Skip to main content
Top
Published in: European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology 10/2010

01-10-2010 | Review Article

Sarcoidosis and its otolaryngological implications

Authors: Katarzyna Mrówka-Kata, Dariusz Kata, Dariusz Lange, Grzegorz Namysłowski, Eugeniusz Czecior, Katarzyna Banert

Published in: European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology | Issue 10/2010

Login to get access

Abstract

Sarcoidosis and its aetiopathogenesis, epidemiology and diagnostic procedures (including the Kveim reaction) are presented in this paper. The clinical manifestations of this disease, especially in otolaryngological organs, including the larynx, salivary glands, nose and paranasal sinuses, are described. Treatment procedures, including surgical interventions and prognosis, are also discussed.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Reed HM (2000) Sarcoidosis: a multisystem disease. Minor Healyh Today 2:9–14 Reed HM (2000) Sarcoidosis: a multisystem disease. Minor Healyh Today 2:9–14
2.
go back to reference Nevill E (1988) Sarcoidosis: the clinical problem. Postgrad Med J 64(753):531–535CrossRef Nevill E (1988) Sarcoidosis: the clinical problem. Postgrad Med J 64(753):531–535CrossRef
3.
4.
go back to reference Cosabel V (2001) Sarcoidosis: clinical update. Eur Respir J Suppl 18(32):56–68 Cosabel V (2001) Sarcoidosis: clinical update. Eur Respir J Suppl 18(32):56–68
5.
go back to reference Chesnutt AN (1995) Enigmas in sarcoidosis. West J Med 162:519–526PubMed Chesnutt AN (1995) Enigmas in sarcoidosis. West J Med 162:519–526PubMed
7.
go back to reference Nunes H, Bouvry D, Soler P, Valeyre D (2006) Sarcoidosis. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2:46–57CrossRef Nunes H, Bouvry D, Soler P, Valeyre D (2006) Sarcoidosis. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2:46–57CrossRef
8.
go back to reference Aladesanmi OA (2004) Sarcoidosis: an update for the primary care physician. Med Gen Med 6(1):7–14 Aladesanmi OA (2004) Sarcoidosis: an update for the primary care physician. Med Gen Med 6(1):7–14
9.
go back to reference Rybicki BA, Maliarik MJ, Popovich J Jr, Ianuzzi MC (1998) Epidemiology, demographics, and genetics of sarcoidosis. Semin Respir Infect 13(3):1966–1973 Rybicki BA, Maliarik MJ, Popovich J Jr, Ianuzzi MC (1998) Epidemiology, demographics, and genetics of sarcoidosis. Semin Respir Infect 13(3):1966–1973
10.
go back to reference Rybicki BA, Iannuzzi MC (2007) Epidemiology of sarcoidosis: recent advences and future prospects. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 28:22–35CrossRefPubMed Rybicki BA, Iannuzzi MC (2007) Epidemiology of sarcoidosis: recent advences and future prospects. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 28:22–35CrossRefPubMed
11.
go back to reference Thomeer M, Demedts M, Wyts W (2005) Epidemiology of sarcoidosis. Eur Respir Monogr 32:13–22 Thomeer M, Demedts M, Wyts W (2005) Epidemiology of sarcoidosis. Eur Respir Monogr 32:13–22
13.
go back to reference Moller D (2007) Potential etiologic agents in sarcoidosis. Proc Am Thor Soc 4(5):465–468CrossRef Moller D (2007) Potential etiologic agents in sarcoidosis. Proc Am Thor Soc 4(5):465–468CrossRef
14.
go back to reference Miyana M, Amoure Z, Parizot Ch, Badoual C, Dorgham K, Trod S (2006) The immune paradox of sarcoidosis and regulatory T cells. J Exp Med 203(2):359–370CrossRef Miyana M, Amoure Z, Parizot Ch, Badoual C, Dorgham K, Trod S (2006) The immune paradox of sarcoidosis and regulatory T cells. J Exp Med 203(2):359–370CrossRef
15.
go back to reference Newman LS (2005) Aetiologies of sarcoidosis. Eur Respir Monogr 10:64–81 Newman LS (2005) Aetiologies of sarcoidosis. Eur Respir Monogr 10:64–81
16.
