Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Child's Nervous System 9/2012

01-09-2012 | Special Annual Issue

A review of reconstructive materials for use in craniofacial surgery bone fixation materials, bone substitutes, and distractors

Authors: James Tait Goodrich, Adam L. Sandler, Oren Tepper

Published in: Child's Nervous System | Issue 9/2012

Login to get access

Abstract

Over the last 40 years, craniofacial surgery, in general, and surgery for craniosynostosis, in particular, has witnessed the introduction of a number of new materials for use in operations involving the cranial vault. Some of these materials have proven quite useful over time, while others have failed to meet their stated objectives. In this review, the more popular implant materials are analyzed, and their relative merits and drawbacks are discussed. Craniofacial surgery in the pediatric population has its own unique limitations, quite different from the adult population and those issues are reviewed as well.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Eppley BL, Sadove AM (1995) A comparison of resorbable and metallic fixation in healing of calvarial bone grafts. Plast Reconstr Surg 96:316PubMedCrossRef Eppley BL, Sadove AM (1995) A comparison of resorbable and metallic fixation in healing of calvarial bone grafts. Plast Reconstr Surg 96:316PubMedCrossRef
2.
go back to reference Fearon JA, Munro IR, Bruce DA (1995) Observations on the use of rigid fixation for craniofacial deformities in infants and young children. Plast Reconstr Surg 95:634PubMedCrossRef Fearon JA, Munro IR, Bruce DA (1995) Observations on the use of rigid fixation for craniofacial deformities in infants and young children. Plast Reconstr Surg 95:634PubMedCrossRef
3.
go back to reference Goldberg DS, Bartlett SP, Yu JC, Hunter JV, Whitaker LA (1995) Critical review of microfixation in pediatric craniofacial surgery. Journal of Craniofacial Surgery 6:301PubMedCrossRef Goldberg DS, Bartlett SP, Yu JC, Hunter JV, Whitaker LA (1995) Critical review of microfixation in pediatric craniofacial surgery. Journal of Craniofacial Surgery 6:301PubMedCrossRef
4.
go back to reference Duke B, Mouchantat R, Ketch L, Winston K (1996) Transcranial migration of microf ixation plates and screws. Pediatr Neurosurg 25:31–35PubMedCrossRef Duke B, Mouchantat R, Ketch L, Winston K (1996) Transcranial migration of microf ixation plates and screws. Pediatr Neurosurg 25:31–35PubMedCrossRef
5.
go back to reference Munro IR, Fearon JA, Bruce DA (1993) Complications of rigid fixation in infants and children. Presented at the Fifth International Congress of the International Society of Craniofacial Surgery. Oaxaca, Mexico Munro IR, Fearon JA, Bruce DA (1993) Complications of rigid fixation in infants and children. Presented at the Fifth International Congress of the International Society of Craniofacial Surgery. Oaxaca, Mexico
6.
go back to reference Ahmad N, Lyles J, Panchal J (2008) Outcomes and complications based on experience with resorbable plates in pediatric craniosynostosis patients. Journal of Craniofacial Surgery 19:855PubMedCrossRef Ahmad N, Lyles J, Panchal J (2008) Outcomes and complications based on experience with resorbable plates in pediatric craniosynostosis patients. Journal of Craniofacial Surgery 19:855PubMedCrossRef
7.
go back to reference Eppley BL, Reilly M (1997) Degradation characteristics of PLLA-PGA bone fixation devices. The Journal of craniofacial surgery 8:116PubMedCrossRef Eppley BL, Reilly M (1997) Degradation characteristics of PLLA-PGA bone fixation devices. The Journal of craniofacial surgery 8:116PubMedCrossRef
8.
go back to reference Eppley BL, Morales L, Wood R, Pensler J, Goldstein J, Havlik RJ, Habal M, Losken A, Williams JK, Burstein F (2004) Resorbable PLLA-PGA plate and screw fixation in pediatric craniofacial surgery: clinical experience in 1883 patients. Plast Reconstr Surg 114:850PubMedCrossRef Eppley BL, Morales L, Wood R, Pensler J, Goldstein J, Havlik RJ, Habal M, Losken A, Williams JK, Burstein F (2004) Resorbable PLLA-PGA plate and screw fixation in pediatric craniofacial surgery: clinical experience in 1883 patients. Plast Reconstr Surg 114:850PubMedCrossRef
9.
go back to reference Kurpad SN, Goldstein JA, Cohen AR (2000) Bioresorbable fixation for congenital pediatric craniofacial surgery: a 2-year follow-up. Pediatr Neurosurg 33:306–310PubMedCrossRef Kurpad SN, Goldstein JA, Cohen AR (2000) Bioresorbable fixation for congenital pediatric craniofacial surgery: a 2-year follow-up. Pediatr Neurosurg 33:306–310PubMedCrossRef
10.
go back to reference Brevi BC, Magri AS, Toma L, Sesenna E (2010) Cranioplasty for repair of a large bone defect with autologous and homologous bone in children. J Pediatr Surg 45:e17–e20PubMedCrossRef Brevi BC, Magri AS, Toma L, Sesenna E (2010) Cranioplasty for repair of a large bone defect with autologous and homologous bone in children. J Pediatr Surg 45:e17–e20PubMedCrossRef
11.
go back to reference Bruce JN, Bruce SS (2003) Preservation of bone flaps in patients with postcraniotomy infections. J Neurosurg 98:1203–1207PubMedCrossRef Bruce JN, Bruce SS (2003) Preservation of bone flaps in patients with postcraniotomy infections. J Neurosurg 98:1203–1207PubMedCrossRef
12.
