770PubMedCrossRef
44.
go back to reference Lefebvre B, Godin-Ribuot D, Joyeux-Faure M, Caron F, Bessard G, Lévy P, Stanke-Labesque F (2006) Functional assessment of vascular reactivity after chronic intermittent hypoxia in the rat. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 150:278–286PubMedCrossRef Lefebvre B, Godin-Ribuot D, Joyeux-Faure M, Caron F, Bessard G, Lévy P, Stanke-Labesque F (2006) Functional assessment of vascular reactivity after chronic intermittent hypoxia in the rat. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 150:278–286PubMedCrossRef
45.
go back to reference Shamsuzzaman AS, Winnicki M, Lanfranchi P, Wolk R, Kara T, Accurso V, Somers VK (2002) Elevated C-reactive protein in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Circulation 105:2462–2464PubMedCrossRef Shamsuzzaman AS, Winnicki M, Lanfranchi P, Wolk R, Kara T, Accurso V, Somers VK (2002) Elevated C-reactive protein in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Circulation 105:2462–2464PubMedCrossRef
46.
go back to reference Ohga E, Tomita T, Wada H, Yamamoto H, Nagase T, Ouchi Y (2003) Effects of obstructive sleep apnea on circulating ICAM-1, IL-8, and MCP-1. J Appl Physiol 94:179–184PubMed Ohga E, Tomita T, Wada H, Yamamoto H, Nagase T, Ouchi Y (2003) Effects of obstructive sleep apnea on circulating ICAM-1, IL-8, and MCP-1. J Appl Physiol 94:179–184PubMed
47.
go back to reference Lavie L, Polotsky V (2009) Cardiovascular aspects in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome–molecular issues, hypoxia and cytokine profiles. Respiration 78:361–370PubMedCrossRef Lavie L, Polotsky V (2009) Cardiovascular aspects in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome–molecular issues, hypoxia and cytokine profiles. Respiration 78:361–370PubMedCrossRef
48.
go back to reference Zamarron C, García Paz V, Riveiro A (2008) Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is a systemic disease. Current evidence. Eur J Intern Med 19:390–398PubMedCrossRef Zamarron C, García Paz V, Riveiro A (2008) Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is a systemic disease. Current evidence. Eur J Intern Med 19:390–398PubMedCrossRef
49.
go back to reference Hoffstein V, Herridge M, Mateika S, Redline S, Strohl KP (1994) Hematocrit levels in sleep apnea. Chest 106:787–791PubMedCrossRef Hoffstein V, Herridge M, Mateika S, Redline S, Strohl KP (1994) Hematocrit levels in sleep apnea. Chest 106:787–791PubMedCrossRef
50.
go back to reference Nobili L, Schiavi G, Bozano E, De Carli F, Ferrillo F, Nobili F (2000) Morning increase of whole blood viscosity in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 22:21–27PubMed Nobili L, Schiavi G, Bozano E, De Carli F, Ferrillo F, Nobili F (2000) Morning increase of whole blood viscosity in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 22:21–27PubMed
51.
go back to reference Geiser T, Buck F, Meyer BJ, Bassetti C, Haeberli A, Gugger M (2002) In vivo platelet activation is increased during sleep in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Respiration 69:229–234PubMedCrossRef Geiser T, Buck F, Meyer BJ, Bassetti C, Haeberli A, Gugger M (2002) In vivo platelet activation is increased during sleep in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Respiration 69:229–234PubMedCrossRef
52.
go back to reference Hui DS, Ko FW, Fok JP, Chan MC, Li TS, Tomlinson B, Cheng G (2004) The effects of nasal continuous positive airway pressure on platelet activation in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Chest 125:1768–1775PubMedCrossRef Hui DS, Ko FW, Fok JP, Chan MC, Li TS, Tomlinson B, Cheng G (2004) The effects of nasal continuous positive airway pressure on platelet activation in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Chest 125:1768–1775PubMedCrossRef
53.
go back to reference Wessendorf TE, Thilmann AF, Wang YM, Schreiber A, Konietzko N, Teschler H (2000) Fibrinogen levels and obstructive sleep apnea in ischemic stroke. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 162:2039–2042PubMed Wessendorf TE, Thilmann AF, Wang YM, Schreiber A, Konietzko N, Teschler H (2000) Fibrinogen levels and obstructive sleep apnea in ischemic stroke. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 162:2039–2042PubMed
54.
go back to reference Robinson GV, Pepperell JC, Segal HC, Davies RJ, Stradling JR (2004) Circulating cardiovascular risk factors in obstructive sleep apnoea: data from randomised controlled trials. Thorax 59:777–782PubMedCrossRef Robinson GV, Pepperell JC, Segal HC, Davies RJ, Stradling JR (2004) Circulating cardiovascular risk factors in obstructive sleep apnoea: data from randomised controlled trials. Thorax 59:777–782PubMedCrossRef
55.
go back to reference Zamarron C, Ricoy J, Riveiro A, Gude F (2008) Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in obstructive sleep apnea patients with and without hypertension. Lung 186:151–156PubMedCrossRef Zamarron C, Ricoy J, Riveiro A, Gude F (2008) Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 in obstructive sleep apnea patients with and without hypertension. Lung 186:151–156PubMedCrossRef
56.
go back to reference von Känel R, Loredo JS, Ancoli-Israel S, Mills PJ, Natarajan L, Dimsdale JE (2007) Association between polysomnographic measures of disrupted sleep and prothrombotic factors. Chest 131:733–739CrossRef von Känel R, Loredo JS, Ancoli-Israel S, Mills PJ, Natarajan L, Dimsdale JE (2007) Association between polysomnographic measures of disrupted sleep and prothrombotic factors. Chest 131:733–739CrossRef
57.
go back to reference Dimova EY, Samoylenko A, Kietzmann T (2004) Oxidative stress and hypoxia: implications for plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression. Antioxid Redox Signal 6:777–791PubMedCrossRef Dimova EY, Samoylenko A, Kietzmann T (2004) Oxidative stress and hypoxia: implications for plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression. Antioxid Redox Signal 6:777–791PubMedCrossRef
58.
go back to reference von Känel R, Dimsdale JE (2003) Hemostatic alterations in patients with obstructive sleep apnea and the implications for cardiovascular disease. Chest 124:1956–1967CrossRef von Känel R, Dimsdale JE (2003) Hemostatic alterations in patients with obstructive sleep apnea and the implications for cardiovascular disease. Chest 124:1956–1967CrossRef
59.
60.
go back to reference Leung RS, Bradley TD (2001) Sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164:2147–2165PubMed Leung RS, Bradley TD (2001) Sleep apnea and cardiovascular disease. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 164:2147–2165PubMed
61.
go back to reference Brooks D, Horner RL, Floras JS, Kozar LF, Render-Teixeira CL, Phillipson EA (1999) Baroreflex control of heart rate in a canine model of obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 159:1293–1297PubMed Brooks D, Horner RL, Floras JS, Kozar LF, Render-Teixeira CL, Phillipson EA (1999) Baroreflex control of heart rate in a canine model of obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 159:1293–1297PubMed
62.
go back to reference Tkacova R, Dajani HR, Rankin F, Fitzgerald FS, Floras JS, Douglas Bradley T (2000) Continuous positive airway pressure improves nocturnal baroreflex sensitivity of patients with heart failure and obstructive sleep apnea. J Hypertens 18:1257–1262PubMedCrossRef Tkacova R, Dajani HR, Rankin F, Fitzgerald FS, Floras JS, Douglas Bradley T (2000) Continuous positive airway pressure improves nocturnal baroreflex sensitivity of patients with heart failure and obstructive sleep apnea. J Hypertens 18:1257–1262PubMedCrossRef
63.
go back to reference Peng YJ, Overholt JL, Kline D, Kumar GK, Prabhakar NR (2003) Induction of sensory long-term facilitation in the carotid body by intermittent hypoxia: implications for recurrent apneas. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:10073–10078PubMedCrossRef Peng YJ, Overholt JL, Kline D, Kumar GK, Prabhakar NR (2003) Induction of sensory long-term facilitation in the carotid body by intermittent hypoxia: implications for recurrent apneas. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:10073–10078PubMedCrossRef
64.
