Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Pediatric Surgery International 4/2011

01-04-2011 | Review Article

Febrile urinary tract infection, vesicoureteral reflux, and renal scarring: current controversies in approach to evaluation

Authors: Martin A. Koyle, Jack S. Elder, Steven J. Skoog, Tej K. Mattoo, Hans G. Pohl, Pramod P. Reddy, Jennifer M. Abidari, Warren T. Snodgrass

Published in: Pediatric Surgery International | Issue 4/2011

Login to get access

Abstract

The ideal approach to the radiological evaluation of children with urinary tract infection (UTI) is in a state of confusion. The conventional bottom-up approach, with its focus on the detection of upper and lower urinary tract abnormalities, including vesicoureteral reflux, has been challenged by the top-down approach, which focuses on confirming the diagnosis of acute pyelonephritis before more invasive imaging is considered. Controversies abound regarding which approach may best assess the ultimate risk for reflux-related renal scarring. Evolving practices motivated by the emerging evidence, the desire to minimize unnecessary interventions, as well as improve compliance with recommended testing, have added to the current controversies. Recent guideline updates and ongoing clinical trials hopefully will help in addressing some of these concerns.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
go back to reference Peters CA, Skoog SJ, Arant BS Jr et al (2010) Summary of the AUA Guideline on management of primary vesicoureteral reflux in children. J Urol 184:1134–1144PubMedCrossRef Peters CA, Skoog SJ, Arant BS Jr et al (2010) Summary of the AUA Guideline on management of primary vesicoureteral reflux in children. J Urol 184:1134–1144PubMedCrossRef
2.
go back to reference Hellstrom A, Hanson E, Hansson S et al (1991) Association between urinary symptoms at 7 years old and previous urinary tract infection. Arch Dis Child 66:232–234PubMedCrossRef Hellstrom A, Hanson E, Hansson S et al (1991) Association between urinary symptoms at 7 years old and previous urinary tract infection. Arch Dis Child 66:232–234PubMedCrossRef
3.
go back to reference Shortliffe LMD (2007) Infection and inflammation of the pediatric genitourinary tract. In: Wein AJ (ed) Campbell-Walsh Urology, 9th edn. Saunders Elsevier, Philadelphia (p Chapter 12) Shortliffe LMD (2007) Infection and inflammation of the pediatric genitourinary tract. In: Wein AJ (ed) Campbell-Walsh Urology, 9th edn. Saunders Elsevier, Philadelphia (p Chapter 12)
4.
go back to reference Freedman AL (2007) Urinary tract infection in children. In: Litwin MS, Saigal CS (eds) Urologic diseases in America. US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Washington, DC, vol NIH Publication No. 07-5512, pp 439–457 Freedman AL (2007) Urinary tract infection in children. In: Litwin MS, Saigal CS (eds) Urologic diseases in America. US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Washington, DC, vol NIH Publication No. 07-5512, pp 439–457
5.
go back to reference American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on quality improvement (1999) Subcommittee on urinary tract infection: practice parameter: the diagnosis, treatment, and evaluation of the initial urinary tract infection in febrile infants and young children. Pediatrics 103:843–852 American Academy of Pediatrics. Committee on quality improvement (1999) Subcommittee on urinary tract infection: practice parameter: the diagnosis, treatment, and evaluation of the initial urinary tract infection in febrile infants and young children. Pediatrics 103:843–852
6.
go back to reference Keren R, Carpenter MA, Hoberman A et al (2008) Rationale and design issues of the randomized intervention for children with vesicoureteral reflux (RIVUR) study. Pediatrics 122(Suppl 5):S240–S250PubMedCrossRef Keren R, Carpenter MA, Hoberman A et al (2008) Rationale and design issues of the randomized intervention for children with vesicoureteral reflux (RIVUR) study. Pediatrics 122(Suppl 5):S240–S250PubMedCrossRef
7.
go back to reference Chesney RW, Carpenter MA, Moxey-Mims M et al (2008) Randomized intervention for children with vesicoureteral reflux (RIVUR): Background commentary of RIVUR investigators. Pediatrics 122(Suppl 5):S233–S239PubMedCrossRef Chesney RW, Carpenter MA, Moxey-Mims M et al (2008) Randomized intervention for children with vesicoureteral reflux (RIVUR): Background commentary of RIVUR investigators. Pediatrics 122(Suppl 5):S233–S239PubMedCrossRef
8.