go back to reference Grant GA, Jolley M, Ellenbogen RG, Roberts TS, Gruss JR, Loeser JD (2004) Failure of autologous bone-assisted cranioplasty following decompressive craniectomy in children and adolescents. Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics 100:163–168CrossRef Grant GA, Jolley M, Ellenbogen RG, Roberts TS, Gruss JR, Loeser JD (2004) Failure of autologous bone-assisted cranioplasty following decompressive craniectomy in children and adolescents. Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics 100:163–168CrossRef
13.
go back to reference Jho DH, Neckrysh S, Hardman J, Charbel FT, Amin-Hanjani S (2007) Ethylene oxide gas sterilization: a simple technique for storing explanted skull bone. Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics 107:440–445 Jho DH, Neckrysh S, Hardman J, Charbel FT, Amin-Hanjani S (2007) Ethylene oxide gas sterilization: a simple technique for storing explanted skull bone. Journal of Neurosurgery: Pediatrics 107:440–445
14.
go back to reference Lee C, Antonyshyn OM, Forrest CR (1995) Cranioplasty: indications, technique, and early results of autogenous split skull cranial vault reconstruction. Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery 23:133–142PubMedCrossRef Lee C, Antonyshyn OM, Forrest CR (1995) Cranioplasty: indications, technique, and early results of autogenous split skull cranial vault reconstruction. Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery 23:133–142PubMedCrossRef
15.
go back to reference Matsuno A, Tanaka H, Iwamuro H, Takanashi S, Miyawaki S, Nakashima M, Nakaguchi H, Nagashima T (2006) Analyses of the factors influencing bone graft infection after delayed cranioplasty. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 148:535–540CrossRef Matsuno A, Tanaka H, Iwamuro H, Takanashi S, Miyawaki S, Nakashima M, Nakaguchi H, Nagashima T (2006) Analyses of the factors influencing bone graft infection after delayed cranioplasty. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 148:535–540CrossRef
16.
go back to reference Moreira-Gonzalez A, Jackson IT, Miyawaki T, Barakat K, DiNick V (2003) Clinical outcome in cranioplasty: critical review in long-term follow-up. Journal of Craniofacial Surgery 14:144PubMedCrossRef Moreira-Gonzalez A, Jackson IT, Miyawaki T, Barakat K, DiNick V (2003) Clinical outcome in cranioplasty: critical review in long-term follow-up. Journal of Craniofacial Surgery 14:144PubMedCrossRef
17.
go back to reference Sahoo N, Roy ID, Desai AP, Gupta V (2010) Comparative evaluation of autogenous calvarial bone graft and alloplastic materials for secondary reconstruction of cranial defects. Journal of Craniofacial Surgery 21:79PubMedCrossRef Sahoo N, Roy ID, Desai AP, Gupta V (2010) Comparative evaluation of autogenous calvarial bone graft and alloplastic materials for secondary reconstruction of cranial defects. Journal of Craniofacial Surgery 21:79PubMedCrossRef
18.
go back to reference Afifi AM, Gordon CR, Pryor LS, Sweeney W, Papay FA, Zins JE (2010) Calcium phosphate cements in skull reconstruction: a meta-analysis. Plast Reconstr Surg 126:1300PubMedCrossRef Afifi AM, Gordon CR, Pryor LS, Sweeney W, Papay FA, Zins JE (2010) Calcium phosphate cements in skull reconstruction: a meta-analysis. Plast Reconstr Surg 126:1300PubMedCrossRef
19.
go back to reference Costantino PD, Chaplin JM, Wolpoe ME, Catalano PJ, Sen C, Bederson JB, Govindaraj S (2000) Applications of fast-setting hydroxyapatite cement: cranioplasty. Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery 123:409PubMedCrossRef Costantino PD, Chaplin JM, Wolpoe ME, Catalano PJ, Sen C, Bederson JB, Govindaraj S (2000) Applications of fast-setting hydroxyapatite cement: cranioplasty. Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery 123:409PubMedCrossRef
20.
go back to reference Dean D, Topham NS, Rimnac C, Mikos AG, Goldberg DP, Jepsen K, Redtfeldt R, Liu Q, Pennington D, Ratcheson R (1999) Osseointegration of preformed polymethylmethacrylate craniofacial prostheses coated with bone marrow-impregnated poly (DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid) foam. Plast Reconstr Surg 104:705PubMedCrossRef Dean D, Topham NS, Rimnac C, Mikos AG, Goldberg DP, Jepsen K, Redtfeldt R, Liu Q, Pennington D, Ratcheson R (1999) Osseointegration of preformed polymethylmethacrylate craniofacial prostheses coated with bone marrow-impregnated poly (DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid) foam. Plast Reconstr Surg 104:705PubMedCrossRef
21.
go back to reference David L, Argenta L, Fisher D (2005) Hydroxyapatite cement in pediatric craniofacial reconstruction. Journal of Craniofacial Surgery 16:129PubMedCrossRef David L, Argenta L, Fisher D (2005) Hydroxyapatite cement in pediatric craniofacial reconstruction. Journal of Craniofacial Surgery 16:129PubMedCrossRef
22.
go back to reference De Bonis P, Frassanito P, nucci cg, mangiola a, Anile C, Pompucci A (2011) Cranial repair: how complicated is filling a ‘hole’. Journal of Neurotrauma 29:1071–1076 De Bonis P, Frassanito P, nucci cg, mangiola a, Anile C, Pompucci A (2011) Cranial repair: how complicated is filling a ‘hole’. Journal of Neurotrauma 29:1071–1076
23.
go back to reference Dujovny M, Aviles A, Anger C (1997) An innovative approach for cranioplasty using hydroxyapatite cement. Surg Neurol 48:294PubMedCrossRef Dujovny M, Aviles A, Anger C (1997) An innovative approach for cranioplasty using hydroxyapatite cement. Surg Neurol 48:294PubMedCrossRef
24.