go back to reference Dematteis M, Godin-Ribuot D, Arnaud C, Ribuot C, Stanke-Labesque F, Pépin JL, Lévy P (2009) Cardiovascular consequences of sleep-disordered breathing: contribution of animal models to understanding the human disease. ILAR J 50:262–281PubMed Dematteis M, Godin-Ribuot D, Arnaud C, Ribuot C, Stanke-Labesque F, Pépin JL, Lévy P (2009) Cardiovascular consequences of sleep-disordered breathing: contribution of animal models to understanding the human disease. ILAR J 50:262–281PubMed
65.
go back to reference Dematteis M, Julien C, Guillermet C, Sturm N, Lantuejoul S, Mallaret M, Lévy P, Gozal E (2008) Intermittent hypoxia induces early functional cardiovascular remodeling in mice. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 177:227–235PubMedCrossRef Dematteis M, Julien C, Guillermet C, Sturm N, Lantuejoul S, Mallaret M, Lévy P, Gozal E (2008) Intermittent hypoxia induces early functional cardiovascular remodeling in mice. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 177:227–235PubMedCrossRef
66.
go back to reference Kohler M, Stradling JR (2010) Mechanisms of vascular damage in obstructive sleep apnea. Nat Rev Cardiol 7:677–685PubMed Kohler M, Stradling JR (2010) Mechanisms of vascular damage in obstructive sleep apnea. Nat Rev Cardiol 7:677–685PubMed
67.
go back to reference Cutler MJ, Swift NM, Keller DM, Wasmund WL, Burk JR, Smith ML (2004) Periods of intermittent hypoxic apnea can alter chemoreflex control of sympathetic nerve activity in humans. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 287:H2054–H2060PubMedCrossRef Cutler MJ, Swift NM, Keller DM, Wasmund WL, Burk JR, Smith ML (2004) Periods of intermittent hypoxic apnea can alter chemoreflex control of sympathetic nerve activity in humans. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 287:H2054–H2060PubMedCrossRef
68.
go back to reference Lai CJ, Yang CC, Hsu YY, Lin YN, Kuo TB (2006) Enhanced sympathetic outflow and decreased baroreflex sensitivity are associated with intermittent hypoxia-induced systemic hypertension in conscious rats. J Appl Physiol 100:1974–1982PubMedCrossRef Lai CJ, Yang CC, Hsu YY, Lin YN, Kuo TB (2006) Enhanced sympathetic outflow and decreased baroreflex sensitivity are associated with intermittent hypoxia-induced systemic hypertension in conscious rats. J Appl Physiol 100:1974–1982PubMedCrossRef
69.
go back to reference Fletcher EC, Orolinova N, Bader M (2002) Blood pressure response to chronic episodic hypoxia: the renin-angiotensin system. J Appl Physiol 92:627–633PubMedCrossRef Fletcher EC, Orolinova N, Bader M (2002) Blood pressure response to chronic episodic hypoxia: the renin-angiotensin system. J Appl Physiol 92:627–633PubMedCrossRef
70.
go back to reference Somers VK, Dyken ME, Clary MP, Abboud FM (1995) Sympathetic neural mechanisms in obstructive sleep apnea. J Clin Invest 96:1897–1904PubMedCrossRef Somers VK, Dyken ME, Clary MP, Abboud FM (1995) Sympathetic neural mechanisms in obstructive sleep apnea. J Clin Invest 96:1897–1904PubMedCrossRef
71.
go back to reference Fletcher EC, Miller J, Schaaf JW, Fletcher JG (1987) Urinary catecholamines before and after tracheostomy in patients with obstructive sleep apnea and hypertension. Sleep 10:35–44PubMed Fletcher EC, Miller J, Schaaf JW, Fletcher JG (1987) Urinary catecholamines before and after tracheostomy in patients with obstructive sleep apnea and hypertension. Sleep 10:35–44PubMed
72.
go back to reference Kohler M, Pepperell JC, Casadei B, Craig S, Crosthwaite N, Stradling JR, Davies RJ (2008) CPAP and measures of cardiovascular risk in males with OSAS. Eur Respir J 32:1488–1496PubMedCrossRef Kohler M, Pepperell JC, Casadei B, Craig S, Crosthwaite N, Stradling JR, Davies RJ (2008) CPAP and measures of cardiovascular risk in males with OSAS. Eur Respir J 32:1488–1496PubMedCrossRef
73.
go back to reference Drager LF, Bortolotto LA, Figueiredo AC, Krieger EM, Lorenzi GF (2007) Effects of continuous positive airway pressure on early signs of atherosclerosis in obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 176:706–712PubMedCrossRef Drager LF, Bortolotto LA, Figueiredo AC, Krieger EM, Lorenzi GF (2007) Effects of continuous positive airway pressure on early signs of atherosclerosis in obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 176:706–712PubMedCrossRef
74.
go back to reference Ziegler MG, Mills PJ, Loredo JS, Ancoli-Israel S, Dimsdale JE (2001) Effect of continuous positive airway pressure and placebo treatment on sympathetic nervous activity in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Chest 120:887–893PubMedCrossRef Ziegler MG, Mills PJ, Loredo JS, Ancoli-Israel S, Dimsdale JE (2001) Effect of continuous positive airway pressure and placebo treatment on sympathetic nervous activity in patients with obstructive sleep apnea. Chest 120:887–893PubMedCrossRef
75.
go back to reference Mills PJ, Kennedy BP, Loredo JS, Dimsdale JE, Ziegler MG (2006) Effects of nasal continuous positive airway pressure and oxygen supplementation on norepinephrine kinetics and cardiovascular responses in obstructive sleep apnea. J Appl Physiol 100:343–348PubMedCrossRef Mills PJ, Kennedy BP, Loredo JS, Dimsdale JE, Ziegler MG (2006) Effects of nasal continuous positive airway pressure and oxygen supplementation on norepinephrine kinetics and cardiovascular responses in obstructive sleep apnea. J Appl Physiol 100:343–348PubMedCrossRef
76.
go back to reference Norman D, Loredo JS, Nelesen RA, Ancoli-Israel S, Mills PJ, Ziegler MG, Dimsdale JE (2006) Effects of continuous positive airway pressure versus supplemental oxygen on 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure. Hypertension 47:840–845PubMedCrossRef Norman D, Loredo JS, Nelesen RA, Ancoli-Israel S, Mills PJ, Ziegler MG, Dimsdale JE (2006) Effects of continuous positive airway pressure versus supplemental oxygen on 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure. Hypertension 47:840–845PubMedCrossRef
77.
go back to reference Leiter JC, Knuth SL, Bartlett D Jr (1985) The effect of sleep deprivation on activity of the genioglossus muscle. Am Rev Respir Dis 132:1242–1245PubMed Leiter JC, Knuth SL, Bartlett D Jr (1985) The effect of sleep deprivation on activity of the genioglossus muscle. Am Rev Respir Dis 132:1242–1245PubMed
78.
go back to reference Cooper KR, Phillips BA (1982) Effect of short-term sleep loss on breathing. J Appl Physiol 53:855–858PubMed Cooper KR, Phillips BA (1982) Effect of short-term sleep loss on breathing. J Appl Physiol 53:855–858PubMed
79.
go back to reference White DP, Douglas NJ, Pickett CK, Zwillich CW, Weil JV (1983) Sleep deprivation and the control of ventilation. Am Rev Respir Dis 128:984–986PubMed White DP, Douglas NJ, Pickett CK, Zwillich CW, Weil JV (1983) Sleep deprivation and the control of ventilation. Am Rev Respir Dis 128:984–986PubMed
80.
go back to reference Tartar JL, Ward CP, Cordeira JW, Legare SL, Blanchette AJ, McCarley RW, Strecker RE (2008) Experimental sleep fragmentation and sleep deprivation in rats increases exploration in an open field test of anxiety while increasing plasma corticosterone levels. Behav Brain Res 197:450–453PubMedCrossRef Tartar JL, Ward CP, Cordeira JW, Legare SL, Blanchette AJ, McCarley RW, Strecker RE (2008) Experimental sleep fragmentation and sleep deprivation in rats increases exploration in an open field test of anxiety while increasing plasma corticosterone levels. Behav Brain Res 197:450–453PubMedCrossRef
81.
