Top

World Journal of Urology

Published in:

01-12-2020 | Vesicorenal Reflux | Topic Paper

Augmentation cystoplasty in the patient with neurogenic bladder

Authors: Philip J. Cheng, Jeremy B. Myers

Published in: World Journal of Urology | Issue 12/2020

Abstract

Purpose

To review the indications and techniques of augmentation cystoplasty (AC) in patients with neurogenic bladder (NGB) while also examining the long-term outcomes, complications, and follow-up surgeries.

Methods

PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, and Embase databases were searched for articles related to AC and NGB.

Results

AC is indicated for an overactive or poorly compliant bladder refractory to conservative therapies, such as anticholinergic medications and bladder botulinum toxin injections. A variety of surgical techniques using gastrointestinal segments, alternative tissues, and synthetic materials have been described, though bowel remains the most durable. Ileocystoplasty is the most common type of AC, which uses a detubularized patch of ileum that is anastomosed to a bivalved bladder. Some patients undergo concomitant surgeries at the time of AC, such as catheterizable channel creation to aid with clean intermittent catheterization, ureteral reimplantation to treat vesicoureteral reflux, and bladder outlet procedure to treat incontinence. Following AC, the majority of patients experience an improvement in bladder capacity, compliance, and continence. Most patients also experience an improvement in quality of life. AC has significant complications, such as chronic UTIs, bladder and renal calculi, metabolic disturbances, bowel problems, perforation, and malignancy. AC also has a high rate of follow-up surgeries, especially if the patient undergoes concomitant creation of a catheterizable channel.

Conclusions

Enterocystoplasty remains the gold standard for AC, though more research is needed to better evaluate the morbidity of different surgical techniques and the indications for concomitant surgeries. Experimental methods of AC with tissue engineering are a promising area for further investigation.

Woodhouse CR (2005) Myelomeningocele in young adults. BJU Int 95(2):223–230. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2005.05374.xCrossRefPubMed

Myers JB, Lenherr SM, Stoffel JT, Elliott SP, Presson AP, Zhang C, Rosenbluth J, Jha A, Patel D, Welk B, Neurogenic Bladder Research G (2019) The effects of augmentation cystoplasty and botulinum toxin injection on patient-reported bladder function and quality of life among individuals with spinal cord injury performing clean intermittent catheterization. Neurourol Urodyn 38(1):285–294. https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.23849CrossRefPubMed

Dik P, Klijn AJ, van Gool JD, de Jong-de Vos van Steenwijk CC, de Jong TP (2006) Early start to therapy preserves kidney function in spina bifida patients. Eur Urol 49(5):908–913. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2005.12.056CrossRefPubMed

Ginsberg D, Gousse A, Keppenne V, Sievert KD, Thompson C, Lam W, Brin MF, Jenkins B, Haag-Molkenteller C (2012) Phase 3 efficacy and tolerability study of onabotulinumtoxinA for urinary incontinence from neurogenic detrusor overactivity. J Urol 187(6):2131–2139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2012.01.125CrossRefPubMed

Hendren WH (1975) Nonrefluxing colon conduit for temporary or permanent urinary diversion in children. J Pediatr Surg 10(3):381–398CrossRef

Leadbetter WF, Shaffer FG (1956) Ileal loop diversion; its application to the treatment of neurogenic bladder dysfunction. J Urol 75(3):470–479CrossRef

Husmann DA, McLorie GA, Churchill BM (1989) Nonrefluxing colonic conduits: a long-term life-table analysis. J Urol 142(5):1201–1203CrossRef

Leong CH, Ong GB (1975) Proceedings: gastrocystoplasty. Br J Urol 47(2):236PubMed

Smith RB, van Cangh P, Skinner DG, Kaufman JJ, Goodwin WE (1977) Augmentation enterocystoplasty: a critical review. J Urol 118(1 Pt 1):35–39CrossRef

10.

Quek ML, Ginsberg DA (2003) Long-term urodynamics followup of bladder augmentation for neurogenic bladder. J Urol 169(1):195–198. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000039782.13395.0aCrossRefPubMed

11.

