Top

Published in:

01-04-2007 | ORIGINAL CONTRIBUTION

The effects of high walnut and cashew nut diets on the antioxidant status of subjects with metabolic syndrome

Authors: Lisa Davis, Welma Stonehouse, Du Toit Loots, Janine Mukuddem-Petersen, Francois H. van der Westhuizen, Susanna M. Hanekom, Johann C. Jerling

Published in: European Journal of Nutrition | Issue 3/2007

Abstract

Background

Nut consumption is associated with a protective effect against coronary heart disease, partly due to its high antioxidant content. It is hypothesized that the inclusion of nuts in the diet will improve the antioxidant status of subjects with metabolic syndrome who may be vulnerable to impaired antioxidant status.

Aim

The effects of high cashew nut and high walnut diets on the antioxidant status of subjects with metabolic syndrome are investigated.

Methodology

Sixty-four volunteers (29 male and 35 female, 45 ± 10y) with metabolic syndrome (diagnosed by using the ATP III criteria) received a prudent control diet, prepared in the metabolic kitchen of the North-West University, Potchefstroom campus (NWU-PC) for a period of 3 weeks (run-in). The participants were grouped according to gender and age and randomized into three groups, receiving either the walnut, cashew nut or the control diets for 8 weeks, while maintaining a stable body weight. Nuts provided 20% of daily energy intake. Fasting blood samples were taken after the run-in period (baseline) and at the end of the intervention period and analyzed for various antioxidant capacity markers.

Results

The oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) of the walnut and cashew nut diets were significantly higher than the control diet. Despite this, the walnut and cashew nut diets had no significant effects on serum ORAC, reduced (GSH), oxidized (GSSG) glutathione, GSH:GSSG or diacron reactive metabolites (dRom) (total oxidant status) levels compared to the control group. However, all three groups showed significant improvements in antioxidant status from baseline to end (GSSG and dRom levels decreased; GSG:GSSG ratio and ORAC levels increased). This may be due to a general increased antioxidant intake from the prudent diet compared to the habitual diets.

Conclusion

Although the inclusion of walnuts and cashew nuts into a prudent diet resulted in an increased antioxidant capacity (ORAC) of the nut diets, compared to the control diet, it did not improve the serum antioxidant profiles of subjects with metabolic syndrome.

Abstract of the 55th Annual Meeting of the AACC (American Association of Clinical Chemistry) (2003) Philidelphia, Pennesylvania, USA, July 20–24. Clin Chem 49:A2–182

Anderson KJ, Teuber SS, Gobeille A, Cremin P, Waterhouse AL, Steinberg FM (2001) Walnut polyphenolic inhibit in vitro human plasma and LDL oxidation. J Nutr 131:2837–2842

Aziz AA, Edwards CA, Lean MEJ, Crozier A (1998) Absorption and excretion of conjugated flavonols, including quercetin-4′-O-β-glucoside and isorhamnetin-4′-O-β-glucoside by human volunteers after the consumption of onions. Free Radic Res 29:257–269CrossRef

Bingham SA (1991) Limitations of the various methods for collecting dietary intake data. Ann Nutr Metab 35(3): 117–27CrossRef

Briefel RR, Sempos CT, Mcdowell MA, Chien S, Almaimo (1997) Dietary methods research in the third national health and nutrition examination survey: underreporting of energy intake. Am J Clin Nutr 65(4):1203S–1209S

Cao G, Verdon C, Wu AHB, Wang H, Prior RL (1995) Automated oxygen radical absorbance capacity assay using the COBAS FARA II. Clin Chem 41:1738–1744

Cao G, Prior RL (1998) Measurement of oxygen radical absorbance capacity in biological samples. In: Methods in Enzymology. Academic Press, New York, Vol 299, pp 50–62

Chen C, Milbury PE, Lapsley K, Blumberg JB (2005) Flavonoids from almond skins are bioavailable and act synergistically with vitamins C and E to enhance hamster and human LDL resistance to oxidation. J Nutr 135:1366–1373

Cooney RV, Custer LJ, Okinaka L, Franke AA (2001) Effects of dietary sesame seeds on plasma tocopherol levels. Nutr Cancer 39(1):66–71CrossRef

10.