go back to reference Andersen ML, Martins PJF, D’Almeida V, Bignotto M, Tufik S (2005) Endocrinological and catecholaminergic alterations during sleep deprivation and recovery in male rats. J Sleep Res 14:83–90PubMedCrossRef Andersen ML, Martins PJF, D’Almeida V, Bignotto M, Tufik S (2005) Endocrinological and catecholaminergic alterations during sleep deprivation and recovery in male rats. J Sleep Res 14:83–90PubMedCrossRef
82.
go back to reference Andersen ML, Martins PJF, D’Almeida V, Santos RF, Bignotto M, Tufik S (2004) Effects of paradoxical sleep deprivation on blood parameters associated with cardiovascular risk in aged rats. Exp Gerontol 39:817–824PubMedCrossRef Andersen ML, Martins PJF, D’Almeida V, Santos RF, Bignotto M, Tufik S (2004) Effects of paradoxical sleep deprivation on blood parameters associated with cardiovascular risk in aged rats. Exp Gerontol 39:817–824PubMedCrossRef
83.
go back to reference Everson CA, Crowley WR (2004) Reductions in circulating anabolic hormones induced by sustained sleep deprivation in rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 286:E1060–E1070PubMedCrossRef Everson CA, Crowley WR (2004) Reductions in circulating anabolic hormones induced by sustained sleep deprivation in rats. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 286:E1060–E1070PubMedCrossRef
84.
go back to reference Perry JC, D’Almeida V, Souza FG, Schoorlemmer GH, Colombari E, Tufik S (2007) Consequences of subchronic and chronic exposure to intermittent hypoxia and sleep deprivation on cardiovascular risk factors in rats. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 156:250–258PubMedCrossRef Perry JC, D’Almeida V, Souza FG, Schoorlemmer GH, Colombari E, Tufik S (2007) Consequences of subchronic and chronic exposure to intermittent hypoxia and sleep deprivation on cardiovascular risk factors in rats. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 156:250–258PubMedCrossRef
85.
go back to reference Yehuda S, Sredni B, Carrasso RL, Kenigsbuch-Sredni D (2009) REM sleep deprivation in rats results in inflammation and interleukin-17 elevation. J Interferon Cytokine Res 29:393–398PubMedCrossRef Yehuda S, Sredni B, Carrasso RL, Kenigsbuch-Sredni D (2009) REM sleep deprivation in rats results in inflammation and interleukin-17 elevation. J Interferon Cytokine Res 29:393–398PubMedCrossRef
86.
go back to reference Irwin MR, Wang M, Ribeiro D, Cho HJ, Olmstead R, Breen EC, Martinez-Maza O, Cole S (2008) Sleep loss activates cellular inflammatory signaling. Biol Psychiatry 64:538–540PubMedCrossRef Irwin MR, Wang M, Ribeiro D, Cho HJ, Olmstead R, Breen EC, Martinez-Maza O, Cole S (2008) Sleep loss activates cellular inflammatory signaling. Biol Psychiatry 64:538–540PubMedCrossRef
87.
go back to reference Van Dongen HP, Maislin G, Mullington JM, Dinges DF (2003) The cumulative cost of additional wakefulness: dose-response effects on neurobehavioral functions and sleep physiology from chronic sleep restriction and total sleep deprivation. Sleep 26:117–126PubMed Van Dongen HP, Maislin G, Mullington JM, Dinges DF (2003) The cumulative cost of additional wakefulness: dose-response effects on neurobehavioral functions and sleep physiology from chronic sleep restriction and total sleep deprivation. Sleep 26:117–126PubMed
88.
go back to reference Haack M, Mullington JM (2005) Sustained sleep restriction reduces emotional and physical well-being. Pain 119:56–64PubMedCrossRef Haack M, Mullington JM (2005) Sustained sleep restriction reduces emotional and physical well-being. Pain 119:56–64PubMedCrossRef
89.
go back to reference Nair D, Zhang SX, Ramesh V, Hakim F, Kaushal N, Wang Y, Gozal D (2011) Sleep fragmentation induces cognitive deficits via NADPH oxidase-dependent pathways in mouse. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. doi:10.1164/rccm.201107-1173OC Nair D, Zhang SX, Ramesh V, Hakim F, Kaushal N, Wang Y, Gozal D (2011) Sleep fragmentation induces cognitive deficits via NADPH oxidase-dependent pathways in mouse. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. doi:10.​1164/​rccm.​201107-1173OC
90.
go back to reference Li J, Thorne LN, Punjabi NM, Sun CK, Schwartz AR, Smith PL, Marino RL, Rodriguez A, Hubbard WC, O’Donnell CP, Polotsky VY (2005) Intermittent hypoxia induces hyperlipidemia in lean mice. Circ Res 97:698–706PubMedCrossRef Li J, Thorne LN, Punjabi NM, Sun CK, Schwartz AR, Smith PL, Marino RL, Rodriguez A, Hubbard WC, O’Donnell CP, Polotsky VY (2005) Intermittent hypoxia induces hyperlipidemia in lean mice. Circ Res 97:698–706PubMedCrossRef
91.
go back to reference Li J, Savransky V, Nanayakkara A, Smith PL, O’Donnell CP, Polotsky VY (2007) Hyperlipidemia and lipid peroxidation are dependent on the severity of chronic intermittent hypoxia. J Appl Physiol 102:557–563PubMedCrossRef Li J, Savransky V, Nanayakkara A, Smith PL, O’Donnell CP, Polotsky VY (2007) Hyperlipidemia and lipid peroxidation are dependent on the severity of chronic intermittent hypoxia. J Appl Physiol 102:557–563PubMedCrossRef
92.
go back to reference Savransky V, Jun J, Li J, Nanayakkara A, Fonti S, Moser AB, Steele KE, Schweitzer MA, Patil SP, Bhanot S, Schwartz AR, Polotsky VY (2008) Dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis induced by chronic intermittent hypoxia are attenuated by deficiency of stearoyl coenzyme A desaturase. Circ Res 103:1173–1180PubMedCrossRef Savransky V, Jun J, Li J, Nanayakkara A, Fonti S, Moser AB, Steele KE, Schweitzer MA, Patil SP, Bhanot S, Schwartz AR, Polotsky VY (2008) Dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis induced by chronic intermittent hypoxia are attenuated by deficiency of stearoyl coenzyme A desaturase. Circ Res 103:1173–1180PubMedCrossRef
93.
go back to reference Drager LF, Jun JC, Polotsky VY (2010) Metabolic consequences of intermittent hypoxia: relevance to obstructive sleep apnea. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 24:843–851PubMedCrossRef Drager LF, Jun JC, Polotsky VY (2010) Metabolic consequences of intermittent hypoxia: relevance to obstructive sleep apnea. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 24:843–851PubMedCrossRef
94.
go back to reference Savransky V, Nanayakkara A, Vivero A, Li J, Bevans S, Smith PL, Torbenson MS, Polotsky VY (2007) Chronic intermittent hypoxia predisposes to liver injury. Hepatology 45:1007–1013PubMedCrossRef Savransky V, Nanayakkara A, Vivero A, Li J, Bevans S, Smith PL, Torbenson MS, Polotsky VY (2007) Chronic intermittent hypoxia predisposes to liver injury. Hepatology 45:1007–1013PubMedCrossRef
95.
go back to reference Pamidi S, Aronsohn RS, Tasali E (2010) Obstructive sleep apnea: role in the risk and severity of diabetes. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 24:703–715PubMedCrossRef Pamidi S, Aronsohn RS, Tasali E (2010) Obstructive sleep apnea: role in the risk and severity of diabetes. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 24:703–715PubMedCrossRef
96.
go back to reference Farré R, Montserrat JM, Navajas D (2008) Morbidity due to obstructive sleep apnea: insights from animal models. Curr Opin Pulm Med 14:530–536PubMedCrossRef Farré R, Montserrat JM, Navajas D (2008) Morbidity due to obstructive sleep apnea: insights from animal models. Curr Opin Pulm Med 14:530–536PubMedCrossRef
97.