Groen J, Pannek J, Castro Diaz D, Del Popolo G, Gross T, Hamid R, Karsenty G, Kessler TM, Schneider M, t’Hoen L, Blok B (2016) Summary of European Association of Urology (EAU) Guidelines on Neuro-Urology. Eur Urol 69(2):324–333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eururo.2015.07.071CrossRefPubMed

12.

Khastgir J, Hamid R, Arya M, Shah N, Shah PJ (2003) Surgical and patient reported outcomes of ‘clam’ augmentation ileocystoplasty in spinal cord injured patients. Eur Urol 43(3):263–269CrossRef

13.

Zachoval R, Pitha J, Medova E, Heracek J, Lukes M, Zalesky M, Urban M (2003) Augmentation cystoplasty in patients with multiple sclerosis. Urol Int 70(1):21–26. https://doi.org/10.1159/000067708(discussion 26)CrossRefPubMed

14.

Biers SM, Venn SN, Greenwell TJ (2012) The past, present and future of augmentation cystoplasty. BJU Int 109(9):1280–1293. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2011.10650.xCrossRefPubMed

15.

Roth JD, Cain MP (2018) Neuropathic bladder and augmentation cystoplasty. Urol Clin N Am 45(4):571–585. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ucl.2018.06.005CrossRef

16.

Hayashi Y, Nishimura E, Shimizu S, Miyano G, Okawada M, Nagae I, Lane GJ, Katsumata K, Yamataka A, Tsuchida A (2017) Sigmoidocolocystoplasty for neurogenic bladder reviewed after 20 years. J Pediatr Surg 52(12):2070–2073. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2017.08.029CrossRefPubMed

17.

Mundy AR, Stephenson TP (1985) “Clam” ileocystoplasty for the treatment of refractory urge incontinence. Br J Urol 57(6):641–646CrossRef

18.

Castellan M, Gosalbez R, Bar-Yosef Y, Labbie A (2012) Complications after use of gastric segments for lower urinary tract reconstruction. J Urol 187(5):1823–1827. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2011.12.105CrossRefPubMed

19.

Chadwick Plaire J, Snodgrass WT, Grady RW, Mitchell ME (2000) Long-term followup of the hematuria–dysuria syndrome. J Urol 164(3 Pt 2):921–923CrossRef

20.

Nguyen DH, Bain MA, Salmonson KL, Ganesan GS, Burns MW, Mitchell ME (1993) The syndrome of dysuria and hematuria in pediatric urinary reconstruction with stomach. J Urol 150(2 Pt 2):707–709CrossRef

21.

Vemulakonda VM, Lendvay TS, Shnorhavorian M, Joyner BD, Kaplan H, Mitchell ME, Grady RW (2008) Metastatic adenocarcinoma after augmentation gastrocystoplasty. J Urol 179(3):1094–1096. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2007.10.089(discussion 1097)CrossRefPubMed

22.

Gold BD, Bhoopalam PS, Reifen RM, Harvey E, Marcon MA (1992) Gastrointestinal complications of gastrocystoplasty. Arch Dis Child 67(10):1272–1276CrossRef

23.

Plawker MW, Rabinowitz SS, Etwaru DJ, Glassberg KI (1995) Hypergastrinemia, dysuria-hematuria and metabolic alkalosis: complications associated with gastrocystoplasty. J Urol 154(2 Pt 1):546–549PubMed

24.

Reinberg Y, Manivel JC, Froemming C, Gonzalez R (1992) Perforation of the gastric segment of an augmented bladder secondary to peptic ulcer disease. J Urol 148(2 Pt 1):369–371CrossRef

25.

Wang K, Yamataka A, Morioka A, Lane GJ, Iwashita K, Miyano T (1999) Complications after sigmoidocolocystoplasty: review of 100 cases at one institution. J Pediatr Surg 34(11):1672–1677CrossRef

26.

Hendren WH, Hendren RB (1990) Bladder augmentation: experience with 129 children and young adults. J Urol 144(2 Pt 2):445–453 (discussion 460)CrossRef

27.

Murray K, Nurse DE, Mundy AR (1987) Secreto-motor function of intestinal segments used in lower urinary tract reconstruction. Br J Urol 60(6):532–535CrossRef

28.

Radomski SB, Herschorn S, Stone AR (1995) Urodynamic comparison of ileum vs. sigmoid in augmentation cystoplasty for neurogenic bladder dysfunction. Neurourol Urodyn 14(3):231–237CrossRef

29.