Cornelli U, Terranova R, Luca S, Cornelli M, Alberti A (2001) Bioavailability and antioxidant activity of some food supplements in men and women using the dRom test as a marker of oxidative stress. J Nutr 131:3208–3211

11.

Dessein PH, Joffe BI, Stanwix AE (2002) Effects of disease modifying agents and dietary intervention on insulin resistance and dyslipidemia in inflammatory arthritis: a pilot study. Arthritis Care Res 4:R12

12.

Dreher ML, Maher CV, Kearney P (1996) The traditional and emerging role of nuts in healthful diets. Nutr Rev 54:241–245CrossRef

13.

Ford ES, Mokdad AH, Giles WH, Brown DW (2003) The metabolic syndrome and antioxidant concentrations. Findings from the third national health and nutrition examination survey. Diabetes 52:2346–2352CrossRef

14.

Frankel EN, Waterhouse AL, Teissedre PL (1995) Principal phenolic phytochemicals in selected California wines and their antioxidant activity in inhibiting oxidation of low-density lipoproteins. J Agric Food Chem 43:890–894CrossRef

15.

Friedewald WT, Levy RI, Fredrickson DS (1972) Estimation of the concentration of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma, without use of the preparative ultracentrifuge. Clin Chem 18:499–502

16.

Fukuda T, Ito H, Yoshida T (2003) Antioxidative polyphenols from walnuts (Juglans regia L.). Phytochemistry 63(7):795–801CrossRef

17.

García-Lorda P, Rangil M, Salas-Salvadó J (2003) Nut consumption, body weight and insulin resistance. Eur J Clin Nutr 57:S8–S11CrossRef

18.

Giugliano D, Ceriello A, Paolisso G (1999) Oxidative stress and diabetic vascular complications. Diabetes care 19:257–263CrossRef

19.

Hansel B, Giral P, Nobecourt E, Chantepie S, Bruckhurt E, Chapman MJ, Kontush A (2004) Metabolic syndrome is associated with elevated oxidative stress and dysfunctional dense high-density lipoprotein particles displaying impaired antioxidative activity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89(10):4963–4971CrossRef

20.

Janse van Rensburg C, Erasmus E, Loots DT, Oosthuizen W, Jerling JC, Kruger HS, Louw R, Brits M, Van der Westhuizen FH (2005) Rosa roxburghii supplementation in a controlled feeding study increases plasma antioxidant capacity and glutathione redox state. Eur J Nutr 44(7):452–457CrossRef

21.

Jenkinson A, Franklin MF, Wahle K, Duthie GG (1999) Dietary intakes of polyunsatutared fatty acids and indices of oxidative stress in human volunteers. Eur J Clin Nutr 53:523–528CrossRef

22.

Katz A, Nambi SS, Mather K, Baron AD, Follman DA, Sullivan G, Quon MJ (2000) Quantitative insulin sensitivity check index: a simple, accurate method for assessing insulin sensitivity in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:2402–2410CrossRef

23.

Kris-Etherton PP, Zhao G, Binkoski AE, Coval SM, Etherton TD (2001) The effects of nuts on coronary heart disease risk. Nutr Rev 59:103–111CrossRef

24.

Kruger HS, Venter CS, Steyn HS (2004) A stadarized physical activity questionnaire fora population in transition: the Thusa study. Afr J Phys Health Educ Recreation Dance 6:54–64

25.

Langenhoven ML, Kruger M, Gouws E, Faber M (2001) MRC food composition tables, 3rd edn. National Research Institute for Nutritional Diseases of the South African Medical Research Council, Parow

26.

Macintyre UE, Venter CS, Vorster HH (2001) A culture-sensitive quantitative food frequency questionnaire used in an African population: development and reproducibility. Public Health Nutr 4:53–62

27.

Mukuddem-Petersen J (2005) The effects of nuts on markers of the metabolic syndrome. North-West University. (Thesis—PhD), Potchefstroom, 180 pp

28.