go back to reference Drake WP, Newman LS (2006) Mycobacterial antigens in sarcoidosis pathogenesis. Curr Opin Pulm Med 12:359–363CrossRefPubMed Drake WP, Newman LS (2006) Mycobacterial antigens in sarcoidosis pathogenesis. Curr Opin Pulm Med 12:359–363CrossRefPubMed
17.
go back to reference Song Z, Marzilli L, Greenlee BM, Chen ES, Silver RF, Askin FB (2005) Mycobacterial catalase-peroxidase is a tissue antigen and target of adaptive immune response is systemic sarcoidosis. J Exp Med 201(5):755–767CrossRefPubMed Song Z, Marzilli L, Greenlee BM, Chen ES, Silver RF, Askin FB (2005) Mycobacterial catalase-peroxidase is a tissue antigen and target of adaptive immune response is systemic sarcoidosis. J Exp Med 201(5):755–767CrossRefPubMed
18.
go back to reference Colver DA, Newman LS, Kavuru MS (2007) Gene–environment interactions in sarcoidosis: challenge and opportunity. Clin Dermatol 25(3):267–275CrossRef Colver DA, Newman LS, Kavuru MS (2007) Gene–environment interactions in sarcoidosis: challenge and opportunity. Clin Dermatol 25(3):267–275CrossRef
19.
20.
21.
go back to reference Aytemur ZA, Erdinc M, Erdinc E, Ates H, Akyurekli O (2003) Clinical features and diagnostic approach to sarcoidosis according to stages. Tuberk Toraks 51:11–16PubMed Aytemur ZA, Erdinc M, Erdinc E, Ates H, Akyurekli O (2003) Clinical features and diagnostic approach to sarcoidosis according to stages. Tuberk Toraks 51:11–16PubMed
22.
go back to reference Handa R, Aggarwal P, Wali JP, Wig N, Dinda AK, Biswas A (1998) Sarcoidosis presenting with peripheral lymphadenopathy. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 15:192–196PubMed Handa R, Aggarwal P, Wali JP, Wig N, Dinda AK, Biswas A (1998) Sarcoidosis presenting with peripheral lymphadenopathy. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 15:192–196PubMed
23.
go back to reference Saleh S, Saw C, Marzauk K, Sharma O (2006) Sarcoidosis of the spinal cord: literature review and report of eight cases. J Natl Med Assoc 98(6):965–976PubMed Saleh S, Saw C, Marzauk K, Sharma O (2006) Sarcoidosis of the spinal cord: literature review and report of eight cases. J Natl Med Assoc 98(6):965–976PubMed
24.
go back to reference Moller DR (2005) Rare manifestations of sarcoidosis. Eur Respir Monogr 10:233–250 Moller DR (2005) Rare manifestations of sarcoidosis. Eur Respir Monogr 10:233–250
25.
go back to reference Kolokotronis AE, Belazi MA, Haidemanos G, Zaraboukas TK, Antoniades DZ (2009) Sarcoidosis: oral and perioral manifestations. Hippokratia 13(2):119–121PubMed Kolokotronis AE, Belazi MA, Haidemanos G, Zaraboukas TK, Antoniades DZ (2009) Sarcoidosis: oral and perioral manifestations. Hippokratia 13(2):119–121PubMed
26.
go back to reference Rafii M, Pardo C (2006) Case 14: a woman with bilateral Bell’s palsy. Med Gen Med 8(4):23–30 Rafii M, Pardo C (2006) Case 14: a woman with bilateral Bell’s palsy. Med Gen Med 8(4):23–30
27.
go back to reference Gallivan GJ, Landis JN (1993) Sarcoidosis of the larynx: preserving and restoring airway and professional voice. J Voice 7(1):81–94CrossRefPubMed Gallivan GJ, Landis JN (1993) Sarcoidosis of the larynx: preserving and restoring airway and professional voice. J Voice 7(1):81–94CrossRefPubMed
28.
go back to reference Bower JS, Belen JE, Weg JG, Dantzker DR (1980) Manifestations and treatment of laryngeal sarcoidosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 122:325–332PubMed Bower JS, Belen JE, Weg JG, Dantzker DR (1980) Manifestations and treatment of laryngeal sarcoidosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 122:325–332PubMed
29.