go back to reference Faust WC, Diaz M, Pohl HG (2009) Incidence of post-pyelonephritic renal scarring: a meta-analysis of the dimercapto-succinic acid literature. J Urol 181:290–297PubMedCrossRef Faust WC, Diaz M, Pohl HG (2009) Incidence of post-pyelonephritic renal scarring: a meta-analysis of the dimercapto-succinic acid literature. J Urol 181:290–297PubMedCrossRef
9.
go back to reference Elder JS (2007) Vesicoureteral reflux. In: Kliegman RM, Behrman RE, Jenson HB et al (eds) Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, 18th edn. Saunders Elsevier, Philadelphia (p Chapter 539) Elder JS (2007) Vesicoureteral reflux. In: Kliegman RM, Behrman RE, Jenson HB et al (eds) Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics, 18th edn. Saunders Elsevier, Philadelphia (p Chapter 539)
10.
go back to reference Orellana P, Baquedano P, Rangarajan V et al (2004) Relationship between acute pyelonephritis, renal scarring, and vesicoureteral reflux. Results of a coordinated research project. Pediatr Nephrol 19:1122–1126PubMedCrossRef Orellana P, Baquedano P, Rangarajan V et al (2004) Relationship between acute pyelonephritis, renal scarring, and vesicoureteral reflux. Results of a coordinated research project. Pediatr Nephrol 19:1122–1126PubMedCrossRef
11.
go back to reference Scott JE, Stansfeld JM (1968) Ureteric reflux and kidney scarring in children. Arch Dis Child 43:468–470PubMedCrossRef Scott JE, Stansfeld JM (1968) Ureteric reflux and kidney scarring in children. Arch Dis Child 43:468–470PubMedCrossRef
12.
go back to reference Hutch JA, Chisholm ER, Smith DR (1969) Summary of pathogenesis of, and new classification for urinary tract infection (and a report of 381 cases to which this classification has been applied). J Urol 102:758–761PubMed Hutch JA, Chisholm ER, Smith DR (1969) Summary of pathogenesis of, and new classification for urinary tract infection (and a report of 381 cases to which this classification has been applied). J Urol 102:758–761PubMed
13.
go back to reference Filly RA, Friedland GW, Govan DE et al (1974) Urinary tract infections in children. Part II––Roentgenologic aspects. West J Med 121:374–381PubMed Filly RA, Friedland GW, Govan DE et al (1974) Urinary tract infections in children. Part II––Roentgenologic aspects. West J Med 121:374–381PubMed
14.
go back to reference Skoog SJ, Belman AB, Majd M (1987) A nonsurgical approach to the management of primary vesicoureteral reflux. J Urol 138:941–946PubMed Skoog SJ, Belman AB, Majd M (1987) A nonsurgical approach to the management of primary vesicoureteral reflux. J Urol 138:941–946PubMed
15.
go back to reference Jodal U, Smellie JM, Lax H et al (2006) Ten-year results of randomized treatment of children with severe vesicoureteral reflux. Final report of the international reflux study in children. Pediatr Nephrol 21:785–792PubMedCrossRef Jodal U, Smellie JM, Lax H et al (2006) Ten-year results of randomized treatment of children with severe vesicoureteral reflux. Final report of the international reflux study in children. Pediatr Nephrol 21:785–792PubMedCrossRef
16.
go back to reference Elder JS, Peters CA, Arant BS Jr et al (1997) Pediatric Vesicoureteral Reflux Guidelines Panel summary report on the management of primary vesicoureteral reflux in children. J Urol 157:1846–1851PubMedCrossRef Elder JS, Peters CA, Arant BS Jr et al (1997) Pediatric Vesicoureteral Reflux Guidelines Panel summary report on the management of primary vesicoureteral reflux in children. J Urol 157:1846–1851PubMedCrossRef
17.
go back to reference Lin KY, Chiu NT, Chen MJ et al (2003) Acute pyelonephritis and sequelae of renal scar in pediatric first febrile urinary tract infection. Pediatr Nephrol 18:362–365PubMed Lin KY, Chiu NT, Chen MJ et al (2003) Acute pyelonephritis and sequelae of renal scar in pediatric first febrile urinary tract infection. Pediatr Nephrol 18:362–365PubMed
18.