go back to reference Durham SR, McComb JG, Levy ML (2003) Correction of large (> 25 cm2) cranial defects with" reinforced" hydroxyapatite cement: technique and complications. Neurosurgery 52:842PubMedCrossRef Durham SR, McComb JG, Levy ML (2003) Correction of large (> 25 cm2) cranial defects with" reinforced" hydroxyapatite cement: technique and complications. Neurosurgery 52:842PubMedCrossRef
25.
go back to reference Friedman CD, Costantino PD, Takagi S, Chow LC (1998) BoneSource™ hydroxyapatite cement: a novel biomaterial for craniofacial skeletal tissue engineering and reconstruction. J Biomed Mater Res 43:428–432PubMedCrossRef Friedman CD, Costantino PD, Takagi S, Chow LC (1998) BoneSource™ hydroxyapatite cement: a novel biomaterial for craniofacial skeletal tissue engineering and reconstruction. J Biomed Mater Res 43:428–432PubMedCrossRef
26.
go back to reference Gilardino MS, Cabiling DS, Bartlett SP (2009) Long-term follow-up experience with carbonated calcium phosphate cement (Norian) for cranioplasty in children and adults. Plast Reconstr Surg 123:983PubMedCrossRef Gilardino MS, Cabiling DS, Bartlett SP (2009) Long-term follow-up experience with carbonated calcium phosphate cement (Norian) for cranioplasty in children and adults. Plast Reconstr Surg 123:983PubMedCrossRef
27.
go back to reference Gómez E, Martín M, Arias J, Carceller F (2005) Clinical applications of Norian SRS (calcium phosphate cement) in craniofacial reconstruction in children: Our experience at Hospital La Paz since 2001. Journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery 63:8–14PubMedCrossRef Gómez E, Martín M, Arias J, Carceller F (2005) Clinical applications of Norian SRS (calcium phosphate cement) in craniofacial reconstruction in children: Our experience at Hospital La Paz since 2001. Journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery 63:8–14PubMedCrossRef
28.
go back to reference Gosain AK, Song L, Riordan P, Amarante MT, Nagy PG, Wilson CR, Toth JM, Ricci JL (2002) A 1-year study of osteoinduction in hydroxyapatite-derived biomaterials in an adult sheep model: Part I. Plast Reconstr Surg 109:619PubMedCrossRef Gosain AK, Song L, Riordan P, Amarante MT, Nagy PG, Wilson CR, Toth JM, Ricci JL (2002) A 1-year study of osteoinduction in hydroxyapatite-derived biomaterials in an adult sheep model: Part I. Plast Reconstr Surg 109:619PubMedCrossRef
29.
go back to reference Greenberg BM, Schneider SJ (2005) Alloplastic reconstruction of large cranio-orbital defects: a comparative evaluation. Ann Plast Surg 55:43PubMedCrossRef Greenberg BM, Schneider SJ (2005) Alloplastic reconstruction of large cranio-orbital defects: a comparative evaluation. Ann Plast Surg 55:43PubMedCrossRef
30.
go back to reference Herron S, Thordarson DB, Winet H, Luk A, Bao J (2003) Ingrowth of bone into absorbable bone cement: an in vivo microscopic evaluation. American journal of orthopedics (Belle Mead, NJ) 32:581 Herron S, Thordarson DB, Winet H, Luk A, Bao J (2003) Ingrowth of bone into absorbable bone cement: an in vivo microscopic evaluation. American journal of orthopedics (Belle Mead, NJ) 32:581
31.
go back to reference Jackson IT, Yavuzer R (2000) Hydroxyapatite cement: an alternative for craniofacial skeletal contour refinements. Br J Plast Surg 53:24–29PubMedCrossRef Jackson IT, Yavuzer R (2000) Hydroxyapatite cement: an alternative for craniofacial skeletal contour refinements. Br J Plast Surg 53:24–29PubMedCrossRef
32.
go back to reference Kirschner RE, Karmacharya J, Ong G, Gordon AD, Hunenko O, Losee JE, Gannon FH, Bartlett SP (2002) Repair of the immature craniofacial skeleton with a calcium phosphate cement: quantitative assessment of craniofacial growth. Ann Plast Surg 49:33PubMedCrossRef Kirschner RE, Karmacharya J, Ong G, Gordon AD, Hunenko O, Losee JE, Gannon FH, Bartlett SP (2002) Repair of the immature craniofacial skeleton with a calcium phosphate cement: quantitative assessment of craniofacial growth. Ann Plast Surg 49:33PubMedCrossRef
33.
go back to reference Matic D, Phillips JH (2002) A contraindication for the use of hydroxyapatite cement in the pediatric population. Plast Reconstr Surg 110:1PubMedCrossRef Matic D, Phillips JH (2002) A contraindication for the use of hydroxyapatite cement in the pediatric population. Plast Reconstr Surg 110:1PubMedCrossRef
34.
go back to reference Miller L, Guerra AB, Bidros RS, Trahan C, Baratta R, Metzinger SE (2005) A comparison of resistance to fracture among four commercially available forms of hydroxyapatite cement. Ann Plast Surg 55:87PubMedCrossRef Miller L, Guerra AB, Bidros RS, Trahan C, Baratta R, Metzinger SE (2005) A comparison of resistance to fracture among four commercially available forms of hydroxyapatite cement. Ann Plast Surg 55:87PubMedCrossRef
35.
go back to reference Poetker DM, Pytynia KB, Meyer GA, Wackym PA (2004) Complication rate of transtemporal hydroxyapatite cement cranioplasties: a case series review of 76 cranioplasties. Otology & Neurotology 25:604CrossRef Poetker DM, Pytynia KB, Meyer GA, Wackym PA (2004) Complication rate of transtemporal hydroxyapatite cement cranioplasties: a case series review of 76 cranioplasties. Otology & Neurotology 25:604CrossRef
36.