go back to reference Punjabi NM, Sorkin JD, Katzel LI, Goldberg AP, Schwartz AR, Smith PL (2002) Sleep-disordered breathing and insulin resistance in middle-aged and overweight men. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 165:677–682PubMed Punjabi NM, Sorkin JD, Katzel LI, Goldberg AP, Schwartz AR, Smith PL (2002) Sleep-disordered breathing and insulin resistance in middle-aged and overweight men. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 165:677–682PubMed
98.
go back to reference Punjabi NM, Beamer BA (2009) Alterations in glucose disposal in sleep-disordered breathing. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 179:235–240PubMedCrossRef Punjabi NM, Beamer BA (2009) Alterations in glucose disposal in sleep-disordered breathing. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 179:235–240PubMedCrossRef
99.
go back to reference Iiyori N, Alonso LC, Li J, Sanders MH, Garcia-Ocana A, O’Doherty RM, Polotsky VY, O’Donnell CP (2007) Intermittent hypoxia causes insulin resistance in lean mice independent of autonomic activity. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 175:851–857PubMedCrossRef Iiyori N, Alonso LC, Li J, Sanders MH, Garcia-Ocana A, O’Doherty RM, Polotsky VY, O’Donnell CP (2007) Intermittent hypoxia causes insulin resistance in lean mice independent of autonomic activity. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 175:851–857PubMedCrossRef
100.
go back to reference Polotsky VY, Li J, Punjabi NM, Rubin AE, Smith PL, Schwartz AR, O’Donnell CP (2003) Intermittent hypoxia increases insulin resistance in genetically obese mice. J Physiol 552:253–264PubMedCrossRef Polotsky VY, Li J, Punjabi NM, Rubin AE, Smith PL, Schwartz AR, O’Donnell CP (2003) Intermittent hypoxia increases insulin resistance in genetically obese mice. J Physiol 552:253–264PubMedCrossRef
101.
go back to reference Unger RH, Scherer PE (2010) Gluttony, sloth and the metabolic syndrome: a roadmap to lipotoxicity. Trends Endocrinol Metab 21:345–352PubMedCrossRef Unger RH, Scherer PE (2010) Gluttony, sloth and the metabolic syndrome: a roadmap to lipotoxicity. Trends Endocrinol Metab 21:345–352PubMedCrossRef
102.
go back to reference Magalang UJ, Cruff JP, Rajappan R, Hunter MG, Patel T, Marsh CB, Raman SV, Parinandi NL (2009) Intermittent hypoxia suppresses adiponectin secretion by adipocytes. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 117:129–134PubMedCrossRef Magalang UJ, Cruff JP, Rajappan R, Hunter MG, Patel T, Marsh CB, Raman SV, Parinandi NL (2009) Intermittent hypoxia suppresses adiponectin secretion by adipocytes. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 117:129–134PubMedCrossRef
103.
go back to reference Jun J, Polotsky VY (2007) Sleep disordered breathing and metabolic effects: evidence from animal models. Sleep Med Clin 2:263–277PubMedCrossRef Jun J, Polotsky VY (2007) Sleep disordered breathing and metabolic effects: evidence from animal models. Sleep Med Clin 2:263–277PubMedCrossRef
104.
go back to reference Cai D, Yuan M, Frantz DF, Melendez PA, Hansen L, Lee J, Shoelson SE (2005) Local and systemic insulin resistance resulting from hepatic activation of IKK-beta and NF-kappaB. Nat Med 11:183–190PubMedCrossRef Cai D, Yuan M, Frantz DF, Melendez PA, Hansen L, Lee J, Shoelson SE (2005) Local and systemic insulin resistance resulting from hepatic activation of IKK-beta and NF-kappaB. Nat Med 11:183–190PubMedCrossRef
105.
go back to reference Parlapiano C, Borgia MC, Minni A, Alessandri N, Basal I, Saponara M (2005) Cortisol circadian rhythm and 24-hour Holter arterial pressure in OSAS patients. Endocr Res 31:371–374PubMedCrossRef Parlapiano C, Borgia MC, Minni A, Alessandri N, Basal I, Saponara M (2005) Cortisol circadian rhythm and 24-hour Holter arterial pressure in OSAS patients. Endocr Res 31:371–374PubMedCrossRef
106.
go back to reference Wang TY, Chen XQ, Du JZ, Xu NY, Wei CB, Vale WW (2004) Corticotropin-releasing factor receptor type 1 and 2 mRNA expression in the rat anterior pituitary is modulated by intermittent hypoxia, cold and restraint. Neuroscience 128:111–119PubMedCrossRef Wang TY, Chen XQ, Du JZ, Xu NY, Wei CB, Vale WW (2004) Corticotropin-releasing factor receptor type 1 and 2 mRNA expression in the rat anterior pituitary is modulated by intermittent hypoxia, cold and restraint. Neuroscience 128:111–119PubMedCrossRef
107.
go back to reference Neuzeret PC, Gormand F, Reix P, Parrot S, Sastre JP, Buda C, Guidon G, Sakai K, Lin JS (2011) A new animal model of obstructive sleep apnea responding to continuous positive airway pressure. Sleep 34:541–548PubMed Neuzeret PC, Gormand F, Reix P, Parrot S, Sastre JP, Buda C, Guidon G, Sakai K, Lin JS (2011) A new animal model of obstructive sleep apnea responding to continuous positive airway pressure. Sleep 34:541–548PubMed
108.
go back to reference Hendricks JC, Kline LR, Kovalski RJ, O’Brien JA, Morrison AR, Pack AI (1987) The English bulldog: a natural model of sleep-disordered breathing. J Appl Physiol 63:1344–1350PubMed Hendricks JC, Kline LR, Kovalski RJ, O’Brien JA, Morrison AR, Pack AI (1987) The English bulldog: a natural model of sleep-disordered breathing. J Appl Physiol 63:1344–1350PubMed
109.
go back to reference Veasey SC, Fenik P, Panckeri K, Pack AI, Hendricks JC (1999) The effects of trazodone with l-tryptophan on sleep-disordered breathing in the English bulldog. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 160:1659–1667PubMed Veasey SC, Fenik P, Panckeri K, Pack AI, Hendricks JC (1999) The effects of trazodone with l-tryptophan on sleep-disordered breathing in the English bulldog. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 160:1659–1667PubMed
110.
go back to reference Veasey SC, Chachkes J, Fenik P, Hendricks JC (2001) The effects of ondansetron on sleep-disordered breathing in the English bulldog. Sleep 24:155–160PubMed Veasey SC, Chachkes J, Fenik P, Hendricks JC (2001) The effects of ondansetron on sleep-disordered breathing in the English bulldog. Sleep 24:155–160PubMed
111.
go back to reference Carley DW, Radulovacki M (2003) Sleep-related breathing disorders, experimental models and therapeutic potential. Marcel Dekker, New York Carley DW, Radulovacki M (2003) Sleep-related breathing disorders, experimental models and therapeutic potential. Marcel Dekker, New York
112.
go back to reference Lonergan RP 3rd, Ware JC, Atkinson RL, Winter WC, Suratt PM (1998) Sleep apnea in obese miniature pigs. J Appl Physiol 84:531–536PubMed Lonergan RP 3rd, Ware JC, Atkinson RL, Winter WC, Suratt PM (1998) Sleep apnea in obese miniature pigs. J Appl Physiol 84:531–536PubMed
113.
go back to reference Tuck SA, Dort JC, Olson ME, Remmers JE (1999) Monitoring respiratory function and sleep in the obese Vietnamese pot-bellied pig. J Appl Physiol 87:444–451PubMed Tuck SA, Dort JC, Olson ME, Remmers JE (1999) Monitoring respiratory function and sleep in the obese Vietnamese pot-bellied pig. J Appl Physiol 87:444–451PubMed
114.
go back to reference Philip P, Gross CE, Taillard J, Bioulac B, Guilleminault C (2005) An animal model of a spontaneously reversible obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in the monkey. Neurobiol Dis 20:428–431PubMedCrossRef Philip P, Gross CE, Taillard J, Bioulac B, Guilleminault C (2005) An animal model of a spontaneously reversible obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in the monkey. Neurobiol Dis 20:428–431PubMedCrossRef
115.
go back to reference Van Lunteren E (1996) Effects of genetic obesity on rat upper airway muscle and diaphragm contractile properties. Eur Respir J 9:2139–2144PubMed Van Lunteren E (1996) Effects of genetic obesity on rat upper airway muscle and diaphragm contractile properties. Eur Respir J 9:2139–2144PubMed
116.