go back to reference Dean CM, Sataloff RT, Hawkshaw MJ, Pribitkin E (2004) Laryngeal sarcoidosis. J Voice 16(2):283–288CrossRef Dean CM, Sataloff RT, Hawkshaw MJ, Pribitkin E (2004) Laryngeal sarcoidosis. J Voice 16(2):283–288CrossRef
30.
go back to reference Neel HB III, McDonald TJ (1982) Laryngeal sarcoidosis. Report of 13 patients. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 91:359–363PubMed Neel HB III, McDonald TJ (1982) Laryngeal sarcoidosis. Report of 13 patients. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 91:359–363PubMed
31.
go back to reference Fortune S, Courney MS (1998) Isolated laryngeal sarcoidosis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 118:868–870CrossRefPubMed Fortune S, Courney MS (1998) Isolated laryngeal sarcoidosis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 118:868–870CrossRefPubMed
32.
go back to reference James JC, Simpson B (2004) Treatment of laryngeal sarcoidosis with CO2 laser and mitomycin-C. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 130:262–264CrossRefPubMed James JC, Simpson B (2004) Treatment of laryngeal sarcoidosis with CO2 laser and mitomycin-C. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 130:262–264CrossRefPubMed
33.
go back to reference Henderson CA, Ilchyshyn A, Curry AR (1994) Laryngeal and cutaneous sarcoidosis treated with methotrexate-case report. J R Soc Med 87:632–633PubMed Henderson CA, Ilchyshyn A, Curry AR (1994) Laryngeal and cutaneous sarcoidosis treated with methotrexate-case report. J R Soc Med 87:632–633PubMed
34.
go back to reference Sims HS, Thakkar KH (2007) Airway involvement and obstruction from granulomas in African-American patients with sarcoidosis. Respir Med 101(11):2279–2283CrossRefPubMed Sims HS, Thakkar KH (2007) Airway involvement and obstruction from granulomas in African-American patients with sarcoidosis. Respir Med 101(11):2279–2283CrossRefPubMed
35.
go back to reference Sakamoto M, Ishizawa M, Kitahara N (2000) Polypoid type of laryngeal sarcoidosis—case report and review of the literature. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 257(8):436–438CrossRefPubMed Sakamoto M, Ishizawa M, Kitahara N (2000) Polypoid type of laryngeal sarcoidosis—case report and review of the literature. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 257(8):436–438CrossRefPubMed
36.
go back to reference El-Kassimi FA, Ashour M, Vijayaraghavan R (1990) Sarcoidosis presenting as recurrent left laryngeal nerve palsy. Thorax 45:565–566CrossRefPubMed El-Kassimi FA, Ashour M, Vijayaraghavan R (1990) Sarcoidosis presenting as recurrent left laryngeal nerve palsy. Thorax 45:565–566CrossRefPubMed
37.
go back to reference Coffey CS, Vallejo SL, Farrar EK, Judson MA, Halstead LA (2009) Sarcoidosis presenting as bilateral vocal cord paralysis from bilateral compression of the recurrent laryngeal nerves from thoracic adenopathy. J Voice 23(5):631–634CrossRefPubMed Coffey CS, Vallejo SL, Farrar EK, Judson MA, Halstead LA (2009) Sarcoidosis presenting as bilateral vocal cord paralysis from bilateral compression of the recurrent laryngeal nerves from thoracic adenopathy. J Voice 23(5):631–634CrossRefPubMed
38.
go back to reference Surattanont F, Mandel L, Wolinsky B (2002) Bilateral parotid swelling caused by sarcoidosis. J Am Dent Assoc Jun 133(6):738–741 Surattanont F, Mandel L, Wolinsky B (2002) Bilateral parotid swelling caused by sarcoidosis. J Am Dent Assoc Jun 133(6):738–741
39.
go back to reference Sinha R, Gaur SN (2004) Sarcoidosis presenting as acute bilateral parotid swelling. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol Jun–Sep 22(2–3):171–174 Sinha R, Gaur SN (2004) Sarcoidosis presenting as acute bilateral parotid swelling. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol Jun–Sep 22(2–3):171–174
40.
go back to reference McCormic JT, Newton ED, Geyer S, Caushaj PF (2006) Sarcoidosis presenting as a solitary parotid mass. Ear Nose Throat J 85:664–665 McCormic JT, Newton ED, Geyer S, Caushaj PF (2006) Sarcoidosis presenting as a solitary parotid mass. Ear Nose Throat J 85:664–665
41.