go back to reference Verret D, Ducic Y, Oxford L, Smith J (2005) Hydroxyapatite cement in craniofacial reconstruction. Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 133:897–899PubMedCrossRef Verret D, Ducic Y, Oxford L, Smith J (2005) Hydroxyapatite cement in craniofacial reconstruction. Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery 133:897–899PubMedCrossRef
37.
go back to reference Wong RK, Gandolfi BM, St-Hilaire H, Wise MW, Moses M (2011) Complications of hydroxyapatite bone cement in secondary pediatric craniofacial reconstruction. Journal of Craniofacial Surgery 22:247PubMedCrossRef Wong RK, Gandolfi BM, St-Hilaire H, Wise MW, Moses M (2011) Complications of hydroxyapatite bone cement in secondary pediatric craniofacial reconstruction. Journal of Craniofacial Surgery 22:247PubMedCrossRef
38.
go back to reference Zins JE, Moreira-Gonzalez A, Papay FA (2007) Use of calcium-based bone cements in the repair of large, full-thickness cranial defects: a caution. Plast Reconstr Surg 120:1332PubMedCrossRef Zins JE, Moreira-Gonzalez A, Papay FA (2007) Use of calcium-based bone cements in the repair of large, full-thickness cranial defects: a caution. Plast Reconstr Surg 120:1332PubMedCrossRef
39.
go back to reference Arnaud E (2000) Advances in cranioplasty with osteoinductive biomaterials: summary of experimental studies and clinical prospects. Child's Nervous System 16:659–668PubMedCrossRef Arnaud E (2000) Advances in cranioplasty with osteoinductive biomaterials: summary of experimental studies and clinical prospects. Child's Nervous System 16:659–668PubMedCrossRef
40.
go back to reference Rubin JP, Yaremchuk MJ (1997) Complications and toxicities of implantable biomaterials used in facial reconstructive and aesthetic surgery: a comprehensive review of the literature. Plast Reconstr Surg 100:1336PubMedCrossRef Rubin JP, Yaremchuk MJ (1997) Complications and toxicities of implantable biomaterials used in facial reconstructive and aesthetic surgery: a comprehensive review of the literature. Plast Reconstr Surg 100:1336PubMedCrossRef
41.
go back to reference Arnaud E, De Pollak C, Meunier A, Sedel L, Damien C, Petite H (1999) Osteogenesis with coral is increased by BMP and BMC in a rat cranioplasty. Biomaterials 20:1909–1918PubMedCrossRef Arnaud E, De Pollak C, Meunier A, Sedel L, Damien C, Petite H (1999) Osteogenesis with coral is increased by BMP and BMC in a rat cranioplasty. Biomaterials 20:1909–1918PubMedCrossRef
42.
go back to reference Neovius E, Engstrand T (2010) Craniofacial reconstruction with bone and biomaterials: review over the last 11 years. Journal of plastic, reconstructive & aesthetic surgery 63:1615–1623CrossRef Neovius E, Engstrand T (2010) Craniofacial reconstruction with bone and biomaterials: review over the last 11 years. Journal of plastic, reconstructive & aesthetic surgery 63:1615–1623CrossRef
43.
go back to reference Sanus GZ, Tanriverdi T, Ulu MO, Kafadar AM, Tanriover N, Ozlen F (2008) Use of Cortoss (TM) as an alternative material in calvarial defects: the first clinical results in cranioplasty. Journal of Craniofacial Surgery 19:88PubMedCrossRef Sanus GZ, Tanriverdi T, Ulu MO, Kafadar AM, Tanriover N, Ozlen F (2008) Use of Cortoss (TM) as an alternative material in calvarial defects: the first clinical results in cranioplasty. Journal of Craniofacial Surgery 19:88PubMedCrossRef
44.
go back to reference Verheggen R, Merten H (2001) Correction of skull defects using hydroxyapatite cement (HAC)—evidence derived from animal experiments and clinical experience. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 143:919–926CrossRef Verheggen R, Merten H (2001) Correction of skull defects using hydroxyapatite cement (HAC)—evidence derived from animal experiments and clinical experience. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 143:919–926CrossRef
45.
go back to reference Zins JE, Moreira-Gonzalez A, Parikh A, Arslan E, Bauer T, Siemionow M (2008) Biomechanical and histologic evaluation of the Norian craniofacial repair system and Norian Craniofacial Repair System Fast Set Putty in the long-term reconstruction of full-thickness skull defects in a sheep model. Plast Reconstr Surg 121:271ePubMedCrossRef Zins JE, Moreira-Gonzalez A, Parikh A, Arslan E, Bauer T, Siemionow M (2008) Biomechanical and histologic evaluation of the Norian craniofacial repair system and Norian Craniofacial Repair System Fast Set Putty in the long-term reconstruction of full-thickness skull defects in a sheep model. Plast Reconstr Surg 121:271ePubMedCrossRef
46.
go back to reference Couldwell WT, Chen TC, Weiss MH, Fukushima T, Dougherty W (1994) Cranioplasty with the Medpor porous polyethylene Flexblock implant. J Neurosurg 81:483–486PubMedCrossRef Couldwell WT, Chen TC, Weiss MH, Fukushima T, Dougherty W (1994) Cranioplasty with the Medpor porous polyethylene Flexblock implant. J Neurosurg 81:483–486PubMedCrossRef
47.
go back to reference Klawitter J, Bagwell J, Weinstein A, Sauer B, Pruitt J (1976) An evaluation of bone growth into porous high density polyethylene. J Biomed Mater Res 10:311–323PubMedCrossRef Klawitter J, Bagwell J, Weinstein A, Sauer B, Pruitt J (1976) An evaluation of bone growth into porous high density polyethylene. J Biomed Mater Res 10:311–323PubMedCrossRef
48.