go back to reference Ataei N, Madani A, Habibi R et al (2005) Evaluation of acute pyelonephritis with DMSA scans in children presenting after the age of 5 years. Pediatr Nephrol 20:1439–1444PubMedCrossRef Ataei N, Madani A, Habibi R et al (2005) Evaluation of acute pyelonephritis with DMSA scans in children presenting after the age of 5 years. Pediatr Nephrol 20:1439–1444PubMedCrossRef
19.
go back to reference Hewitt IK, Zucchetta P, Rigon L et al (2008) Early treatment of acute pyelonephritis in children fails to reduce renal scarring: data from the Italian Renal Infection Study Trials. Pediatrics 122:486–490PubMedCrossRef Hewitt IK, Zucchetta P, Rigon L et al (2008) Early treatment of acute pyelonephritis in children fails to reduce renal scarring: data from the Italian Renal Infection Study Trials. Pediatrics 122:486–490PubMedCrossRef
20.
go back to reference Coulthard MG, Verber I, Jani JC et al (2009) Can prompt treatment of childhood UTI prevent kidney scarring? Pediatr Nephrol 24:2059–2063PubMedCrossRef Coulthard MG, Verber I, Jani JC et al (2009) Can prompt treatment of childhood UTI prevent kidney scarring? Pediatr Nephrol 24:2059–2063PubMedCrossRef
21.
go back to reference Coulthard MG (2002) Do kidneys outgrow the risk of reflux nephropathy? Pediatr Nephrol 17:477–480PubMedCrossRef Coulthard MG (2002) Do kidneys outgrow the risk of reflux nephropathy? Pediatr Nephrol 17:477–480PubMedCrossRef
22.
go back to reference Mingin GC, Nguyen HT, Baskin LS et al (2004) Abnormal dimercapto-succinic acid scans predict an increased risk of breakthrough infection in children with vesicoureteral reflux. J Urol 172:1075–1077PubMedCrossRef Mingin GC, Nguyen HT, Baskin LS et al (2004) Abnormal dimercapto-succinic acid scans predict an increased risk of breakthrough infection in children with vesicoureteral reflux. J Urol 172:1075–1077PubMedCrossRef
23.
go back to reference Martz K, Stablein DM, North American Pediatric Renal Trials and Collaborative Studies (NAPRTCS) (2008). Annual Report Martz K, Stablein DM, North American Pediatric Renal Trials and Collaborative Studies (NAPRTCS) (2008). Annual Report
24.
go back to reference Estrada CR Jr, Passerotti CC, Graham DA et al (2009) Nomograms for predicting annual resolution rate of primary vesicoureteral reflux: results from 2, 462 children. J Urol 182:1535–1541PubMedCrossRef Estrada CR Jr, Passerotti CC, Graham DA et al (2009) Nomograms for predicting annual resolution rate of primary vesicoureteral reflux: results from 2, 462 children. J Urol 182:1535–1541PubMedCrossRef
25.
go back to reference Mingin GC, Hinds A, Nguyen HT et al (2004) Children with a febrile urinary tract infection and a negative radiologic workup: factors predictive of recurrence. Urology 63:562–565PubMedCrossRef Mingin GC, Hinds A, Nguyen HT et al (2004) Children with a febrile urinary tract infection and a negative radiologic workup: factors predictive of recurrence. Urology 63:562–565PubMedCrossRef
26.
go back to reference Hoberman A, Charron M, Hickey RW et al (2003) Imaging studies after a first febrile urinary tract infection in young children. N Engl J Med 348:195–202PubMedCrossRef Hoberman A, Charron M, Hickey RW et al (2003) Imaging studies after a first febrile urinary tract infection in young children. N Engl J Med 348:195–202PubMedCrossRef
27.
go back to reference Vachvanichsanong P, Dissaneewate P, Thongmak S et al (2008) Primary vesicoureteral reflux mediated renal scarring after urinary tract infection in Thai children. Nephrology (Carlton) 13:38–42CrossRef Vachvanichsanong P, Dissaneewate P, Thongmak S et al (2008) Primary vesicoureteral reflux mediated renal scarring after urinary tract infection in Thai children. Nephrology (Carlton) 13:38–42CrossRef
28.
go back to reference Rushton HG, Majd M, Jantausch B et al (1992) Renal scarring following reflux and nonreflux pyelonephritis in children: evaluation with 99mtechnetium-dimercaptosuccinic acid scintigraphy. J Urol 147:1327–1332PubMed Rushton HG, Majd M, Jantausch B et al (1992) Renal scarring following reflux and nonreflux pyelonephritis in children: evaluation with 99mtechnetium-dimercaptosuccinic acid scintigraphy. J Urol 147:1327–1332PubMed
29.