go back to reference Alonso-Galicia M, Brands MW, Zappe DH, Hall JE (1996) Hypertension in obese Zucker rats. Role of angiotensin II and adrenergic activity. Hypertension 28:1047–1054PubMed Alonso-Galicia M, Brands MW, Zappe DH, Hall JE (1996) Hypertension in obese Zucker rats. Role of angiotensin II and adrenergic activity. Hypertension 28:1047–1054PubMed
117.
go back to reference Fredersdorf S, Thumann C, Ulucan C, Griese DP, Luchner A, Riegger GA, Kromer EP, Weil J (2004) Myocardial hypertrophy and enhanced left ventricular contractility in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. Cardiovasc Pathol 13:11–19PubMedCrossRef Fredersdorf S, Thumann C, Ulucan C, Griese DP, Luchner A, Riegger GA, Kromer EP, Weil J (2004) Myocardial hypertrophy and enhanced left ventricular contractility in Zucker diabetic fatty rats. Cardiovasc Pathol 13:11–19PubMedCrossRef
118.
go back to reference Lee SD, Nakano H, Farkas GA (2005) Adenosinergic modulation of ventilation in obese Zucker rats. Obes Res 13:545–555PubMedCrossRef Lee SD, Nakano H, Farkas GA (2005) Adenosinergic modulation of ventilation in obese Zucker rats. Obes Res 13:545–555PubMedCrossRef
119.
go back to reference Radulovacki M, Trbovic S, Carley DW (1996) Hypotension reduces sleep apneas in Zucker lean and Zucker obese rats. Sleep 19:767–773PubMed Radulovacki M, Trbovic S, Carley DW (1996) Hypotension reduces sleep apneas in Zucker lean and Zucker obese rats. Sleep 19:767–773PubMed
120.
go back to reference Nakano H, Magalang UJ, Lee SD, Krasney JA, Farkas GA (2001) Serotonergic modulation of ventilation and upper airway stability in obese Zucker rats. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 163:1191–1197PubMed Nakano H, Magalang UJ, Lee SD, Krasney JA, Farkas GA (2001) Serotonergic modulation of ventilation and upper airway stability in obese Zucker rats. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 163:1191–1197PubMed
121.
go back to reference Brennick MJ, Pickup S, Cater JR, Kuna ST (2006) Phasic respiratory pharyngeal mechanics by magnetic resonance imaging in lean and obese Zucker rats. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 173:1031–1037PubMedCrossRef Brennick MJ, Pickup S, Cater JR, Kuna ST (2006) Phasic respiratory pharyngeal mechanics by magnetic resonance imaging in lean and obese Zucker rats. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 173:1031–1037PubMedCrossRef
122.
go back to reference Lee SD, Kuo WW, Bau DT, Ko FY, Wu FL, Kuo CH, Tsai FJ, Wang PS, Lu MC, Huang CY (2008) The coexistence of nocturnal sustained hypoxia and obesity additively increases cardiac apoptosis. J Appl Physiol 104:1144–1153PubMedCrossRef Lee SD, Kuo WW, Bau DT, Ko FY, Wu FL, Kuo CH, Tsai FJ, Wang PS, Lu MC, Huang CY (2008) The coexistence of nocturnal sustained hypoxia and obesity additively increases cardiac apoptosis. J Appl Physiol 104:1144–1153PubMedCrossRef
123.
124.
go back to reference Schneider P, Bodmer JL, Holler N, Mattmann C, Scuderi P, Terskikh A, Peitsch MC, Tschopp J (1997) Characterization of Fas (Apo-1, CD95)-Fas ligand interaction. J Biol Chem 272:18827–18833PubMedCrossRef Schneider P, Bodmer JL, Holler N, Mattmann C, Scuderi P, Terskikh A, Peitsch MC, Tschopp J (1997) Characterization of Fas (Apo-1, CD95)-Fas ligand interaction. J Biol Chem 272:18827–18833PubMedCrossRef
125.
go back to reference Sato T, Saito H, Seto K, Takatsuji H (1990) Sleep apneas and cardiac arrhythmias in freely moving rats. Am J Physiol 259:R282–R287PubMed Sato T, Saito H, Seto K, Takatsuji H (1990) Sleep apneas and cardiac arrhythmias in freely moving rats. Am J Physiol 259:R282–R287PubMed
126.
go back to reference Mendelson WB, Martin JV, Perlis M, Giesen H, Wagner R, Rapoport SI (1988) Periodic cessation of respiratory effort during sleep in adult rats. Physiol Behav 43:229–234PubMedCrossRef Mendelson WB, Martin JV, Perlis M, Giesen H, Wagner R, Rapoport SI (1988) Periodic cessation of respiratory effort during sleep in adult rats. Physiol Behav 43:229–234PubMedCrossRef
127.
go back to reference Thomas AJ, Austin W, Friedman L, Strohl KP (1992) A model of ventilatory instability induced in the unrestrained rat. J Appl Physiol 73:1530–1536PubMed Thomas AJ, Austin W, Friedman L, Strohl KP (1992) A model of ventilatory instability induced in the unrestrained rat. J Appl Physiol 73:1530–1536PubMed
128.
go back to reference Carley DW, Trbovic S, Radulovacki M (1996) Sleep apnea in normal and REM sleep-deprived normotensive Wistar-Kyoto and spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rats. Physiol Behav 59:827–831PubMedCrossRef Carley DW, Trbovic S, Radulovacki M (1996) Sleep apnea in normal and REM sleep-deprived normotensive Wistar-Kyoto and spontaneously hypertensive (SHR) rats. Physiol Behav 59:827–831PubMedCrossRef
129.
go back to reference Kuo TB, Lai CJ, Shaw FZ, Lai CW, Yang CC (2004) Sleep-related sympathovagal imbalance in SHR. Am J Physiol 286:H1170–H1176 Kuo TB, Lai CJ, Shaw FZ, Lai CW, Yang CC (2004) Sleep-related sympathovagal imbalance in SHR. Am J Physiol 286:H1170–H1176
131.
go back to reference Carley DW, Berecek K, Videnovic A, Radulovacki M (2000) Sleep-disordered respiration in phenotypically normotensive, genetically hypertensive rats. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 162:1474–1479PubMed Carley DW, Berecek K, Videnovic A, Radulovacki M (2000) Sleep-disordered respiration in phenotypically normotensive, genetically hypertensive rats. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 162:1474–1479PubMed
132.
go back to reference Carley DW, Trbovic SM, Bozanich A, Radulovacki M (1997) Cardiopulmonary control in sleeping Sprague-Dawley rats treated with hydralazine. J Appl Physiol 83:1954–1961PubMed Carley DW, Trbovic SM, Bozanich A, Radulovacki M (1997) Cardiopulmonary control in sleeping Sprague-Dawley rats treated with hydralazine. J Appl Physiol 83:1954–1961PubMed
133.
go back to reference Trbovic SM, Radulovacki M, Carley DW (1997) Protoveratrines A and B increase sleep apnea index in Sprague-Dawley rats. J Appl Physiol 83:1602–1606PubMed Trbovic SM, Radulovacki M, Carley DW (1997) Protoveratrines A and B increase sleep apnea index in Sprague-Dawley rats. J Appl Physiol 83:1602–1606PubMed
134.
go back to reference Carley DW, Radulovacki M (1999) Mirtazapine, a mixed-profile serotonin agonist/antagonist, suppresses sleep apnea in the rat. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 160:1824–1829PubMed Carley DW, Radulovacki M (1999) Mirtazapine, a mixed-profile serotonin agonist/antagonist, suppresses sleep apnea in the rat. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 160:1824–1829PubMed
135.
go back to reference Carley DW, Olopade C, Ruigt GS, Radulovacki M (2007) Efficacy of mirtazapine in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Sleep 30:35–41PubMed Carley DW, Olopade C, Ruigt GS, Radulovacki M (2007) Efficacy of mirtazapine in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. Sleep 30:35–41PubMed
136.