go back to reference Liu JK, Gottfried ON, Cole CD, Dougherty WR, Couldwell WT (2004) Porous polyethylene implant for cranioplasty and skull base reconstruction. Neurosurg Focus 16:1–5 Liu JK, Gottfried ON, Cole CD, Dougherty WR, Couldwell WT (2004) Porous polyethylene implant for cranioplasty and skull base reconstruction. Neurosurg Focus 16:1–5
49.
go back to reference Sevin K, Askar I, Saray A, Yormuk E (2000) Exposure of high-density porous polyethylene (Medpor®) used for contour restoration and treatment. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 38:44–49PubMedCrossRef Sevin K, Askar I, Saray A, Yormuk E (2000) Exposure of high-density porous polyethylene (Medpor®) used for contour restoration and treatment. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 38:44–49PubMedCrossRef
50.
go back to reference Spector M, Flemming W, Kreutner A, Sauer B (1976) Bone growth into porous high–density polyethylene. J Biomed Mater Res 10:595–603PubMedCrossRef Spector M, Flemming W, Kreutner A, Sauer B (1976) Bone growth into porous high–density polyethylene. J Biomed Mater Res 10:595–603PubMedCrossRef
51.
go back to reference Arnander C, Westermark A, Veltheim R, Docherty-Skogh AC, Hilborn J, Engstrand T (2006) Three-dimensional technology and bone morphogenetic protein in frontal bone reconstruction. Journal of Craniofacial Surgery 17:275PubMedCrossRef Arnander C, Westermark A, Veltheim R, Docherty-Skogh AC, Hilborn J, Engstrand T (2006) Three-dimensional technology and bone morphogenetic protein in frontal bone reconstruction. Journal of Craniofacial Surgery 17:275PubMedCrossRef
52.
go back to reference Heissler E, Fischer FS, Boiouri S, Lehrnann T, Mathar W, Gebhardt A, Lanksch W, Bler J (1998) Custom-made cast titanium implants produced with CAD/CAM for the reconstruction of cranium defects. International journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery 27:334–338PubMedCrossRef Heissler E, Fischer FS, Boiouri S, Lehrnann T, Mathar W, Gebhardt A, Lanksch W, Bler J (1998) Custom-made cast titanium implants produced with CAD/CAM for the reconstruction of cranium defects. International journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery 27:334–338PubMedCrossRef
53.
go back to reference Kriegel R, Schaller C, Clusmann H (2007) Cranioplasty for large skull defects with PMMA (polymethylmethacrylate) or Tutoplast® processed autogenic bone grafts [Kalottenplastik für große Schädeldefekte mit PMMA (Polymethylmethacrylat) oder Tutoplast® prozessierten autogenen Knochentransplantaten]. Zentralbl Neurochir 68:182–189PubMedCrossRef Kriegel R, Schaller C, Clusmann H (2007) Cranioplasty for large skull defects with PMMA (polymethylmethacrylate) or Tutoplast® processed autogenic bone grafts [Kalottenplastik für große Schädeldefekte mit PMMA (Polymethylmethacrylat) oder Tutoplast® prozessierten autogenen Knochentransplantaten]. Zentralbl Neurochir 68:182–189PubMedCrossRef
54.
go back to reference Rohner D, Hutmacher D, See P, Tan K, Yeow V, Tan S, Lee S, Hammer B (2002) Individually CAD-CAM technique designed, bioresorbable 3-dimensional polycaprolactone framework for experimental reconstruction of craniofacial defects in the pig. Mund-, Kiefer-und Gesichtschirurgie: MKG 6:162PubMedCrossRef Rohner D, Hutmacher D, See P, Tan K, Yeow V, Tan S, Lee S, Hammer B (2002) Individually CAD-CAM technique designed, bioresorbable 3-dimensional polycaprolactone framework for experimental reconstruction of craniofacial defects in the pig. Mund-, Kiefer-und Gesichtschirurgie: MKG 6:162PubMedCrossRef
55.
go back to reference Schantz JT, Hutmacher DW, Lam CXF, Brinkmann M, Wong KM, Lim TC, Chou N, Guldberg RE, Teoh SH (2003) Repair of calvarial defects with customised tissue-engineered bone grafts II. Evaluation of cellular efficiency and efficacy in vivo Tissue engineering 9:127–139 Schantz JT, Hutmacher DW, Lam CXF, Brinkmann M, Wong KM, Lim TC, Chou N, Guldberg RE, Teoh SH (2003) Repair of calvarial defects with customised tissue-engineered bone grafts II. Evaluation of cellular efficiency and efficacy in vivo Tissue engineering 9:127–139
56.
go back to reference Staffa G, Barbanera A, Faiola A, Fricia M, Limoni P, Mottaran R, Zanotti B, Stefini R (2012) Custom made bioceramic implants in complex and large cranial reconstruction: A two-year follow-up. Journal of Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery 40:e65–370 Staffa G, Barbanera A, Faiola A, Fricia M, Limoni P, Mottaran R, Zanotti B, Stefini R (2012) Custom made bioceramic implants in complex and large cranial reconstruction: A two-year follow-up. Journal of Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery 40:e65–370
57.
go back to reference Cabraja M, Klein M, Lehmann TN (2009) Long-term results following titanium cranioplasty of large skull defects. Neurosurgical Focus 26:E10 Cabraja M, Klein M, Lehmann TN (2009) Long-term results following titanium cranioplasty of large skull defects. Neurosurgical Focus 26:E10
58.
go back to reference Eufinger H, Wehmöller M (1998) Individual prefabricated titanium implants in reconstructive craniofacial surgery: clinical and technical aspects of the first 22 cases. Plast Reconstr Surg 102:300PubMedCrossRef Eufinger H, Wehmöller M (1998) Individual prefabricated titanium implants in reconstructive craniofacial surgery: clinical and technical aspects of the first 22 cases. Plast Reconstr Surg 102:300PubMedCrossRef
59.