go back to reference Anton E, Lopez A, Echeverria M (2005) Sarcoidosis presenting as isolated intraparotid lymphadenopathy. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 22:79–80PubMed Anton E, Lopez A, Echeverria M (2005) Sarcoidosis presenting as isolated intraparotid lymphadenopathy. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis 22:79–80PubMed
42.
go back to reference Sheridan T, Shahid I, Aiman Z (2001) A 48-year-old white woman with nodular mass in the right parotid gland. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1:58–61 Sheridan T, Shahid I, Aiman Z (2001) A 48-year-old white woman with nodular mass in the right parotid gland. Arch Pathol Lab Med 1:58–61
43.
go back to reference Uddin MA, Riaz M, Bhatti MA (2005) Parotid gland sarcoidosis with renal failure. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 15(7):441–442PubMed Uddin MA, Riaz M, Bhatti MA (2005) Parotid gland sarcoidosis with renal failure. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 15(7):441–442PubMed
44.
go back to reference Cakmak SK, Gonul M, Gul U, Gunduz H, Han O, Kulacoglu S (2009) Sarcoidosis involving the lacrimal, submandibular, and parotid glands with panda sign. Dermatol Online J 15(3):8–12PubMed Cakmak SK, Gonul M, Gul U, Gunduz H, Han O, Kulacoglu S (2009) Sarcoidosis involving the lacrimal, submandibular, and parotid glands with panda sign. Dermatol Online J 15(3):8–12PubMed
45.
go back to reference Bakshi J, Venables PJ, Abraham S (2009) Sinonasal sarcoid. J Postgrad Med 6(55):43–44 Bakshi J, Venables PJ, Abraham S (2009) Sinonasal sarcoid. J Postgrad Med 6(55):43–44
46.
go back to reference Clark PC, Bondy P, Jacop L (2002) Radiological quiz case. Nasal sarcoidosis associated with pulmonary sarcoidosis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 128:979–980PubMed Clark PC, Bondy P, Jacop L (2002) Radiological quiz case. Nasal sarcoidosis associated with pulmonary sarcoidosis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 128:979–980PubMed
47.
go back to reference Kleemann D, Nofz S, Schlottmann A, Hocker I, Stengel B (2007) Sinonasal sarcoidosis. HNO 55:956–960CrossRefPubMed Kleemann D, Nofz S, Schlottmann A, Hocker I, Stengel B (2007) Sinonasal sarcoidosis. HNO 55:956–960CrossRefPubMed
48.
go back to reference Tami TA (2002) Sinonasal sarcoidosis: diagnosis and management. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 23(26):32–36 Tami TA (2002) Sinonasal sarcoidosis: diagnosis and management. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 23(26):32–36
49.
go back to reference Long CM, Smith TL, Loehrl TA, Komorowski RA, Toohill RJ (2001) Sinonasal disease in patients with sarcoidosis. Am J Rhinol 15:211–215CrossRefPubMed Long CM, Smith TL, Loehrl TA, Komorowski RA, Toohill RJ (2001) Sinonasal disease in patients with sarcoidosis. Am J Rhinol 15:211–215CrossRefPubMed
50.
go back to reference Fergie N, Jones NS, Havlat MF (1999) The nasal manifestations of sarcoidosis: a review and report of eight cases. J Laryngol Otol 113:893–898CrossRefPubMed Fergie N, Jones NS, Havlat MF (1999) The nasal manifestations of sarcoidosis: a review and report of eight cases. J Laryngol Otol 113:893–898CrossRefPubMed
51.
go back to reference Braun JJ, Gentine A, Pauli G (2004) Sinonasal sarcoidosis: review and report of fifteen cases. Laryngoscope 114:1960–1963CrossRefPubMed Braun JJ, Gentine A, Pauli G (2004) Sinonasal sarcoidosis: review and report of fifteen cases. Laryngoscope 114:1960–1963CrossRefPubMed
52.
go back to reference Aubart FC, Quayoun M, Brauner M, Attali P, Komboucher M, Valeyre D, Nunes H (2006) Sinonasal involvement in sarcoidosis: a case–control study of 20 cases. Medicine (Baltimore) 85:365–371CrossRef Aubart FC, Quayoun M, Brauner M, Attali P, Komboucher M, Valeyre D, Nunes H (2006) Sinonasal involvement in sarcoidosis: a case–control study of 20 cases. Medicine (Baltimore) 85:365–371CrossRef
53.