go back to reference Majd M, Rushton HG, Jantausch B et al (1991) Relationship among vesicoureteral reflux, P-fimbriated Escherichia coli, and acute pyelonephritis in children with febrile urinary tract infection. J Pediatr 119:578–585PubMedCrossRef Majd M, Rushton HG, Jantausch B et al (1991) Relationship among vesicoureteral reflux, P-fimbriated Escherichia coli, and acute pyelonephritis in children with febrile urinary tract infection. J Pediatr 119:578–585PubMedCrossRef
30.
go back to reference Mahant S, Friedman J, MacArthur C (2002) Renal ultrasound findings and vesicoureteral reflux in children hospitalised with urinary tract infection. Arch Dis Child 86:419–420PubMedCrossRef Mahant S, Friedman J, MacArthur C (2002) Renal ultrasound findings and vesicoureteral reflux in children hospitalised with urinary tract infection. Arch Dis Child 86:419–420PubMedCrossRef
31.
go back to reference Bjorgvinsson E, Majd M, Eggli KD (1991) Diagnosis of acute pyelonephritis in children: comparison of sonography and 99mTc-DMSA scintigraphy. AJR Am J Roentgenol 157:539–543PubMed Bjorgvinsson E, Majd M, Eggli KD (1991) Diagnosis of acute pyelonephritis in children: comparison of sonography and 99mTc-DMSA scintigraphy. AJR Am J Roentgenol 157:539–543PubMed
32.
go back to reference MacKenzie JR, Fowler K, Hollman AS et al (1994) The value of ultrasound in the child with an acute urinary tract infection. Br J Urol 74:240–244PubMedCrossRef MacKenzie JR, Fowler K, Hollman AS et al (1994) The value of ultrasound in the child with an acute urinary tract infection. Br J Urol 74:240–244PubMedCrossRef
33.
go back to reference Preda I, Jodal U, Sixt R et al (2010) Value of ultrasound in evaluation of infants with first urinary tract infection. J Urol 183:1984–1988PubMedCrossRef Preda I, Jodal U, Sixt R et al (2010) Value of ultrasound in evaluation of infants with first urinary tract infection. J Urol 183:1984–1988PubMedCrossRef
34.
go back to reference Cohen AL, Rivara FP, Davis R et al (2005) Compliance with guidelines for the medical care of first urinary tract infections in infants: a population-based study. Pediatrics 115:1474–1478PubMedCrossRef Cohen AL, Rivara FP, Davis R et al (2005) Compliance with guidelines for the medical care of first urinary tract infections in infants: a population-based study. Pediatrics 115:1474–1478PubMedCrossRef
35.
go back to reference National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) (2007) Urinary tract infection in children: diagnosis, treatment and long-term management. Clinical guideline 54. August 2007. http://guidance.nice.org.uk/CG054. Accessed 2 August 2010 National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) (2007) Urinary tract infection in children: diagnosis, treatment and long-term management. Clinical guideline 54. August 2007. http://​guidance.​nice.​org.​uk/​CG054. Accessed 2 August 2010
36.
go back to reference Tse NK, Yuen SL, Chiu MC et al (2009) Imaging studies for first urinary tract infection in infants less than 6 months old: can they be more selective? Pediatr Nephrol 24:1699–1703PubMedCrossRef Tse NK, Yuen SL, Chiu MC et al (2009) Imaging studies for first urinary tract infection in infants less than 6 months old: can they be more selective? Pediatr Nephrol 24:1699–1703PubMedCrossRef
37.
go back to reference Riccabona M, Avni FE, Blickman JG et al (2008) Imaging recommendations in paediatric uroradiology: minutes of the ESPR workgroup session on urinary tract infection, fetal hydronephrosis, urinary tract ultrasonography and voiding cystourethrography, Barcelona, Spain, June 2007. Pediatr Radiol 38:138–145PubMedCrossRef Riccabona M, Avni FE, Blickman JG et al (2008) Imaging recommendations in paediatric uroradiology: minutes of the ESPR workgroup session on urinary tract infection, fetal hydronephrosis, urinary tract ultrasonography and voiding cystourethrography, Barcelona, Spain, June 2007. Pediatr Radiol 38:138–145PubMedCrossRef
38.