Sidi AA, Reinberg Y, Gonzalez R (1986) Influence of intestinal segment and configuration on the outcome of augmentation enterocystoplasty. J Urol 136(6):1201–1204CrossRef

30.

Whitmore WF 3rd, Gittes RF (1983) Reconstruction of the urinary tract by cecal and ileocecal cystoplasty: review of a 15-year experience. J Urol 129(3):494–498CrossRef

31.

Sarosdy MF (1992) Continent urinary diversion using cutaneous ileocecocystoplasty. Urology 40(2):102–106CrossRef

32.

Khavari R, Fletcher SG, Liu J, Boone TB (2012) A modification to augmentation cystoplasty with catheterizable stoma for neurogenic patients: technique and long-term results. Urology 80(2):460–464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2012.03.038CrossRefPubMed

33.

Cartwright PC, Snow BW (1989) Bladder autoaugmentation: partial detrusor excision to augment the bladder without use of bowel. J Urol 142(4):1050–1053CrossRef

34.

MacNeily AE, Afshar K, Coleman GU, Johnson HW (2003) Autoaugmentation by detrusor myotomy: its lack of effectiveness in the management of congenital neuropathic bladder. J Urol 170(4 Pt 2):1643–1646. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.ju.0000083800.25112.22(discussion 1646)CrossRefPubMed

35.

Snow BW, Cartwright PC (1992) Autoaugmentation of the bladder. Contemp Urol 4(7):41–51PubMed

36.

Johal NS, Hamid R, Aslam Z, Carr B, Cuckow PM, Duffy PG (2008) Ureterocystoplasty: long-term functional results. J Urol 179(6):2373–2375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2008.01.170(discussion 2376)CrossRefPubMed

37.

Atala A, Bauer SB, Soker S, Yoo JJ, Retik AB (2006) Tissue-engineered autologous bladders for patients needing cystoplasty. Lancet 367(9518):1241–1246. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68438-9CrossRefPubMed

38.

Elbahnasy AM, Shalhav A, Hoenig DM, Figenshau R, Clayman RV (1998) Bladder wall substitution with synthetic and non-intestinal organic materials. J Urol 159(3):628–637CrossRef

39.

Salehipour M, Mohammadian R, Malekahmadi A, Hosseinzadeh M, Yadollahi M, Natami M, Mohammadian M (2016) Renal capsule for augmentation cystoplasty in canine model: a favorable biomaterial? Int Braz J Urol 42(2):383–388. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1677-5538.IBJU.2014.0680CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

40.

Lin HK, Madihally SV, Palmer B, Frimberger D, Fung KM, Kropp BP (2015) Biomatrices for bladder reconstruction. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 82–83:47–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addr.2014.11.020CrossRefPubMed

41.

Affas S, Schafer FM, Algarrahi K, Cristofaro V, Sullivan MP, Yang X, Costa K, Sack B, Gharaee-Kermani M, Macoska JA, Gundogdu G, Seager C, Estrada CR Jr, Mauney JR (2018) Augmentation cystoplasty of diseased porcine bladders with bi-layer silk fibroin grafts. Tissue Eng Part A. https://doi.org/10.1089/ten.TEA.2018.0113CrossRefPubMed

42.

Leonhauser D, Stollenwerk K, Seifarth V, Zraik IM, Vogt M, Srinivasan PK, Tolba RH, Grosse JO (2017) Two differentially structured collagen scaffolds for potential urinary bladder augmentation: proof of concept study in a Gottingen minipig model. J Transl Med 15(1):3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12967-016-1112-5CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

43.

Song L, Murphy SV, Yang B, Xu Y, Zhang Y, Atala A (2014) Bladder acellular matrix and its application in bladder augmentation. Tissue Eng Part B Rev 20(2):163–172. https://doi.org/10.1089/ten.TEB.2013.0103CrossRefPubMed

44.

Zhe Z, Jun D, Yang Z, Mingxi X, Ke Z, Ming Z, Zhong W, Mujun L (2016) Bladder acellular matrix grafts seeded with adipose-derived stem cells and incubated intraperitoneally promote the regeneration of bladder smooth muscle and nerve in a rat model of bladder augmentation. Stem Cells Dev 25(5):405–414. https://doi.org/10.1089/scd.2015.0246CrossRefPubMed

45.