go back to reference Erbek S, Erbek SS, Posun E, Camak O (2006) A rare case of sarcoidosis involving the middle turbinates: an incidental diagnosis. Diagn Pathol 1:44–49CrossRefPubMed Erbek S, Erbek SS, Posun E, Camak O (2006) A rare case of sarcoidosis involving the middle turbinates: an incidental diagnosis. Diagn Pathol 1:44–49CrossRefPubMed
54.
go back to reference Frederiksen LG, Jørgensen K (1996) Sarcoidosis of the nose treated with laser surgery. Rhinology 34:245–246PubMed Frederiksen LG, Jørgensen K (1996) Sarcoidosis of the nose treated with laser surgery. Rhinology 34:245–246PubMed
55.
go back to reference Krepsi YP, Kuriloff DB, Aner M (1995) Sarcoidosis of the sinonasal tract: a new staging system. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 112:221–227CrossRef Krepsi YP, Kuriloff DB, Aner M (1995) Sarcoidosis of the sinonasal tract: a new staging system. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 112:221–227CrossRef
56.
go back to reference Mazzotti S, Gaeta M, Blandino A, Vinci S, Pandolfo I (2001) Perineural spread in a case of sinonasal sarcoidosis: case report. A J Neuroradiol 22:1207–1208 Mazzotti S, Gaeta M, Blandino A, Vinci S, Pandolfo I (2001) Perineural spread in a case of sinonasal sarcoidosis: case report. A J Neuroradiol 22:1207–1208
57.
go back to reference Dessouky OY (2008) Isolated sinonasal sarcoidosis with intracranial extension: case report. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital 28(6):306–308PubMed Dessouky OY (2008) Isolated sinonasal sarcoidosis with intracranial extension: case report. Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital 28(6):306–308PubMed
58.
go back to reference Gürkov R, Berghaus A (2009) Nasal reconstruction in advanced sinonasal sarcoidosis. Case report. Rhinology 47:327–329PubMed Gürkov R, Berghaus A (2009) Nasal reconstruction in advanced sinonasal sarcoidosis. Case report. Rhinology 47:327–329PubMed
59.
go back to reference Krzystolik M, Power WJ, Foster CS (1998) Diagnostic and therapeutic challenges of sarcoidosis. Int Ophtalmol Clin 38:61–76CrossRef Krzystolik M, Power WJ, Foster CS (1998) Diagnostic and therapeutic challenges of sarcoidosis. Int Ophtalmol Clin 38:61–76CrossRef
60.
go back to reference Costabel U, Guzman J, Drent M (2005) Diagnosis approach to sarcoidosis. Eur Respir Monogr 10:259–264 Costabel U, Guzman J, Drent M (2005) Diagnosis approach to sarcoidosis. Eur Respir Monogr 10:259–264
61.
62.
63.
go back to reference Luh SP, Wu TC, Wang YT, Tsao TC, Chen JY (2007) Experiences and benefits of positron emitted tomography–computed tomography (PET-CT) combined with video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) in the diagnosis of Stage 1 sarcoidosis. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 8(6):410–415CrossRef Luh SP, Wu TC, Wang YT, Tsao TC, Chen JY (2007) Experiences and benefits of positron emitted tomography–computed tomography (PET-CT) combined with video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) in the diagnosis of Stage 1 sarcoidosis. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 8(6):410–415CrossRef
64.
go back to reference Mitchell DN, Scadding JG, Heard BE, Hinson KF (1977) Sarcoidosis: histopathological definition and clinical diagnosis. J Clin Pathol 30(5):395–408CrossRefPubMed Mitchell DN, Scadding JG, Heard BE, Hinson KF (1977) Sarcoidosis: histopathological definition and clinical diagnosis. J Clin Pathol 30(5):395–408CrossRefPubMed
65.
go back to reference Yanardag H, Caner M, Papila I, Uygun S, Demirci S, Karayel T (2007) Diagnostic value of peripheral lymph node biopsies in sarcoidosis: a report of 67 cases. Can Respir J 14(4):209–211PubMed Yanardag H, Caner M, Papila I, Uygun S, Demirci S, Karayel T (2007) Diagnostic value of peripheral lymph node biopsies in sarcoidosis: a report of 67 cases. Can Respir J 14(4):209–211PubMed
66.