go back to reference Peters LL, Robledo RF, Bult CJ, Churchill GA, Paigen BJ, Svenson KL (2007) The mouse as a model for human biology: a resource guide for complex trait analysis. Nat Rev Genet 8:58–69PubMedCrossRef Peters LL, Robledo RF, Bult CJ, Churchill GA, Paigen BJ, Svenson KL (2007) The mouse as a model for human biology: a resource guide for complex trait analysis. Nat Rev Genet 8:58–69PubMedCrossRef
137.
go back to reference Nakamura A, Kuwaki T (2003) Sleep apnea in mice: a useful animal model for study of SIDS? Early Hum Dev 75:S167–S174PubMedCrossRef Nakamura A, Kuwaki T (2003) Sleep apnea in mice: a useful animal model for study of SIDS? Early Hum Dev 75:S167–S174PubMedCrossRef
138.
go back to reference Yamauchi M, Kimura H, Strohl KP (2010) Mouse models of apnea: strain differences in apnea expression and its pharmacologic and genetic modification. Adv Exp Med Biol 669:303–307PubMedCrossRef Yamauchi M, Kimura H, Strohl KP (2010) Mouse models of apnea: strain differences in apnea expression and its pharmacologic and genetic modification. Adv Exp Med Biol 669:303–307PubMedCrossRef
139.
go back to reference Berry-Kravis EM, Zhou L, Rand CM, Weese-Mayer DE (2006) Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome: PHOX2B mutations and phenotype. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 174:1139–1144PubMedCrossRef Berry-Kravis EM, Zhou L, Rand CM, Weese-Mayer DE (2006) Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome: PHOX2B mutations and phenotype. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 174:1139–1144PubMedCrossRef
140.
go back to reference Burton MD, Kawashima A, Brayer JA, Kazemi H, Shannon DC, Schuchardt A, Costantini F, Pachnis V, Kinane TB (1997) RET proto-oncogene is important for the development of respiratory CO2 sensitivity. J Auton Nerv Syst 63:137–143PubMedCrossRef Burton MD, Kawashima A, Brayer JA, Kazemi H, Shannon DC, Schuchardt A, Costantini F, Pachnis V, Kinane TB (1997) RET proto-oncogene is important for the development of respiratory CO2 sensitivity. J Auton Nerv Syst 63:137–143PubMedCrossRef
141.
go back to reference Tsujino N, Sakurai T (2009) Orexin/hypocretin: a neuropeptide at the interface of sleep, energy homeostasis, and reward system. Pharmacol Rev 61:162–176PubMedCrossRef Tsujino N, Sakurai T (2009) Orexin/hypocretin: a neuropeptide at the interface of sleep, energy homeostasis, and reward system. Pharmacol Rev 61:162–176PubMedCrossRef
142.
go back to reference Nakamura A, Zhang W, Yanagisawa M, Fukuda Y, Kuwaki T (2007) Vigilance state-dependent attenuation of hypercapnic chemoreflex and exaggerated sleep apnea in orexin knockout mice. J Appl Physiol 102:241–248PubMedCrossRef Nakamura A, Zhang W, Yanagisawa M, Fukuda Y, Kuwaki T (2007) Vigilance state-dependent attenuation of hypercapnic chemoreflex and exaggerated sleep apnea in orexin knockout mice. J Appl Physiol 102:241–248PubMedCrossRef
143.
go back to reference Baekey DM, Feng P, Decker MJ, Strohl KP (2009) Breathing and sleep: measurement methods, genetic influences, and developmental impacts. ILAR J 50:248–261PubMed Baekey DM, Feng P, Decker MJ, Strohl KP (2009) Breathing and sleep: measurement methods, genetic influences, and developmental impacts. ILAR J 50:248–261PubMed
144.
go back to reference Brennick MJ, Pack AI, Ko K, Kim E, Pickup S, Maislin G, Schwab RJ (2009) Altered upper airway and soft tissue structures in the New Zealand Obese mouse. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 179:158–169PubMedCrossRef Brennick MJ, Pack AI, Ko K, Kim E, Pickup S, Maislin G, Schwab RJ (2009) Altered upper airway and soft tissue structures in the New Zealand Obese mouse. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 179:158–169PubMedCrossRef
145.
go back to reference Brennick MJ, Kuna ST, Pickup S, Cater J, Schwab RJ (2011) Respiratory modulation of the pharyngeal airway in lean and obese mice. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 175:296–302PubMedCrossRef Brennick MJ, Kuna ST, Pickup S, Cater J, Schwab RJ (2011) Respiratory modulation of the pharyngeal airway in lean and obese mice. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 175:296–302PubMedCrossRef
146.
go back to reference Katayama K, Smith CA, Henderson KS, Dempsey JA (2007) Chronic intermittent hypoxia increases the CO2 reserve in sleeping dogs. J Appl Physiol 103:1942–1949PubMedCrossRef Katayama K, Smith CA, Henderson KS, Dempsey JA (2007) Chronic intermittent hypoxia increases the CO2 reserve in sleeping dogs. J Appl Physiol 103:1942–1949PubMedCrossRef
147.
go back to reference Kimoff RJ, Brooks D, Horner RL, Kozar LF, Render-Teixeira CL, Champagne V, Mayer P, Phillipson EA (1997) Ventilatory and arousal responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia in a canine model of obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 156:886–894PubMed Kimoff RJ, Brooks D, Horner RL, Kozar LF, Render-Teixeira CL, Champagne V, Mayer P, Phillipson EA (1997) Ventilatory and arousal responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia in a canine model of obstructive sleep apnea. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 156:886–894PubMed
148.
go back to reference Launois SH, Averill N, Abraham JH, Kirby DA, Weiss JW (2001) Cardiovascular responses to nonrespiratory and respiratory arousals in a porcine model. J Appl Physiol 90:114–120PubMed Launois SH, Averill N, Abraham JH, Kirby DA, Weiss JW (2001) Cardiovascular responses to nonrespiratory and respiratory arousals in a porcine model. J Appl Physiol 90:114–120PubMed
149.
go back to reference White SG, Fletcher EC, Miller CC 3rd (1995) Acute systemic blood pressure elevation in obstructive and nonobstructive breath hold in primates. J Appl Physiol 79:324–330PubMed White SG, Fletcher EC, Miller CC 3rd (1995) Acute systemic blood pressure elevation in obstructive and nonobstructive breath hold in primates. J Appl Physiol 79:324–330PubMed
150.
go back to reference Farré R, Rotger M, Montserrat JM, Calero G, Navajas D (2003) Collapsible upper airway segment to study the obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome in rats. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 136:199–209PubMedCrossRef Farré R, Rotger M, Montserrat JM, Calero G, Navajas D (2003) Collapsible upper airway segment to study the obstructive sleep apnea/hypopnea syndrome in rats. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 136:199–209PubMedCrossRef
151.
go back to reference Nácher M, Serrano-Mollar A, Farré R, Panés J, Seguí J, Montserrat JM (2007) Recurrent obstructive apneas trigger early systemic inflammation in a rat model of sleep apnea. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 155:93–96PubMedCrossRef Nácher M, Serrano-Mollar A, Farré R, Panés J, Seguí J, Montserrat JM (2007) Recurrent obstructive apneas trigger early systemic inflammation in a rat model of sleep apnea. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 155:93–96PubMedCrossRef
152.
go back to reference Schneider H, Schaub CD, Chen CA, Andreoni KA, Schwartz AR, Smith PL, Robotham JL, O’Donnell CP (2000) Effects of arousal and sleep state on systemic and pulmonary hemodynamics in obstructive apnea. J Appl Physiol 88:1084–1092PubMed Schneider H, Schaub CD, Chen CA, Andreoni KA, Schwartz AR, Smith PL, Robotham JL, O’Donnell CP (2000) Effects of arousal and sleep state on systemic and pulmonary hemodynamics in obstructive apnea. J Appl Physiol 88:1084–1092PubMed
153.
go back to reference Schoorlemmer GH, Rossi MV, Tufik S, Cravo SL (2011) A new method to produce obstructive sleep apnoea in conscious unrestrained rats. Exp Physiol 96:1010–1018PubMed Schoorlemmer GH, Rossi MV, Tufik S, Cravo SL (2011) A new method to produce obstructive sleep apnoea in conscious unrestrained rats. Exp Physiol 96:1010–1018PubMed
154.