Gill IS, Rackley RR, Meraney AM, Marcello PW, Sung GT (2000) Laparoscopic enterocystoplasty. Urology 55(2):178–181CrossRef

46.

Elliott SP, Meng MV, Anwar HP, Stoller ML (2002) Complete laparoscopic ileal cystoplasty. Urology 59(6):939–943CrossRef

47.

Cohen AJ, Brodie K, Murthy P, Wilcox DT, Gundeti MS (2016) Comparative outcomes and perioperative complications of robotic vs open cystoplasty and complex reconstructions. Urology 97:172–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2016.06.053CrossRefPubMed

48.

Redshaw JD, Elliott SP, Rosenstein DI, Erickson BA, Presson AP, Conti SL, McAdams S, Nguyen A, West JM, Brant WO, Myers JB (2014) Procedures needed to maintain functionality of adult continent catheterizable channels: a comparison of continent cutaneous ileal cecocystoplasty with tunneled catheterizable channels. J Urol 192(3):821–826. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2014.03.088CrossRefPubMed

49.

Soylet Y, Emir H, Ilce Z, Yesildag E, Buyukunal SN, Danismend N (2004) Quo vadis? Ureteric reimplantation or ignoring reflux during augmentation cystoplasty. BJU Int 94(3):379–380. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2004.04965.xCrossRefPubMed

50.

Zhang HC, Yang J, Ye X, Hu HF (2016) Augmentation enterocystoplasty without reimplantation for patients with neurogenic bladder and vesicoureteral reflux. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 32(6):323–326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kjms.2016.05.003CrossRefPubMed

51.

Wang JB, Liu CS, Tsai SL, Wei CF, Chin TW (2011) Augmentation cystoplasty and simultaneous ureteral reimplantation reduce high-grade vesicoureteral reflux in children with neurogenic bladder. J Chin Med Assoc 74(7):294–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcma.2011.05.004CrossRefPubMed

52.

Wang Z, Liao L (2018) Effectiveness and complications of augmentation cystoplasty with or without nonrefluxing ureteral reimplantation in patients with bladder dysfunction: a single center 11-year experience. J Urol 199(1):200–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2017.07.073CrossRefPubMed

53.

Apostolidis A, Drake MJ, Emmanuel A, Gajewski JB, Hamid R, Heesakkers JP, Kessler T, Madersbacher H, Radziszewski P, Sakakibara R, Sievert KD, Wyndaele JJ (2017) Neurologic urinary and faecal incontinence. In: Abrams P, Cardozo L, Wagg A, Wein A (eds) incontinence, 6th edn. International Continence Society, Bristol, pp 1093–1308

54.

Lee HE, Bae J, Oh JK, Oh SJ (2013) Is concomitant bladder neck reconstruction necessary in neurogenic incontinent patients who undergo augmentation cystoplasty? Korean J Urol 54(1):42–47. https://doi.org/10.4111/kju.2013.54.1.42CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

55.

Khoury AE, Dave S, Peralta-Del Valle MH, Braga LH, Lorenzo AJ, Bagli D (2008) Severe bladder trabeculation obviates the need for bladder outlet procedures during augmentation cystoplasty in incontinent patients with neurogenic bladder. BJU Int 101(2):223–226. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-410X.2007.07164.xCrossRefPubMed

56.

Myers JB, Mayer EN, Lenherr S, Neurogenic Bladder Research G (2016) Management options for sphincteric deficiency in adults with neurogenic bladder. Transl Androl Urol 5(1):145–157. https://doi.org/10.3978/j.issn.2223-4683.2015.12.11CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

57.

Herschorn S, Hewitt RJ (1998) Patient perspective of long-term outcome of augmentation cystoplasty for neurogenic bladder. Urology 52(4):672–678CrossRef

58.

Hoen L, Ecclestone H, Blok BFM, Karsenty G, Phe V, Bossier R, Groen J, Castro-Diaz D, Padilla Fernandez B, Del Popolo G, Musco S, Pannek J, Kessler TM, Gross T, Schneider MP, Hamid R (2017) Long-term effectiveness and complication rates of bladder augmentation in patients with neurogenic bladder dysfunction: a systematic review. Neurourol Urodyn 36(7):1685–1702. https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.23205CrossRef

59.