go back to reference Kuttenberger JJ, Hardt N (2001) Long-term results following reconstruction of craniofacial defects with titanium micro-mesh systems. Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery 29:75–81PubMedCrossRef Kuttenberger JJ, Hardt N (2001) Long-term results following reconstruction of craniofacial defects with titanium micro-mesh systems. Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery 29:75–81PubMedCrossRef
61.
go back to reference Kübler N, Reinhart E, Pistner H, Bill J, Reuther J (1998) Klinischer Einsatz osteoinduktiver Implantate in der kraniofazialen Chirurgie. Mund-, Kiefer-und Gesichtschirurgie 2:32–36CrossRef Kübler N, Reinhart E, Pistner H, Bill J, Reuther J (1998) Klinischer Einsatz osteoinduktiver Implantate in der kraniofazialen Chirurgie. Mund-, Kiefer-und Gesichtschirurgie 2:32–36CrossRef
62.
go back to reference Warnke P, Springer I, Wiltfang J, Acil Y, Eufinger H, Wehmöller M, Russo P, Bolte H, Sherry E, Behrens E (2004) Growth and transplantation of a custom vascularised bone graft in a man. Lancet 364:766–770PubMedCrossRef Warnke P, Springer I, Wiltfang J, Acil Y, Eufinger H, Wehmöller M, Russo P, Bolte H, Sherry E, Behrens E (2004) Growth and transplantation of a custom vascularised bone graft in a man. Lancet 364:766–770PubMedCrossRef
63.
go back to reference Durand JL, Renier D, Marchac D (1997) L'histoire des cranioplasties. Elsevier Masson, pp 75–83 Durand JL, Renier D, Marchac D (1997) L'histoire des cranioplasties. Elsevier Masson, pp 75–83
64.
go back to reference Marchac D, Greensmith A (2008) Long-term experience with methylmethacrylate cranioplasty in craniofacial surgery. Journal of plastic, reconstructive & aesthetic surgery 61:744–752CrossRef Marchac D, Greensmith A (2008) Long-term experience with methylmethacrylate cranioplasty in craniofacial surgery. Journal of plastic, reconstructive & aesthetic surgery 61:744–752CrossRef
65.
go back to reference Pochon J, Kloti J (1991) Cranioplasty for acquired skull defects in children: a comparison between autologous material and methylmethacrylate 1974–1990. Eur J Pediatr Surg 1:199–201PubMedCrossRef Pochon J, Kloti J (1991) Cranioplasty for acquired skull defects in children: a comparison between autologous material and methylmethacrylate 1974–1990. Eur J Pediatr Surg 1:199–201PubMedCrossRef
66.
go back to reference Blum K, Schneider S, Rosenthal A (1997) Methyl methacrylate cranioplasty in children: long-term results. Pediatr Neurosurg 26:33–35PubMedCrossRef Blum K, Schneider S, Rosenthal A (1997) Methyl methacrylate cranioplasty in children: long-term results. Pediatr Neurosurg 26:33–35PubMedCrossRef
67.
go back to reference Ilizarov G (1954) A new principle of osteosynthesis with the use of crossing pins and rings. Collection of Scientific Works of the Kurgan Regional Scientific Medical Society: 145–160 Ilizarov G (1954) A new principle of osteosynthesis with the use of crossing pins and rings. Collection of Scientific Works of the Kurgan Regional Scientific Medical Society: 145–160
68.
go back to reference McCarthy JG, Schreiber J, Karp N, Thorne CH, Grayson BH (1992) Lengthening the human mandible by gradual distraction. Plast Reconstr Surg 89:1PubMedCrossRef McCarthy JG, Schreiber J, Karp N, Thorne CH, Grayson BH (1992) Lengthening the human mandible by gradual distraction. Plast Reconstr Surg 89:1PubMedCrossRef
69.
go back to reference Mofid MM, Manson PN, Robertson BC, Tufaro AP, Elias JJ, Vander Kolk CA (2001) Craniofacial distraction osteogenesis: a review of 3278 cases. Plast Reconstr Surg 108:1103PubMedCrossRef Mofid MM, Manson PN, Robertson BC, Tufaro AP, Elias JJ, Vander Kolk CA (2001) Craniofacial distraction osteogenesis: a review of 3278 cases. Plast Reconstr Surg 108:1103PubMedCrossRef
70.
go back to reference Figueroa AA, Polley JW, Friede H, Ko EW (2004) Long-term skeletal stability after maxillary advancement with distraction osteogenesis using a rigid external distraction device in cleft maxillary deformities. Plast Reconstr Surg 114:1382PubMedCrossRef Figueroa AA, Polley JW, Friede H, Ko EW (2004) Long-term skeletal stability after maxillary advancement with distraction osteogenesis using a rigid external distraction device in cleft maxillary deformities. Plast Reconstr Surg 114:1382PubMedCrossRef
71.
go back to reference Flores RL, Shetye PR, Zeitler D, Bernstein J, Wang E, Grayson BH, McCarthy JG (2009) Airway changes following Le Fort III distraction osteogenesis for syndromic craniosynostosis: a clinical and cephalometric study. Plast Reconstr Surg 124:590PubMedCrossRef Flores RL, Shetye PR, Zeitler D, Bernstein J, Wang E, Grayson BH, McCarthy JG (2009) Airway changes following Le Fort III distraction osteogenesis for syndromic craniosynostosis: a clinical and cephalometric study. Plast Reconstr Surg 124:590PubMedCrossRef
72.