go back to reference Siltzbach LE (1961) The Kveim test in sarcoidosis: a study of 750 patients. JAMA 178:476–482PubMed Siltzbach LE (1961) The Kveim test in sarcoidosis: a study of 750 patients. JAMA 178:476–482PubMed
67.
go back to reference Grutters JC, van den Bosch JM (2006) Corticosteroid treatment in sarcoidosis. Eur Respir J 28:627–636CrossRefPubMed Grutters JC, van den Bosch JM (2006) Corticosteroid treatment in sarcoidosis. Eur Respir J 28:627–636CrossRefPubMed
68.
go back to reference Mandel L, Wolinsky B, Chalom EC (2005) Treatment of refractory sarcoidal parotid gland swelling in a previously reported unresponsive case. J Am Dent Assoc 136:1282–1285PubMed Mandel L, Wolinsky B, Chalom EC (2005) Treatment of refractory sarcoidal parotid gland swelling in a previously reported unresponsive case. J Am Dent Assoc 136:1282–1285PubMed
69.
go back to reference Callejas-Rubio JL, Lopez-Perez L, Ortego-Centeno N (2008) Tumor necrosis factor-alfa inhibitor treatment for sarcoidosis. Ther Clin Risk Manag 4(6):1305–1313PubMed Callejas-Rubio JL, Lopez-Perez L, Ortego-Centeno N (2008) Tumor necrosis factor-alfa inhibitor treatment for sarcoidosis. Ther Clin Risk Manag 4(6):1305–1313PubMed
70.
go back to reference Roberts SD, Wilkes DS, Burgett RA, Knox KS (2003) Refractory sarcoidosis responding to infliximab. Chest 124:2028–2031CrossRefPubMed Roberts SD, Wilkes DS, Burgett RA, Knox KS (2003) Refractory sarcoidosis responding to infliximab. Chest 124:2028–2031CrossRefPubMed
71.
go back to reference Patel SR (2009) Systemic sarcoidosis with bone marrow involvement responding to therapy with adalimumab: a case report. J Med Case Reports 3:8573–8578CrossRefPubMed Patel SR (2009) Systemic sarcoidosis with bone marrow involvement responding to therapy with adalimumab: a case report. J Med Case Reports 3:8573–8578CrossRefPubMed
72.
go back to reference Kay DJ, Har-El G (2001) The role of endoscopic sinus surgery in chronic sinonasal sarcoidosis. Am J Rhinol 15:249–254PubMed Kay DJ, Har-El G (2001) The role of endoscopic sinus surgery in chronic sinonasal sarcoidosis. Am J Rhinol 15:249–254PubMed
74.
go back to reference Nunes H, Humber M, Capron F, Brauner M, Sitbone O, Battesti J-P, Simonneau G, Valeyre D (2006) Pulmonary hypertension associated with sarcoidosis: mechanisms, haemodynamics and prognosis. Thorax 61(1):68–74CrossRefPubMed Nunes H, Humber M, Capron F, Brauner M, Sitbone O, Battesti J-P, Simonneau G, Valeyre D (2006) Pulmonary hypertension associated with sarcoidosis: mechanisms, haemodynamics and prognosis. Thorax 61(1):68–74CrossRefPubMed
75.
go back to reference Reich JR (2002) Mortality of intrathoracic sarcoidosis in referral versus population-based settings: influence of stage, ethnicity, and corticosteroid therapy. Chest 121:32–39CrossRefPubMed Reich JR (2002) Mortality of intrathoracic sarcoidosis in referral versus population-based settings: influence of stage, ethnicity, and corticosteroid therapy. Chest 121:32–39CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
Sarcoidosis and its otolaryngological implications
Authors
Katarzyna Mrówka-Kata
Dariusz Kata
Dariusz Lange
Grzegorz Namysłowski
Eugeniusz Czecior
Katarzyna Banert
Publication date
01-10-2010
Publisher
Springer-Verlag
Published in
European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology / Issue 10/2010
Print ISSN: 0937-4477
Electronic ISSN: 1434-4726
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-010-1331-y

Other articles of this Issue 10/2010

European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology 10/2010 Go to the issue