Obrosova IG, Van Hysen C, Fathallah L, Cao X, Greene DA, Stevens MJ (2002) An aldose reductase inhibitor reverses early diabetes-induced changes in peripheral nerve function, metabolism and antioxidative defence. FASEB J 16:123–125

29.

Official methods of analysis of AOAC international (2002) AOAC international, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA

30.

Paolisso G, Giugliano D (1996) Oxidative stress and insulin action. Is there a relationship? Diabetologia 39:357–363

31.

Pearson DA, Tan CH, German JB, Davis PA, Gershwin ME (1999) Apple juice inhibits human low density lipoprotein oxidation. Life Sci 64:1913–1920CrossRef

32.

Pieters M, Oosthuizen W, Jerling JC, Loots Du T, Mukkuddem-Petersen J, Hanekom SM (2005) Clustering of haemostatic variables and the effect of high cashew and walnut diets on these variables in metabolic syndrome patients. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 16(6):429–436CrossRef

33.

Reitman A, Friedrich I, Ben-Amotz A, Levy Y (2002) Low plasma antioxidants and normal plasma B vitamins and homocysteine in patients with severe obesity. Isr Medic Assoc J 4:590–593

34.

Rice-Evans CA, Miller NJ, Panganga G (1996) Structure-antioxidant activity relationships of flavonoids and phenolic acids. Free Radic Biol Medic 20:933–956CrossRef

35.

Ros E, Nunez I, Perez-Heras A, Serra M, Gilabert R, Casals E, Deulofeu R (2004) A walnut diet improves endothelial function in hypercholesterolemic subjects: a randomized crossover trial. Circulation 109:1609–1614CrossRef

36.

Scalbert A, Manach C, Morand C, Rémésy C, Jiménez L (2005) Dietery poluphenols and the prevention of diseases. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 45:1–20CrossRef

37.

Sentí M, Tomás M, Fitó M, Weinbrenner T, Covas M, Sala J, Masiá R, Marrugat J (2005) Antioxidant paraoxonase 1 activity in the metabolic syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 88(11):5422–5426CrossRef

38.

Singh B, Kale RK, Rao AR (2004) Modulation of antioxidant potential in liver of mice by kernel oil of cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale) and its lack of tumour promoting ability in DMBA induced skin papillomagenesis. Indian J Exp Biol 42(4):373–377

39.

Singleton VL, Rossi JA (1965) Colorimetry of total phenolics with phosphomolybdic-phosphotungstic acid reagents. Am J Enol Vitic 16:144–158

40.

Tapsell LC, Gillen LJ, Patch CS, Batterham M, Owen A, Bare M, Kennedy M (2004) Including walnuts in a low-fat/modified-fat diet improves HDL cholesterol-to-total cholesterol ratios in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes care 27(12):2777–2783CrossRef

41.

Unno T, Kondo K, Itakura H, Takeo T (1996) Analysis of (-)-epigallocatechin gallate in human serum obtained after ingesting green tea. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 60:2066–2068CrossRef

Title: The effects of high walnut and cashew nut diets on the antioxidant status of subjects with metabolic syndrome
Authors: Lisa Davis
Welma Stonehouse
Du Toit Loots
Janine Mukuddem-Petersen
Francois H. van der Westhuizen
Susanna M. Hanekom
Johann C. Jerling
Publication date: 01-04-2007
Publisher: Steinkopff-Verlag
Published in: European Journal of Nutrition / Issue 3/2007
Print ISSN: 1436-6207
Electronic ISSN: 1436-6215
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-007-0647-x

Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Reserve your place

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin

Prof. Florian Limbourg

Prof. Anoop Chauhan

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Background

Aim

Methodology

Results

Conclusion

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 3/2007

Suppressive effect of resistant maltodextrin on postprandial blood triacylglycerol elevation

Effects of basal level of antioxidants on oxidative DNA damage in humans

Flavonoids inhibit the formation of the cross-linking AGE pentosidine in collagen incubated with glucose, according to their structure

Relationship between diet and anticoagulant response to warfarin

Soy isoflavones reduce electronegative low-density lipoprotein (LDL−) and anti-LDL− autoantibodies in experimental atherosclerosis

Lifestyle and diet in people using dietary supplements

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

At a glance: The STEP trials