go back to reference Bradley JP, Gabbay JS, Taub PJ, Heller JB, O'Hara CM, Benhaim P, Kawamoto HK Jr (2006) Monobloc advancement by distraction osteogenesis decreases morbidity and relapse. Plast Reconstr Surg 118:1585PubMedCrossRef Bradley JP, Gabbay JS, Taub PJ, Heller JB, O'Hara CM, Benhaim P, Kawamoto HK Jr (2006) Monobloc advancement by distraction osteogenesis decreases morbidity and relapse. Plast Reconstr Surg 118:1585PubMedCrossRef
73.
go back to reference Yu JC, Fearon J, Havlik RJ, Buchman SR, Polley JW (2004) Distraction osteogenesis of the craniofacial skeleton. Plast Reconstr Surg 114:1ePubMedCrossRef Yu JC, Fearon J, Havlik RJ, Buchman SR, Polley JW (2004) Distraction osteogenesis of the craniofacial skeleton. Plast Reconstr Surg 114:1ePubMedCrossRef
74.
go back to reference Yano H, Tanaka K, Sueyoshi O, Takahashi K, Hirata R, Hirano A (2006) Cranial vault distraction: its illusionary effect and limitation. Plast Reconstr Surg 117:193PubMedCrossRef Yano H, Tanaka K, Sueyoshi O, Takahashi K, Hirata R, Hirano A (2006) Cranial vault distraction: its illusionary effect and limitation. Plast Reconstr Surg 117:193PubMedCrossRef
75.
go back to reference Orringer JS, Barcelona V, Buchman SR (1998) Reasons for removal of rigid internal fixation devices in craniofacial surgery. The Journal of craniofacial surgery 9:40PubMedCrossRef Orringer JS, Barcelona V, Buchman SR (1998) Reasons for removal of rigid internal fixation devices in craniofacial surgery. The Journal of craniofacial surgery 9:40PubMedCrossRef
76.
go back to reference McCarthy JG, Stelnicki EJ, Mehrara BJ, Longaker MT (2001) Distraction osteogenesis of the craniofacial skeleton. Plast Reconstr Surg 107:1812PubMedCrossRef McCarthy JG, Stelnicki EJ, Mehrara BJ, Longaker MT (2001) Distraction osteogenesis of the craniofacial skeleton. Plast Reconstr Surg 107:1812PubMedCrossRef
77.
go back to reference Fearon JA (2005) Halo distraction of the Le Fort III in syndromic craniosynostosis: a long-term assessment. Plast Reconstr Surg 115:1524PubMedCrossRef Fearon JA (2005) Halo distraction of the Le Fort III in syndromic craniosynostosis: a long-term assessment. Plast Reconstr Surg 115:1524PubMedCrossRef
78.
go back to reference Rachmiel A, Aizenbud D, Peled M (2006) Distraction osteogenesis in maxillary deficiency using a rigid external distraction device. Plast Reconstr Surg 117:2399PubMedCrossRef Rachmiel A, Aizenbud D, Peled M (2006) Distraction osteogenesis in maxillary deficiency using a rigid external distraction device. Plast Reconstr Surg 117:2399PubMedCrossRef
79.
go back to reference Shetye PR, Kapadia H, Grayson BH, McCarthy JG (2010) A 10-year study of skeletal stability and growth of the midface following Le Fort III advancement in syndromic craniosynostosis. Plast Reconstr Surg 126:973PubMedCrossRef Shetye PR, Kapadia H, Grayson BH, McCarthy JG (2010) A 10-year study of skeletal stability and growth of the midface following Le Fort III advancement in syndromic craniosynostosis. Plast Reconstr Surg 126:973PubMedCrossRef
80.
go back to reference Chin M, Toth BA (1997) Le Fort III advancement with gradual distraction using internal devices. Plast Reconstr Surg 100:819PubMedCrossRef Chin M, Toth BA (1997) Le Fort III advancement with gradual distraction using internal devices. Plast Reconstr Surg 100:819PubMedCrossRef
81.
go back to reference Cohen SR (1999) Craniofacial distraction with a modular internal distraction system: evolution of design and surgical techniques. Plast Reconstr Surg 103:1592PubMedCrossRef Cohen SR (1999) Craniofacial distraction with a modular internal distraction system: evolution of design and surgical techniques. Plast Reconstr Surg 103:1592PubMedCrossRef
82.
go back to reference Davis C, Windh P, Lauritzen CGK (2009) Spring-assisted cranioplasty alters the growth vectors of adjacent cranial sutures. Plast Reconstr Surg 123:470PubMedCrossRef Davis C, Windh P, Lauritzen CGK (2009) Spring-assisted cranioplasty alters the growth vectors of adjacent cranial sutures. Plast Reconstr Surg 123:470PubMedCrossRef
83.
go back to reference Maltese G, Tarnow P, Lauritzen CG (2007) Spring-assisted correction of hypotelorism in metopic synostosis. Plast Reconstr Surg 119:977PubMedCrossRef Maltese G, Tarnow P, Lauritzen CG (2007) Spring-assisted correction of hypotelorism in metopic synostosis. Plast Reconstr Surg 119:977PubMedCrossRef
84.
go back to reference Steinbacher DM, Skirpan J, Puchala J, Bartlett SP (2011) Expansion of the posterior cranial vault using distraction osteogenesis. Plast Reconstr Surg 127:792PubMedCrossRef Steinbacher DM, Skirpan J, Puchala J, Bartlett SP (2011) Expansion of the posterior cranial vault using distraction osteogenesis. Plast Reconstr Surg 127:792PubMedCrossRef
85.
go back to reference Lauritzen CGK, Davis C, Ivarsson A, Sanger C, Hewitt TD (2008) The evolving role of springs in craniofacial surgery: the first 100 clinical cases. Plast Reconstr Surg 121:545PubMedCrossRef Lauritzen CGK, Davis C, Ivarsson A, Sanger C, Hewitt TD (2008) The evolving role of springs in craniofacial surgery: the first 100 clinical cases. Plast Reconstr Surg 121:545PubMedCrossRef
86.