Perrouin-Verbe MA, Leon P, Denys P, Mongiat-Artus P, Chartier-Kastler E, Phe V (2019) Long-term functional outcomes of augmentation cystoplasty in adult spina bifida patients: a single-center experience in a multidisciplinary team. Neurourol Urodyn 38(1):330–337. https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.23857CrossRefPubMed

60.

Wu SY, Jiang YH, Kuo HC (2017) Long-term outcomes of augmentation enterocystoplasty in patients with end-stage bladder diseases: a single-institute experience involving 102 patients. Int Neurourol J 21(2):133–138. https://doi.org/10.5213/inj.1732708.354CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

61.

Wu SY, Kuo HC (2018) A real-world experience with augmentation enterocystoplasty-high patient satisfaction with high complication rates. Neurourol Urodyn 37(2):744–750. https://doi.org/10.1002/nau.23339CrossRefPubMed

62.

Husmann DA (2018) Lessons learned from the management of adults who have undergone augmentation for spina bifida and bladder exstrophy: incidence and management of the non-lethal complications of bladder augmentation. Int J Urol 25(2):94–101. https://doi.org/10.1111/iju.13417CrossRefPubMed

63.

Veeratterapillay R, Thorpe AC, Harding C (2013) Augmentation cystoplasty: contemporary indications, techniques and complications. Indian J Urol 29(4):322–327. https://doi.org/10.4103/0970-1591.120114CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

64.

Husmann DA (2016) Long-term complications following bladder augmentations in patients with spina bifida: bladder calculi, perforation of the augmented bladder and upper tract deterioration. Transl Androl Urol 5(1):3–11. https://doi.org/10.3978/j.issn.2223-4683.2015.12.06CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

65.

Cox L, He C, Bevins J, Clemens JQ, Stoffel JT, Cameron AP (2017) Gentamicin bladder instillations decrease symptomatic urinary tract infections in neurogenic bladder patients on intermittent catheterization. Can Urol Assoc J 11(9):E350–E354. https://doi.org/10.5489/cuaj.4434CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

66.

Szymanski KM, Misseri R, Whittam B, Lingeman JE, Amstutz S, Ring JD, Kaefer M, Rink RC, Cain MP (2016) Bladder stones after bladder augmentation are not what they seem. J Pediatr Urol 12(2):98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpurol.2015.06.021(e91–96)CrossRefPubMed

67.

DeFoor W, Minevich E, Reddy P, Sekhon D, Polsky E, Wacksman J, Sheldon C (2004) Bladder calculi after augmentation cystoplasty: risk factors and prevention strategies. J Urol 172(5 Pt 1):1964–1966CrossRef

68.

Metcalfe PD, Cain MP, Kaefer M, Gilley DA, Meldrum KK, Misseri R, King SJ, Casale AJ, Rink RC (2006) What is the need for additional bladder surgery after bladder augmentation in childhood? J Urol 176(4 Pt 2):1801–1805. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2006.03.126(discussion 1805)CrossRefPubMed

69.

Welk B, Herschorn S, Law C, Nam R (2012) Population based assessment of enterocystoplasty complications in adults. J Urol 188(2):464–469. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2012.04.013CrossRefPubMed

70.

Hensle TW, Bingham J, Lam J, Shabsigh A (2004) Preventing reservoir calculi after augmentation cystoplasty and continent urinary diversion: the influence of an irrigation protocol. BJU Int 93(4):585–587CrossRef

71.

Gonzalez RD, Whiting BM, Canales BK (2012) The history of kidney stone dissolution therapy: 50 years of optimism and frustration with renacidin. J Endourol 26(2):110–118. https://doi.org/10.1089/end.2011.0380CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

72.

Brandell RA, Hall MC, Koch MO, Braren HV (1994) Exposure of intestinal segments to hemiacidrin: analysis of metabolic and histological effects using a rat model. J Urol 152(2 Pt 2):725–727. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5347(17)32691-5(discussion 728–729)CrossRefPubMed

73.

Matlaga BR, Kim SC, Watkins SL, Kuo RL, Munch LC, Lingeman JE (2006) Changing composition of renal calculi in patients with neurogenic bladder. J Urol 175(5):1716–1719. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(05)01015-3(discussion 1719)CrossRefPubMed

74.

Husmann DA (2017) Mortality following augmentation cystoplasty: a transitional urologist’s viewpoint. J Pediatr Urol 13(4):358–364. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpurol.2017.05.008CrossRefPubMed

75.

Husmann DA, Cain MP (2001) Fecal and urinary continence after ileal cecal cystoplasty for the neurogenic bladder. J Urol 165(3):922–925CrossRef

76.

N’Dow J, Leung HY, Marshall C, Neal DE (1998) Bowel dysfunction after bladder reconstruction. J Urol 159(5):1470–1474. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005392-199805000-00015(discussion 1474–1475)CrossRefPubMed

77.

Higuchi TT, Granberg CF, Fox JA, Husmann DA (2010) Augmentation cystoplasty and risk of neoplasia: fact, fiction and controversy. J Urol 184(6):2492–2496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.juro.2010.08.038CrossRefPubMed

78.

Soergel TM, Cain MP, Misseri R, Gardner TA, Koch MO, Rink RC (2004) Transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder following augmentation cystoplasty for the neuropathic bladder. J Urol 172(4 Pt 2):1649–1651 (discussion 1651–1642)CrossRef

79.

Husmann DA, Rathbun SR (2008) Long-term follow up of enteric bladder augmentations: the risk for malignancy. J Pediatr Urol 4(5):381–385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpurol.2008.06.003(discussion 386)CrossRefPubMed

80.

Mammadov E, Dervisoglu S, Elicevik M, Emir H, Soylet Y, Buyukunal SNC (2017) Transition to adulthood with a bladder augmentation: histopathologic concerns. Int Braz J Urol 43(6):1152–1159. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1677-5538.IBJU.2016.0548CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

81.

Metcalfe PD, Casale AJ, Kaefer MA, Misseri R, Dussinger AM, Meldrum KK, Cain MP, Rink RC (2006) Spontaneous bladder perforations: a report of 500 augmentations in children and analysis of risk. J Urol 175(4):1466–1470. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(05)00672-5(discussion 1470–1461)CrossRefPubMed

82.

Lee T, Kozminski DJ, Bloom DA, Wan J, Park JM (2017) Bladder perforation after augmentation cystoplasty: Determining the best management option. J Pediatr Urol 13(3):274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpurol.2016.12.027(e271–274 e277)CrossRefPubMed

83.

Greenwell TJ, Venn SN, Creighton S, Leaver RB, Woodhouse CR (2003) Pregnancy after lower urinary tract reconstruction for congenital abnormalities. BJU Int 92(7):773–777CrossRef

84.

Telli O, Ozcan C, Hamidi N, Karagoz MA, Hascicek AM, Soygur T, Burgu B (2016) Preoperative risk factors predicting complication rates of augmentation cystoplasty using the modified clavien classification system in pediatric population. Urology 97:166–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.urology.2016.05.067CrossRefPubMed

Title: Augmentation cystoplasty in the patient with neurogenic bladder
Authors: Philip J. Cheng
Jeremy B. Myers
Publication date: 01-12-2020
Publisher: Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Keywords: Vesicorenal Reflux
Neurogenic Bladder
Published in: World Journal of Urology / Issue 12/2020
Print ISSN: 0724-4983
Electronic ISSN: 1433-8726
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00345-019-02919-z

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Augmentation cystoplasty in the patient with neurogenic bladder

Abstract

Purpose

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Purpose

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 12/2020

The 365 μm holmium laser in flexible ureteroscopic lithotripsy: prospect and risk coexist?

The effect of tetrahydrocannabinol on testosterone among men in the United States: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

The PT2D-Score: a novel tool to predict complications and economic outcome after radical cystectomy

RE: The evaluation of early predictive factors for urosepsis in patients with negative preoperative urine culture following mini-percutaneous nephrolithotomy

The role of fatal family history and mode of inheritance in prostate cancer for long-term outcomes following radical prostatectomy

Can we count on popcorn technique in lithotripsy: based on recent in vitro studies?