go back to reference Majd M, Nussbaum Blask AR, Markle BM et al (2001) Acute pyelonephritis: comparison of diagnosis with 99mTc-DMSA, SPECT, spiral CT, MR imaging, and power Doppler US in an experimental pig model. Radiology 218:101–108PubMed Majd M, Nussbaum Blask AR, Markle BM et al (2001) Acute pyelonephritis: comparison of diagnosis with 99mTc-DMSA, SPECT, spiral CT, MR imaging, and power Doppler US in an experimental pig model. Radiology 218:101–108PubMed
39.
go back to reference Hansson S, Dhamey M, Sigstrom O et al (2004) Dimercapto-succinic acid scintigraphy instead of voiding cystourethrography for infants with urinary tract infection. J Urol 172:1071–1073PubMedCrossRef Hansson S, Dhamey M, Sigstrom O et al (2004) Dimercapto-succinic acid scintigraphy instead of voiding cystourethrography for infants with urinary tract infection. J Urol 172:1071–1073PubMedCrossRef
40.
go back to reference Preda I, Jodal U, Sixt R et al (2007) Normal dimercaptosuccinic acid scintigraphy makes voiding cystourethrography unnecessary after urinary tract infection. J Pediatr 151:581–584PubMedCrossRef Preda I, Jodal U, Sixt R et al (2007) Normal dimercaptosuccinic acid scintigraphy makes voiding cystourethrography unnecessary after urinary tract infection. J Pediatr 151:581–584PubMedCrossRef
41.
go back to reference Siomou E, Giapros V, Fotopoulos A et al (2009) Implications of 99mTc-DMSA scintigraphy performed during urinary tract infection in neonates. Pediatrics 124:881–887PubMedCrossRef Siomou E, Giapros V, Fotopoulos A et al (2009) Implications of 99mTc-DMSA scintigraphy performed during urinary tract infection in neonates. Pediatrics 124:881–887PubMedCrossRef
42.
go back to reference Herz D, Merguerian PA, Danielson C. Five-year prospective results of DMSA imaging in children with febrile urinary tract infection: proof the top-down approach works. 2009. 2009 American Academy of Pediatrics National Conference and Exhibition, 10-16-2009, Washington, DC Herz D, Merguerian PA, Danielson C. Five-year prospective results of DMSA imaging in children with febrile urinary tract infection: proof the top-down approach works. 2009. 2009 American Academy of Pediatrics National Conference and Exhibition, 10-16-2009, Washington, DC
43.
go back to reference Ziessman HA, Majd M (2009) Importance of methodology on (99m)technetium dimercapto-succinic acid scintigraphic image quality: imaging pilot study for RIVUR (randomized intervention for children with vesicoureteral reflux) multicenter investigation. J Urol 182:272–279PubMedCrossRef Ziessman HA, Majd M (2009) Importance of methodology on (99m)technetium dimercapto-succinic acid scintigraphic image quality: imaging pilot study for RIVUR (randomized intervention for children with vesicoureteral reflux) multicenter investigation. J Urol 182:272–279PubMedCrossRef
44.
go back to reference Khoury A, Bagli DJ (2007) Reflux and megaureter. In: Wein AJ (ed) Campbell-Walsh Urology, 9th edn. Saunders Elsevier, Philadelphia (p Chapter 117) Khoury A, Bagli DJ (2007) Reflux and megaureter. In: Wein AJ (ed) Campbell-Walsh Urology, 9th edn. Saunders Elsevier, Philadelphia (p Chapter 117)
45.
go back to reference Elder JS, Shah MB, Batiste LR et al (2007) Part 3: endoscopic injection versus antibiotic prophylaxis in the reduction of urinary tract infections in patients with vesicoureteral reflux. Curr Med Res Opin 23(Suppl 4):S15–S20PubMedCrossRef Elder JS, Shah MB, Batiste LR et al (2007) Part 3: endoscopic injection versus antibiotic prophylaxis in the reduction of urinary tract infections in patients with vesicoureteral reflux. Curr Med Res Opin 23(Suppl 4):S15–S20PubMedCrossRef
46.
go back to reference Garin EH, Olavarria F, Garcia NV et al (2006) Clinical significance of primary vesicoureteral reflux and urinary antibiotic prophylaxis after acute pyelonephritis:a multicenter, randomized, controlled study. Pediatrics 117:626–632PubMedCrossRef Garin EH, Olavarria F, Garcia NV et al (2006) Clinical significance of primary vesicoureteral reflux and urinary antibiotic prophylaxis after acute pyelonephritis:a multicenter, randomized, controlled study. Pediatrics 117:626–632PubMedCrossRef
47.