go back to reference Alsberg E, Hill E, Mooney D (2001) Craniofacial tissue engineering. Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine 12:64–75CrossRef Alsberg E, Hill E, Mooney D (2001) Craniofacial tissue engineering. Critical Reviews in Oral Biology & Medicine 12:64–75CrossRef
87.
go back to reference Cowan CM, Shi YY, Aalami OO, Chou YF, Mari C, Thomas R, Quarto N, Contag CH, Wu B, Longaker MT (2004) Adipose-derived adult stromal cells heal critical-size mouse calvarial defects. Nat Biotechnol 22:560–567PubMedCrossRef Cowan CM, Shi YY, Aalami OO, Chou YF, Mari C, Thomas R, Quarto N, Contag CH, Wu B, Longaker MT (2004) Adipose-derived adult stromal cells heal critical-size mouse calvarial defects. Nat Biotechnol 22:560–567PubMedCrossRef
88.
go back to reference Lee JA, Parrett BM, Conejero JA, Laser J, Chen J, Kogon AJ, Nanda D, Grant RT, Breitbart AS (2003) Biological alchemy: engineering bone and fat from fat-derived stem cells. Ann Plast Surg 50:610PubMedCrossRef Lee JA, Parrett BM, Conejero JA, Laser J, Chen J, Kogon AJ, Nanda D, Grant RT, Breitbart AS (2003) Biological alchemy: engineering bone and fat from fat-derived stem cells. Ann Plast Surg 50:610PubMedCrossRef
89.
go back to reference Lendeckel S, Jodicke A, Christophis P, Heidinger K, Wolff J, Fraser JK, Hedrick MH, Berthold L, Howaldt HP (2004) Autologous stem cells (adipose) and fibrin glue used to treat widespread traumatic calvarial defects: case report. Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery 32:370–373PubMedCrossRef Lendeckel S, Jodicke A, Christophis P, Heidinger K, Wolff J, Fraser JK, Hedrick MH, Berthold L, Howaldt HP (2004) Autologous stem cells (adipose) and fibrin glue used to treat widespread traumatic calvarial defects: case report. Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery 32:370–373PubMedCrossRef
90.
go back to reference Mao J, Giannobile W, Helms J, Hollister S, Krebsbach P, Longaker M, Shi S (2006) Craniofacial tissue engineering by stem cells. J Dent Res 85:966–979PubMedCrossRef Mao J, Giannobile W, Helms J, Hollister S, Krebsbach P, Longaker M, Shi S (2006) Craniofacial tissue engineering by stem cells. J Dent Res 85:966–979PubMedCrossRef
91.
go back to reference Quarto R, Mastrogiacomo M, Cancedda R, Kutepov S, Mukhachev V, Lavroukov A, Kon E, Marcacci M (2001) Repair of large bone defects with the use of autologous bone marrow stromal cells. N Engl J Med 344:385PubMedCrossRef Quarto R, Mastrogiacomo M, Cancedda R, Kutepov S, Mukhachev V, Lavroukov A, Kon E, Marcacci M (2001) Repair of large bone defects with the use of autologous bone marrow stromal cells. N Engl J Med 344:385PubMedCrossRef
92.
go back to reference Sailer HF, Kolb E (1994) Application of purified bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) preparations in cranio-maxillo-facial surgery: reconstruction in craniofacial malformations and post-traumatic or operative defects of the skull with lyophilized cartilage and BMP. Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery 22:191–199PubMedCrossRef Sailer HF, Kolb E (1994) Application of purified bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) preparations in cranio-maxillo-facial surgery: reconstruction in craniofacial malformations and post-traumatic or operative defects of the skull with lyophilized cartilage and BMP. Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery 22:191–199PubMedCrossRef
93.
go back to reference Salyer KE, Gendler E, Squier CA (1997) Long-term outcome of extensive skull reconstruction using demineralized perforated bone in Siamese twins joined at the skull vertex. Plast Reconstr Surg 99:1721PubMedCrossRef Salyer KE, Gendler E, Squier CA (1997) Long-term outcome of extensive skull reconstruction using demineralized perforated bone in Siamese twins joined at the skull vertex. Plast Reconstr Surg 99:1721PubMedCrossRef
94.
go back to reference Schantz JT, Teoh SH, Lim TC, Endres M, Lam CXF, Hutmacher DW (2003) Repair of calvarial defects with customized tissue-engineered bone grafts I. Evaluation of osteogenesis in a three-dimensional culture system Tissue engineering 9:113–126 Schantz JT, Teoh SH, Lim TC, Endres M, Lam CXF, Hutmacher DW (2003) Repair of calvarial defects with customized tissue-engineered bone grafts I. Evaluation of osteogenesis in a three-dimensional culture system Tissue engineering 9:113–126
95.
go back to reference Hardt N, Gottsauner A, Sgier F (1994) Ergebnisse unterschiedlicher Rekonstruktionsverfahren im fronto-facialen Bereich. Fortschritte der Kieferund Gesichts-Chirurgie Bd 34:47–50 Hardt N, Gottsauner A, Sgier F (1994) Ergebnisse unterschiedlicher Rekonstruktionsverfahren im fronto-facialen Bereich. Fortschritte der Kieferund Gesichts-Chirurgie Bd 34:47–50
Metadata
Title
A review of reconstructive materials for use in craniofacial surgery bone fixation materials, bone substitutes, and distractors
Authors
James Tait Goodrich
Adam L. Sandler
Oren Tepper
Publication date
01-09-2012
Publisher
Springer-Verlag
Published in
Child's Nervous System / Issue 9/2012
Print ISSN: 0256-7040
Electronic ISSN: 1433-0350
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00381-012-1776-y

Other articles of this Issue 9/2012

Child's Nervous System 9/2012 Go to the issue