go back to reference Farré R, Nácher M, Serrano-Mollar A, Gáldiz JB, Alvarez FJ, Navajas D, Montserrat JM (2007) Rat model of chronic recurrent airway obstructions to study the sleep apnea syndrome. Sleep 30:930–933PubMed Farré R, Nácher M, Serrano-Mollar A, Gáldiz JB, Alvarez FJ, Navajas D, Montserrat JM (2007) Rat model of chronic recurrent airway obstructions to study the sleep apnea syndrome. Sleep 30:930–933PubMed
155.
go back to reference Hamrahi H, Stephenson R, Mahamed S, Liao KS, Horner RL (2001) Selected Contribution: Regulation of sleep-wake states in response to intermittent hypoxic stimuli applied only in sleep. J Appl Physiol 90:2490–2501PubMed Hamrahi H, Stephenson R, Mahamed S, Liao KS, Horner RL (2001) Selected Contribution: Regulation of sleep-wake states in response to intermittent hypoxic stimuli applied only in sleep. J Appl Physiol 90:2490–2501PubMed
156.
go back to reference Bonsignore MR, Marrone O, Insalaco G, Bonsignore G (1994) The cardiovascular effects of obstructive sleep apnoeas: analysis of pathogenic mechanisms. Eur Respir J 7:786–805PubMedCrossRef Bonsignore MR, Marrone O, Insalaco G, Bonsignore G (1994) The cardiovascular effects of obstructive sleep apnoeas: analysis of pathogenic mechanisms. Eur Respir J 7:786–805PubMedCrossRef
157.
go back to reference McGuire M, Bradford A (2001) Chronic intermittent hypercapnic hypoxia increases pulmonary arterial pressure and haematocrit in rats. Eur Respir J 18:279–285PubMedCrossRef McGuire M, Bradford A (2001) Chronic intermittent hypercapnic hypoxia increases pulmonary arterial pressure and haematocrit in rats. Eur Respir J 18:279–285PubMedCrossRef
158.
go back to reference de Frutos S, Duling L, Alò D, Berry T, Jackson-Weaver O, Walker M, Kanagy N, González Bosc L (2008) NFATc3 is required for intermittent hypoxia-induced hypertension. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 294:H2382–H2390PubMedCrossRef de Frutos S, Duling L, Alò D, Berry T, Jackson-Weaver O, Walker M, Kanagy N, González Bosc L (2008) NFATc3 is required for intermittent hypoxia-induced hypertension. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 294:H2382–H2390PubMedCrossRef
159.
go back to reference Dunleavy M, Dooley M, Cox D, Bradford A (2005) Chronic intermittent asphyxia increases platelet reactivity in rats. Exp Physiol 90:411–416PubMedCrossRef Dunleavy M, Dooley M, Cox D, Bradford A (2005) Chronic intermittent asphyxia increases platelet reactivity in rats. Exp Physiol 90:411–416PubMedCrossRef
160.
go back to reference Carreras A, Wang Y, Gozal D, Montserrat JM, Navajas D, Farré R (2011) Non-invasive system for applying airway obstructions to model obstructive sleep apnea in mice. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 175:164–168PubMedCrossRef Carreras A, Wang Y, Gozal D, Montserrat JM, Navajas D, Farré R (2011) Non-invasive system for applying airway obstructions to model obstructive sleep apnea in mice. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 175:164–168PubMedCrossRef
161.
go back to reference Lesske J, Fletcher EC, Bao G, Unger T (1997) Hypertension caused by chronic intermittent hypoxia–influence of chemoreceptors and sympathetic nervous system. J Hypertens 15:1593–1603PubMedCrossRef Lesske J, Fletcher EC, Bao G, Unger T (1997) Hypertension caused by chronic intermittent hypoxia–influence of chemoreceptors and sympathetic nervous system. J Hypertens 15:1593–1603PubMedCrossRef
162.
go back to reference Bradford A (2004) Effects of chronic intermittent asphyxia on haematocrit, pulmonary arterial pressure and skeletal muscle structure in rats. Exp Physiol 89:44–52PubMedCrossRef Bradford A (2004) Effects of chronic intermittent asphyxia on haematocrit, pulmonary arterial pressure and skeletal muscle structure in rats. Exp Physiol 89:44–52PubMedCrossRef
163.
go back to reference Allahdadi KJ, Walker BR, Kanagy NL (2005) Augmented endothelin vasoconstriction in intermittent hypoxia-induced hypertension. Hypertension 45:705–709PubMedCrossRef Allahdadi KJ, Walker BR, Kanagy NL (2005) Augmented endothelin vasoconstriction in intermittent hypoxia-induced hypertension. Hypertension 45:705–709PubMedCrossRef
164.
go back to reference Fletcher EC (2001) Invited review: Physiological consequences of intermittent hypoxia: systemic blood pressure. J Appl Physiol 90:1600–1605PubMedCrossRef Fletcher EC (2001) Invited review: Physiological consequences of intermittent hypoxia: systemic blood pressure. J Appl Physiol 90:1600–1605PubMedCrossRef
165.
go back to reference Kanagy NL, Walker BR, Nelin LD (2001) Role of endothelin in intermittent hypoxia-induced hypertension. Hypertension 37:511–515PubMed Kanagy NL, Walker BR, Nelin LD (2001) Role of endothelin in intermittent hypoxia-induced hypertension. Hypertension 37:511–515PubMed
166.
go back to reference Julien C, Bayat S, Lévy P (2003) Vascular reactivity to norepinephrine and acetylcholine after chronic intermittent hypoxia in mice. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 139:21–32PubMedCrossRef Julien C, Bayat S, Lévy P (2003) Vascular reactivity to norepinephrine and acetylcholine after chronic intermittent hypoxia in mice. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 139:21–32PubMedCrossRef
167.
go back to reference Tahawi Z, Orolinova N, Joshua IG, Bader M, Fletcher EC (2001) Altered vascular reactivity in arterioles of chronic intermittent hypoxic rats. J Appl Physiol 90:2007–2013PubMed Tahawi Z, Orolinova N, Joshua IG, Bader M, Fletcher EC (2001) Altered vascular reactivity in arterioles of chronic intermittent hypoxic rats. J Appl Physiol 90:2007–2013PubMed
168.
go back to reference McNulty PH, Ng C, Liu WX, Jagasia D, Letsou GV, Baldwin JC, Soufer R (1996) Autoregulation of myocardial glycogen concentration during intermittent hypoxia. Am J Physiol 271:R311–R319PubMed McNulty PH, Ng C, Liu WX, Jagasia D, Letsou GV, Baldwin JC, Soufer R (1996) Autoregulation of myocardial glycogen concentration during intermittent hypoxia. Am J Physiol 271:R311–R319PubMed
169.
go back to reference Li J, Grigoryev DN, Ye SQ, Thorne L, Schwartz AR, Smith PL, O’Donnell CP, Polotsky VY (2005) Chronic intermittent hypoxia upregulates genes of lipid biosynthesis in obese mice. J Appl Physiol 99:1643–1648PubMedCrossRef Li J, Grigoryev DN, Ye SQ, Thorne L, Schwartz AR, Smith PL, O’Donnell CP, Polotsky VY (2005) Chronic intermittent hypoxia upregulates genes of lipid biosynthesis in obese mice. J Appl Physiol 99:1643–1648PubMedCrossRef
170.
go back to reference Li J, Bosch-Marce M, Nanayakkara A, Savransky V, Fried SK, Semenza GL, Polotsky VY (2006) Altered metabolic responses to intermittent hypoxia in mice with partial deficiency of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha. Physiol Genomics 25:450–457PubMedCrossRef Li J, Bosch-Marce M, Nanayakkara A, Savransky V, Fried SK, Semenza GL, Polotsky VY (2006) Altered metabolic responses to intermittent hypoxia in mice with partial deficiency of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha. Physiol Genomics 25:450–457PubMedCrossRef
171.
go back to reference Li J, Nanayakkara A, Jun J, Savransky V, Polotsky VY (2007) Effect of deficiency in SREBP cleavage-activating protein on lipid metabolism during intermittent hypoxia. Physiol Genomics 31:237–280 Li J, Nanayakkara A, Jun J, Savransky V, Polotsky VY (2007) Effect of deficiency in SREBP cleavage-activating protein on lipid metabolism during intermittent hypoxia. Physiol Genomics 31:237–280
172.