go back to reference Montini G, Rigon L, Zucchetta P et al (2008) Prophylaxis after first febrile urinary tract infection in children? A multicenter, randomized, controlled, noninferiority trial. Pediatrics 122:1064–1071PubMedCrossRef Montini G, Rigon L, Zucchetta P et al (2008) Prophylaxis after first febrile urinary tract infection in children? A multicenter, randomized, controlled, noninferiority trial. Pediatrics 122:1064–1071PubMedCrossRef
48.
go back to reference Pennesi M, Travan L, Peratoner L et al (2008) Is antibiotic prophylaxis in children with vesicoureteral reflux effective in preventing pyelonephritis and renal scars? A randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics 121:e1489–e1494PubMedCrossRef Pennesi M, Travan L, Peratoner L et al (2008) Is antibiotic prophylaxis in children with vesicoureteral reflux effective in preventing pyelonephritis and renal scars? A randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics 121:e1489–e1494PubMedCrossRef
49.
go back to reference Roussey-Kesler G, Gadjos V, Idres N et al (2008) Antibiotic prophylaxis for the prevention of recurrent urinary tract infection in children with low grade vesicoureteral reflux: results from a prospective randomized study. J Urol 179:674–679PubMedCrossRef Roussey-Kesler G, Gadjos V, Idres N et al (2008) Antibiotic prophylaxis for the prevention of recurrent urinary tract infection in children with low grade vesicoureteral reflux: results from a prospective randomized study. J Urol 179:674–679PubMedCrossRef
50.
go back to reference Brandstrom P, Esbjorner E, Herthelius M et al (2010) The Swedish reflux trial in children: III. Urinary tract infection pattern. J Urol 184:286–291PubMedCrossRef Brandstrom P, Esbjorner E, Herthelius M et al (2010) The Swedish reflux trial in children: III. Urinary tract infection pattern. J Urol 184:286–291PubMedCrossRef
51.
go back to reference Brandstrom P, Neveus T, Sixt R et al (2010) The Swedish reflux trial in children: IV. Renal damage. J Urol 184:292–297PubMedCrossRef Brandstrom P, Neveus T, Sixt R et al (2010) The Swedish reflux trial in children: IV. Renal damage. J Urol 184:292–297PubMedCrossRef
52.
go back to reference Craig JC, Simpson JM, Williams GJ et al (2009) Antibiotic prophylaxis and recurrent urinary tract infection in children. N Engl J Med 361:1748–1759PubMedCrossRef Craig JC, Simpson JM, Williams GJ et al (2009) Antibiotic prophylaxis and recurrent urinary tract infection in children. N Engl J Med 361:1748–1759PubMedCrossRef
53.
go back to reference Holmdahl G, Brandstrom P, Lackgren G et al (2010) The Swedish reflux trial in children: II. Vesicoureteral reflux outcome. J Urol 184:280–285PubMedCrossRef Holmdahl G, Brandstrom P, Lackgren G et al (2010) The Swedish reflux trial in children: II. Vesicoureteral reflux outcome. J Urol 184:280–285PubMedCrossRef
54.
55.
go back to reference Copp HL, Nelson CP, Shortliffe LD et al (2010) Compliance with antibiotic prophylaxis in children with vesicoureteral reflux: results from a national pharmacy claims database. J Urol 183:1994–1999PubMedCrossRef Copp HL, Nelson CP, Shortliffe LD et al (2010) Compliance with antibiotic prophylaxis in children with vesicoureteral reflux: results from a national pharmacy claims database. J Urol 183:1994–1999PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Febrile urinary tract infection, vesicoureteral reflux, and renal scarring: current controversies in approach to evaluation
Authors
Martin A. Koyle
Jack S. Elder
Steven J. Skoog
Tej K. Mattoo
Hans G. Pohl
Pramod P. Reddy
Jennifer M. Abidari
Warren T. Snodgrass
Publication date
01-04-2011
Publisher
Springer-Verlag
Published in
Pediatric Surgery International / Issue 4/2011
Print ISSN: 0179-0358
Electronic ISSN: 1437-9813
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00383-011-2863-y

Other articles of this Issue 4/2011

Pediatric Surgery International 4/2011 Go to the issue