go back to reference Feng SZ, Tian JL, Zhang Q, Wang H, Sun N, Zhang Y, Chen BY (2011) An experimental research on chronic intermittent hypoxia leading to liver injury. Sleep Breath 15:493–502PubMedCrossRef Feng SZ, Tian JL, Zhang Q, Wang H, Sun N, Zhang Y, Chen BY (2011) An experimental research on chronic intermittent hypoxia leading to liver injury. Sleep Breath 15:493–502PubMedCrossRef
173.
go back to reference Liu JN, Zhang JX, Lu G, Qiu Y, Yang D, Yin GY, Zhang XL (2010) The effect of oxidative stress in myocardial cell injury in mice exposed to chronic intermittent hypoxia. Chin Med J (Engl) 123:74–78 Liu JN, Zhang JX, Lu G, Qiu Y, Yang D, Yin GY, Zhang XL (2010) The effect of oxidative stress in myocardial cell injury in mice exposed to chronic intermittent hypoxia. Chin Med J (Engl) 123:74–78
174.
go back to reference Matsumoto C, Hayashi T, Kitada K, Yamashita C, Miyamura M, Mori T, Ukimura A, Ohkita M, Jin D, Takai S, Miyazaki M, Okada Y, Kitaura Y, Matsumura Y (2009) Chymase plays an important role in left ventricular remodeling induced by intermittent hypoxia in mice. Hypertension 54:164–171PubMedCrossRef Matsumoto C, Hayashi T, Kitada K, Yamashita C, Miyamura M, Mori T, Ukimura A, Ohkita M, Jin D, Takai S, Miyazaki M, Okada Y, Kitaura Y, Matsumura Y (2009) Chymase plays an important role in left ventricular remodeling induced by intermittent hypoxia in mice. Hypertension 54:164–171PubMedCrossRef
175.
go back to reference Nácher M, Farré R, Montserrat JM, Torres M, Navajas D, Bulbena O, Serrano-Mollar A (2009) Biological consequences of oxygen desaturation and respiratory effort in an acute animal model of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Sleep Med 10:892–897PubMedCrossRef Nácher M, Farré R, Montserrat JM, Torres M, Navajas D, Bulbena O, Serrano-Mollar A (2009) Biological consequences of oxygen desaturation and respiratory effort in an acute animal model of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Sleep Med 10:892–897PubMedCrossRef
176.
go back to reference Savransky V, Bevans S, Nanayakkara A, Li J, Smith PL, Torbenson MS, Polotsky VY (2007) Chronic intermittent hypoxia causes hepatitis in a mouse model of diet-induced fatty liver. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 293:G871–G877PubMedCrossRef Savransky V, Bevans S, Nanayakkara A, Li J, Smith PL, Torbenson MS, Polotsky VY (2007) Chronic intermittent hypoxia causes hepatitis in a mouse model of diet-induced fatty liver. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 293:G871–G877PubMedCrossRef
177.
go back to reference Troncoso Brindeiro CM, da Silva AQ, Allahdadi KJ, Youngblood V, Kanagy NL (2007) Reactive oxygen species contribute to sleep apnea-induced hypertension in rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 293:H2971–H2976PubMedCrossRef Troncoso Brindeiro CM, da Silva AQ, Allahdadi KJ, Youngblood V, Kanagy NL (2007) Reactive oxygen species contribute to sleep apnea-induced hypertension in rats. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 293:H2971–H2976PubMedCrossRef
178.
go back to reference Park AM, Suzuki YJ (2007) Effects of intermittent hypoxia on oxidative stress-induced myocardial damage in mice. J Appl Physiol 102:1806–1814PubMedCrossRef Park AM, Suzuki YJ (2007) Effects of intermittent hypoxia on oxidative stress-induced myocardial damage in mice. J Appl Physiol 102:1806–1814PubMedCrossRef
179.
go back to reference Rosa DP, Martinez D, Picada JN, Semedo JG, Marroni NP (2011) Hepatic oxidative stress in an animal model of sleep apnoea: effects of different duration of exposure. Comp Hepatol 10:1PubMedCrossRef Rosa DP, Martinez D, Picada JN, Semedo JG, Marroni NP (2011) Hepatic oxidative stress in an animal model of sleep apnoea: effects of different duration of exposure. Comp Hepatol 10:1PubMedCrossRef
180.
go back to reference Xu W, Chi L, Row BW, Xu R, Ke Y, Xu B, Luo C, Kheirandish L, Gozal D, Liu R (2004) Increased oxidative stress is associated with chronic intermittent hypoxia-mediated brain cortical neuronal cell apoptosis in a mouse model of sleep apnea. Neuroscience 126:313–323PubMedCrossRef Xu W, Chi L, Row BW, Xu R, Ke Y, Xu B, Luo C, Kheirandish L, Gozal D, Liu R (2004) Increased oxidative stress is associated with chronic intermittent hypoxia-mediated brain cortical neuronal cell apoptosis in a mouse model of sleep apnea. Neuroscience 126:313–323PubMedCrossRef
181.
go back to reference Allahdadi KJ, Cherng TW, Pai H, Silva AQ, Walker BR, Nelin LD, Kanagy NL (2008) Endothelin type A receptor antagonist normalizes blood pressure in rats exposed to eucapnic intermittent hypoxia. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295:H434–H440PubMedCrossRef Allahdadi KJ, Cherng TW, Pai H, Silva AQ, Walker BR, Nelin LD, Kanagy NL (2008) Endothelin type A receptor antagonist normalizes blood pressure in rats exposed to eucapnic intermittent hypoxia. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 295:H434–H440PubMedCrossRef
182.
go back to reference Knight WD, Little JT, Carreno FR, Toney GM, Mifflin SW, Cunningham JT (2011) Chronic intermittent hypoxia increases blood pressure and expression of FosB/DeltaFosB in central autonomic regions. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 301:R131–R139PubMedCrossRef Knight WD, Little JT, Carreno FR, Toney GM, Mifflin SW, Cunningham JT (2011) Chronic intermittent hypoxia increases blood pressure and expression of FosB/DeltaFosB in central autonomic regions. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 301:R131–R139PubMedCrossRef
183.
go back to reference Kalaria RN, Spoors L, Laude EA, Emery CJ, Thwaites-Bee D, Fairlie J, Oakley AE, Barer DH, Barer GR (2004) Hypoxia of sleep apnoea: cardiopulmonary and cerebral changes after intermittent hypoxia in rats. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 140:53–62PubMedCrossRef Kalaria RN, Spoors L, Laude EA, Emery CJ, Thwaites-Bee D, Fairlie J, Oakley AE, Barer DH, Barer GR (2004) Hypoxia of sleep apnoea: cardiopulmonary and cerebral changes after intermittent hypoxia in rats. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 140:53–62PubMedCrossRef
184.
go back to reference Iturriaga R, Moya EA, Del Rio R (2010) Cardiorespiratory alterations induced by intermittent hypoxia in a rat model of sleep apnea. Adv Exp Med Biol 669:271–274PubMedCrossRef Iturriaga R, Moya EA, Del Rio R (2010) Cardiorespiratory alterations induced by intermittent hypoxia in a rat model of sleep apnea. Adv Exp Med Biol 669:271–274PubMedCrossRef
185.
go back to reference Othman M, Gordon SP, Iscoe S (2010) Repeated inspiratory occlusions in anesthetized rats acutely increases blood coagulability as assessed by thromboelastography. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 171:61–66PubMedCrossRef Othman M, Gordon SP, Iscoe S (2010) Repeated inspiratory occlusions in anesthetized rats acutely increases blood coagulability as assessed by thromboelastography. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 171:61–66PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Cardiovascular Consequences of Sleep Apnea
Authors
Saeid Golbidi
Mohammad Badran
Najib Ayas
Ismail Laher
Publication date
01-04-2012
Publisher
Springer-Verlag
Published in
Lung / Issue 2/2012
Print ISSN: 0341-2040
Electronic ISSN: 1432-1750
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00408-011-9340-1

Other articles of this Issue 2/2012

Lung 2/2012 Go to the issue
Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin
Prof. Florian Limbourg
Prof. Anoop Chauhan
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine