Skip to main content
Top
Published in: European Radiology 6/2006

01-06-2006 | Chest

MR imaging of the pulmonary vasculature—an update

Authors: Mark R. Pedersen, Mark T. Fisher, Edwin J. R. van Beek

Published in: European Radiology | Issue 6/2006

Login to get access

Abstract

Although the advent of multi-detector row computed tomography (CT) angiography has been at the heart of improving the diagnostic management of pulmonary vascular disease, MR technology has also moved forward. This review outlines the current state of affairs of MR techniques for the assessment of pulmonary vascular diseases such as pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary arteritis and arteriovenous malformations. It highlights the main areas of MR angiography and MR perfusion imaging and discusses novel methods, such as non-contrast enhanced direct thrombus imaging, and will discuss its merits in the context of other diagnostic modalities.
Literature
1.
go back to reference van Beek EJR, ten Cate JW (1996) The diagnosis of venous thromboembolism: an overview. In: Hull RD, Raskob GE, Pineo GF (eds) Venous thromboembolism: an evidence-based atlas. Futura, Armonk, pp 93–99 van Beek EJR, ten Cate JW (1996) The diagnosis of venous thromboembolism: an overview. In: Hull RD, Raskob GE, Pineo GF (eds) Venous thromboembolism: an evidence-based atlas. Futura, Armonk, pp 93–99
2.
go back to reference ESC Task Force on Pulmonary Embolism (2000) Guidelines on management of acute pulmonary embolism. Eur Heart J 21:1301–1336CrossRef ESC Task Force on Pulmonary Embolism (2000) Guidelines on management of acute pulmonary embolism. Eur Heart J 21:1301–1336CrossRef
3.
go back to reference Simonneau G, Galie N, Rubin LJ, et al (2004) Clinical classification of pulmonary hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 43:5S–12SCrossRefPubMed Simonneau G, Galie N, Rubin LJ, et al (2004) Clinical classification of pulmonary hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 43:5S–12SCrossRefPubMed
5.
go back to reference Itazawa T, Noguchi K, Ichida F, Miyawaki T (2001) Magnetic resonance imaging for early detection of Takayasu arteritis. Pediatr Cardiol 22:163–164CrossRefPubMed Itazawa T, Noguchi K, Ichida F, Miyawaki T (2001) Magnetic resonance imaging for early detection of Takayasu arteritis. Pediatr Cardiol 22:163–164CrossRefPubMed
6.
go back to reference Maki DD, Siegelman ES, Roberts DA, Baum RA, Gefter WB (2001) Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations: three-dimensional gadolinium enhanced MR angiography—initial experience. Radiology 219:243–246PubMed Maki DD, Siegelman ES, Roberts DA, Baum RA, Gefter WB (2001) Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations: three-dimensional gadolinium enhanced MR angiography—initial experience. Radiology 219:243–246PubMed
7.
go back to reference Dill T, Neumann T, Ekinci O, et al (2003) Pulmonary vein diameter reduction after radiofrequency catheter ablation for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation evaluated by contrast-enhanced three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation 107:845–850CrossRefPubMed Dill T, Neumann T, Ekinci O, et al (2003) Pulmonary vein diameter reduction after radiofrequency catheter ablation for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation evaluated by contrast-enhanced three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation 107:845–850CrossRefPubMed
8.
go back to reference Kluge A, Dill T, Ekinci O, et al (2004) Decreased pulmonary perfusion in pulmonary vein stenosis after radiofrequency ablation: assessment with dynamic magnetic resonance perfusion imaging. Chest 126:428–437CrossRefPubMed Kluge A, Dill T, Ekinci O, et al (2004) Decreased pulmonary perfusion in pulmonary vein stenosis after radiofrequency ablation: assessment with dynamic magnetic resonance perfusion imaging. Chest 126:428–437CrossRefPubMed
9.
go back to reference Schoepf UJ, Costello P (2004) CT angiography for diagnosis of pulmonary embolism—state of the art. Radiology 230:329–337PubMedCrossRef Schoepf UJ, Costello P (2004) CT angiography for diagnosis of pulmonary embolism—state of the art. Radiology 230:329–337PubMedCrossRef
10.
go back to reference Remy J, Remy-Jardin M, Giraud F, Wattinne L (1994) Angioarchitecture of pulmonary arteriovenous malformations: clinical utility of three-dimensional helical CT. Radiology 191:657–664PubMed Remy J, Remy-Jardin M, Giraud F, Wattinne L (1994) Angioarchitecture of pulmonary arteriovenous malformations: clinical utility of three-dimensional helical CT. Radiology 191:657–664PubMed
11.
go back to reference Haramati LB, Moche I, Rivera VT, et al (2003) Computed tomography of partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection in adults. J Comput Assist Tomogr 27:743–749CrossRefPubMed Haramati LB, Moche I, Rivera VT, et al (2003) Computed tomography of partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection in adults. J Comput Assist Tomogr 27:743–749CrossRefPubMed
12.
go back to reference Aluquin VPR, Albano SA, Chan F, Sandborg C, Pitlick PT (2002) Magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis and follow up of Takayasu’s arteritis in children. Ann Rheum Dis 61:526–529CrossRefPubMed Aluquin VPR, Albano SA, Chan F, Sandborg C, Pitlick PT (2002) Magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis and follow up of Takayasu’s arteritis in children. Ann Rheum Dis 61:526–529CrossRefPubMed
13.
go back to reference Leung D, McKinnon G, Davis C, Pfammatter T, Krestin G, Debatin J (1996) Breath-hold, contrast-enhanced, three-dimensional MR angiography. Radiology 201:569–571PubMed Leung D, McKinnon G, Davis C, Pfammatter T, Krestin G, Debatin J (1996) Breath-hold, contrast-enhanced, three-dimensional MR angiography. Radiology 201:569–571PubMed
14.
go back to reference Goyen M, Laub G, Ladd ME, et al (2001) Dynamic 3D MR angiography of the pulmonary arteries in under four seconds. J Magn Reson Imaging 13:372–377CrossRefPubMed Goyen M, Laub G, Ladd ME, et al (2001) Dynamic 3D MR angiography of the pulmonary arteries in under four seconds. J Magn Reson Imaging 13:372–377CrossRefPubMed
15.
go back to reference Fujii M, Ohno Y, Kawamitsu H, et al (2002) Multiphase 3D contrast enhanced MRA of the lung using SENSE. In: Proceedings of the 10th Annual Meeting of ISMRM, Honolulu, p 1780 Fujii M, Ohno Y, Kawamitsu H, et al (2002) Multiphase 3D contrast enhanced MRA of the lung using SENSE. In: Proceedings of the 10th Annual Meeting of ISMRM, Honolulu, p 1780
16.
go back to reference Nikolaou K, Schoenberg SO, Nittka M, et al (2002) Magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of pulmonary arterial hypertension: high resolution angiography and fast perfusion imaging using intelligent parallel acquisition techniques (iPAT). Radiology 225:473 Nikolaou K, Schoenberg SO, Nittka M, et al (2002) Magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of pulmonary arterial hypertension: high resolution angiography and fast perfusion imaging using intelligent parallel acquisition techniques (iPAT). Radiology 225:473
17.
go back to reference Loubeyre P, Revel D, Douek P, et al (1994) Dynamic contrast enhanced MR angiography of pulmonary embolism: comparison with pulmonary angiography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 162:1035–1039PubMed Loubeyre P, Revel D, Douek P, et al (1994) Dynamic contrast enhanced MR angiography of pulmonary embolism: comparison with pulmonary angiography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 162:1035–1039PubMed
18.
go back to reference Nikolaou K, Schoenberg SO, Attenberger U, et al (2005) Pulmonary arterial hypertension: diagnosis with fast perfusion MR imaging and high-spatial-resolution MR angiography—preliminary experience. Radiology 235:694–703CrossRef Nikolaou K, Schoenberg SO, Attenberger U, et al (2005) Pulmonary arterial hypertension: diagnosis with fast perfusion MR imaging and high-spatial-resolution MR angiography—preliminary experience. Radiology 235:694–703CrossRef
19.
go back to reference Steiner P, McKinnon GC, Romanowski B, Goehde SC, Hany T, Debatin JF (1997) Contrast-enhanced, ultrafast 3D pulmonary MR angiography in a single breath hold: initial assessment of imaging performance. J Magn Reson Imaging 7:177–182PubMedCrossRef Steiner P, McKinnon GC, Romanowski B, Goehde SC, Hany T, Debatin JF (1997) Contrast-enhanced, ultrafast 3D pulmonary MR angiography in a single breath hold: initial assessment of imaging performance. J Magn Reson Imaging 7:177–182PubMedCrossRef
20.
go back to reference Meaney JF, Weg JG, Chenevert TL, Stafford-Johnson D, Hamilton BH, Prince MR (1997) Diagnosis of pulmonary embolism with magnetic resonance angiography. N Engl J Med 336:1422–1427CrossRefPubMed Meaney JF, Weg JG, Chenevert TL, Stafford-Johnson D, Hamilton BH, Prince MR (1997) Diagnosis of pulmonary embolism with magnetic resonance angiography. N Engl J Med 336:1422–1427CrossRefPubMed
21.
go back to reference Gupta A, Frazer CK, Ferguon JM, et al (1999) Acute pulmonary embolism: diagnosis with MR angiography. Radiology 210:353–359PubMed Gupta A, Frazer CK, Ferguon JM, et al (1999) Acute pulmonary embolism: diagnosis with MR angiography. Radiology 210:353–359PubMed
22.
go back to reference Oudkerk M, van Beek EJ, Wielopolski P, et al (2002) Comparison of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography and conventional pulmonary angiography for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism: a prospective study. Lancet 359:1643–1647CrossRefPubMed Oudkerk M, van Beek EJ, Wielopolski P, et al (2002) Comparison of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography and conventional pulmonary angiography for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism: a prospective study. Lancet 359:1643–1647CrossRefPubMed
23.
go back to reference Ohno Y, Higashino T, Takenaka D, et al (2004) MR angiography with sensitivity encoding (SENSE) for suspected pulmonary embolism: comparison with MDCT and ventilation–perfusion scintigraphy. AJR Am J Roentgenol 183:91–98PubMed Ohno Y, Higashino T, Takenaka D, et al (2004) MR angiography with sensitivity encoding (SENSE) for suspected pulmonary embolism: comparison with MDCT and ventilation–perfusion scintigraphy. AJR Am J Roentgenol 183:91–98PubMed
24.
go back to reference Ley S, Kauczor H, Heussel C, Kramm T, Mayer E, Thelen M, Kreitner K (2003) Value of contrast-enhanced MR angiography and helical CT angiography in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Eur Radiol 13:2365–2371CrossRefPubMed Ley S, Kauczor H, Heussel C, Kramm T, Mayer E, Thelen M, Kreitner K (2003) Value of contrast-enhanced MR angiography and helical CT angiography in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Eur Radiol 13:2365–2371CrossRefPubMed
25.
go back to reference Yeh EN, Stuber M, McKenzie CA, et al (2005) Inherently self-calibrating non-Cartesion parallel imaging. Magn Reson Med 54:1–8CrossRefPubMed Yeh EN, Stuber M, McKenzie CA, et al (2005) Inherently self-calibrating non-Cartesion parallel imaging. Magn Reson Med 54:1–8CrossRefPubMed
26.
go back to reference Wielopolski P, Haacke E, Adler L (1993) Evaluation of the pulmonary vasculature with three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging techniques. MAGMA 1:21–34CrossRef Wielopolski P, Haacke E, Adler L (1993) Evaluation of the pulmonary vasculature with three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging techniques. MAGMA 1:21–34CrossRef
27.
go back to reference Schoenberg SO, Essig M, Bock M, Hawighorst H, Sharafuddin M, Knopp MV (1999) Comprehensive MR evaluation of renovascular disease in five breath holds. J Magn Reson Imaging 10:347–356CrossRefPubMed Schoenberg SO, Essig M, Bock M, Hawighorst H, Sharafuddin M, Knopp MV (1999) Comprehensive MR evaluation of renovascular disease in five breath holds. J Magn Reson Imaging 10:347–356CrossRefPubMed
28.
go back to reference Sodickson DK, Manning WJ (1997) Simultaneous acquisition of spatial harmonics (SMASH): fast imaging with radiofrequency coil arrays. Magn Reson Med 38:591–603PubMedCrossRef Sodickson DK, Manning WJ (1997) Simultaneous acquisition of spatial harmonics (SMASH): fast imaging with radiofrequency coil arrays. Magn Reson Med 38:591–603PubMedCrossRef
29.
go back to reference Pruessmann KP, Weiger M, Scheidegger MB, Boesiger P (1999) SENSE: sensitivity encoding for fast MRI. Magn Reson Med 42:952–962CrossRefPubMed Pruessmann KP, Weiger M, Scheidegger MB, Boesiger P (1999) SENSE: sensitivity encoding for fast MRI. Magn Reson Med 42:952–962CrossRefPubMed
30.
go back to reference Weiger M, Pruessmann KP, Kassner A, et al (2000) Contrast-enhanced 3D MRA using SENSE. J Magn Reson Imaging 12:671–677CrossRefPubMed Weiger M, Pruessmann KP, Kassner A, et al (2000) Contrast-enhanced 3D MRA using SENSE. J Magn Reson Imaging 12:671–677CrossRefPubMed
31.
go back to reference Kelly J, Hunt BJ, Moody A (2003) Magnetic resonance direct thrombus imaging: a novel technique for imaging venous thromboemboli. Thromb Haemost 89:773–782PubMed Kelly J, Hunt BJ, Moody A (2003) Magnetic resonance direct thrombus imaging: a novel technique for imaging venous thromboemboli. Thromb Haemost 89:773–782PubMed
32.
go back to reference Fraser DG, Moody AR, Morgan PS, Martel AL, Davidson I (2002) Diagnosis of lower-limb deep venous thrombosis: a prospective blinded study of magnetic resonance direct thrombus imaging. Ann Intern Med 136:89–98PubMed Fraser DG, Moody AR, Morgan PS, Martel AL, Davidson I (2002) Diagnosis of lower-limb deep venous thrombosis: a prospective blinded study of magnetic resonance direct thrombus imaging. Ann Intern Med 136:89–98PubMed
33.
go back to reference Hatabu H, Gaa J, Kim D, Li W, Prasad PV, Edelman RR (1996) Pulmonary perfusion: qualitative assessment with dynamic contrast enhanced MRI using ultra-short TE and inversion recovery turbo FLASH. Magn Reson Med 36:503–508PubMedCrossRef Hatabu H, Gaa J, Kim D, Li W, Prasad PV, Edelman RR (1996) Pulmonary perfusion: qualitative assessment with dynamic contrast enhanced MRI using ultra-short TE and inversion recovery turbo FLASH. Magn Reson Med 36:503–508PubMedCrossRef
34.
go back to reference Amundsen T, Torheim G, Waage A, Bjermer L, Steen PA, Haraldseth O (2000) Perfusion magnetic resonance imaging of the lung: characterization of pneumonia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A feasibility study. J Magn Reson Imaging 12:224–231CrossRefPubMed Amundsen T, Torheim G, Waage A, Bjermer L, Steen PA, Haraldseth O (2000) Perfusion magnetic resonance imaging of the lung: characterization of pneumonia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A feasibility study. J Magn Reson Imaging 12:224–231CrossRefPubMed
35.
go back to reference Ohno Y, Hatabu H, Takenaka D, Adachi S, Kono M, Sugimura K (2002) Solitary pulmonary nodules: potential role of dynamic MR imaging in management—initial experience. Radiology 224:503–511PubMedCrossRef Ohno Y, Hatabu H, Takenaka D, Adachi S, Kono M, Sugimura K (2002) Solitary pulmonary nodules: potential role of dynamic MR imaging in management—initial experience. Radiology 224:503–511PubMedCrossRef
36.
go back to reference Fink C, Bock M, Puderbach M, Schmahl A, Delorme S (2003) Partially parallel three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging for the assessment of lung perfusion-initial results. Invest Radiol 38:482–488CrossRefPubMed Fink C, Bock M, Puderbach M, Schmahl A, Delorme S (2003) Partially parallel three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging for the assessment of lung perfusion-initial results. Invest Radiol 38:482–488CrossRefPubMed
37.
go back to reference Ohno Y, Kawamisu H, Higashino T, et al (2003) Time-resolved contrast-enhanced pulmonary MR angiography using sensitivity encoding (SENSE). J Magn Reson Imaging 17:330–336CrossRefPubMed Ohno Y, Kawamisu H, Higashino T, et al (2003) Time-resolved contrast-enhanced pulmonary MR angiography using sensitivity encoding (SENSE). J Magn Reson Imaging 17:330–336CrossRefPubMed
38.
go back to reference Hatabu H, Tadamura E, Levin DL, et al (1999) Quantitative assessment of pulmonary perfusion with dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI. Magn Reson Med 42:1033–1038CrossRefPubMed Hatabu H, Tadamura E, Levin DL, et al (1999) Quantitative assessment of pulmonary perfusion with dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI. Magn Reson Med 42:1033–1038CrossRefPubMed
39.
go back to reference Berthezene Y, Vexler V, Price DC, et al (1992) Magnetic resonance imaging detection of an experimental pulmonary perfusion deficit using a macromolecular contrast agent: polylysine-gadolinium-DTPA40. Invest Radiol 27:346–351PubMedCrossRef Berthezene Y, Vexler V, Price DC, et al (1992) Magnetic resonance imaging detection of an experimental pulmonary perfusion deficit using a macromolecular contrast agent: polylysine-gadolinium-DTPA40. Invest Radiol 27:346–351PubMedCrossRef
40.
go back to reference Nakagawa R, Sakuma H, Murashima S, Ishida N, Matsumura K, Takeda K (2001) Pulmonary ventilation–perfusion MR imaging in clinical patients. J Magn Reson Imaging 14:419–424CrossRefPubMed Nakagawa R, Sakuma H, Murashima S, Ishida N, Matsumura K, Takeda K (2001) Pulmonary ventilation–perfusion MR imaging in clinical patients. J Magn Reson Imaging 14:419–424CrossRefPubMed
41.
go back to reference Iwasawa T, Saito K, Ogawa N, Ishiwa N, Kurihara H (2002) Prediction of postoperative pulmonary function using perfusion magnetic resonance imaging of the lung. J Magn Reson Imaging 16:685–692CrossRefPubMed Iwasawa T, Saito K, Ogawa N, Ishiwa N, Kurihara H (2002) Prediction of postoperative pulmonary function using perfusion magnetic resonance imaging of the lung. J Magn Reson Imaging 16:685–692CrossRefPubMed
42.
go back to reference Matsuoka S, Uchiyama K, Shima H, et al (2001) Detectability of pulmonary perfusion defect and influence of breath holding on contrast enhanced thick-slice 2D and on 3D MR pulmonary perfusion images. J Magn Reson Imaging 14:580–585CrossRefPubMed Matsuoka S, Uchiyama K, Shima H, et al (2001) Detectability of pulmonary perfusion defect and influence of breath holding on contrast enhanced thick-slice 2D and on 3D MR pulmonary perfusion images. J Magn Reson Imaging 14:580–585CrossRefPubMed
43.
go back to reference Kluge A, Gerriets T, Lange U, Bachman G (2005) MRI for short-term follow-up of acute pulmonary embolism. Assessment of thrombus appearance and pulmonary perfusion: a feasibility study. Eur Radiol 15:1969–1977CrossRefPubMed Kluge A, Gerriets T, Lange U, Bachman G (2005) MRI for short-term follow-up of acute pulmonary embolism. Assessment of thrombus appearance and pulmonary perfusion: a feasibility study. Eur Radiol 15:1969–1977CrossRefPubMed
44.
go back to reference Fratz S, Hess J, Schwaiger M, Martinoff S, Stern HC (2002) More accurate quantification of pulmonary blood flow by magnetic resonance imaging than by lung perfusion scintigraphy in patients with fontan circulation. Circulation 106:1510–1513CrossRefPubMed Fratz S, Hess J, Schwaiger M, Martinoff S, Stern HC (2002) More accurate quantification of pulmonary blood flow by magnetic resonance imaging than by lung perfusion scintigraphy in patients with fontan circulation. Circulation 106:1510–1513CrossRefPubMed
45.
go back to reference Levin DL, Chen Q, Zhang M, Edelman RR, Hatabu H (2001) Evaluation of regional pulmonary perfusion using ultrafast magnetic resonance imaging. Magn Reson Med 46:166–171CrossRefPubMed Levin DL, Chen Q, Zhang M, Edelman RR, Hatabu H (2001) Evaluation of regional pulmonary perfusion using ultrafast magnetic resonance imaging. Magn Reson Med 46:166–171CrossRefPubMed
46.
go back to reference Fink C, Puderbach M, Ley S, Zaporozhan J, Plathow C, Kauczor HU (2005) Time-resolved echo-shared parallel MRA of the lung: observer preference study of image quality in comparison with non-echo-shared sequences. Eur Radiol 15:2070–2074CrossRefPubMed Fink C, Puderbach M, Ley S, Zaporozhan J, Plathow C, Kauczor HU (2005) Time-resolved echo-shared parallel MRA of the lung: observer preference study of image quality in comparison with non-echo-shared sequences. Eur Radiol 15:2070–2074CrossRefPubMed
47.
go back to reference Roberts DA, Gefter WB, Hirsch JA, et al (1999) Pulmonary perfusion: respiratory-triggered three-dimensional MR imaging with arterial spin tagging—preliminary results in healthy volunteers. Radiology 212:890–895PubMed Roberts DA, Gefter WB, Hirsch JA, et al (1999) Pulmonary perfusion: respiratory-triggered three-dimensional MR imaging with arterial spin tagging—preliminary results in healthy volunteers. Radiology 212:890–895PubMed
48.
49.
go back to reference Edelman RR, Hatabu H, Tadamura E, Kim D, Prasad PV, Buxton RB (1996) Pulmonary perfusion: non-invasive imaging and quantification by magnetic resonance. In: Proceedings of the 4th annual scientific meeting of the ISMRM, New York, p 1314 Edelman RR, Hatabu H, Tadamura E, Kim D, Prasad PV, Buxton RB (1996) Pulmonary perfusion: non-invasive imaging and quantification by magnetic resonance. In: Proceedings of the 4th annual scientific meeting of the ISMRM, New York, p 1314
50.
go back to reference Kwong KK, Belliveau JW, Chesler DA, et al (1992) Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging of human brain activity during primary sensory stimulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 89:5675–5679PubMedCrossRef Kwong KK, Belliveau JW, Chesler DA, et al (1992) Dynamic magnetic resonance imaging of human brain activity during primary sensory stimulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 89:5675–5679PubMedCrossRef
51.
go back to reference Kim SG (1995) Quantification of relative cerebral blood flow change by flow-sensitive alternating inversion recovery (FAIR) technique: application to functional mapping. Magn Reson Med 34:293–301PubMedCrossRef Kim SG (1995) Quantification of relative cerebral blood flow change by flow-sensitive alternating inversion recovery (FAIR) technique: application to functional mapping. Magn Reson Med 34:293–301PubMedCrossRef
52.
go back to reference Mai VM, Berr SS (1999) MR perfusion imaging of pulmonary parenchyma using pulsed arterial spin labeling techniques: FAIRER and FAIR. J Magn Reson Imaging 9:483–487CrossRefPubMed Mai VM, Berr SS (1999) MR perfusion imaging of pulmonary parenchyma using pulsed arterial spin labeling techniques: FAIRER and FAIR. J Magn Reson Imaging 9:483–487CrossRefPubMed
53.
go back to reference Mai VM, Hagspiel KD, Christopher JM, Do HM, Altes T, Knight-Scott J, Stith AL, Maier T, Berr SS (1999) Perfusion imaging of the lung using flow-sensitive alternating inversion recovery with an extra radio-frequency pulse (FAIRER). Magn Reson Imaging 17:355–361CrossRefPubMed Mai VM, Hagspiel KD, Christopher JM, Do HM, Altes T, Knight-Scott J, Stith AL, Maier T, Berr SS (1999) Perfusion imaging of the lung using flow-sensitive alternating inversion recovery with an extra radio-frequency pulse (FAIRER). Magn Reson Imaging 17:355–361CrossRefPubMed
54.
go back to reference Balzer JO, Loewe C, Davis K, Goyen M, Leiner T, Meaney JF, Pockler-Schoniger C, Schulte-Altedorneburg G, Tombach B, Vosshenrich R, Wegener R (2003) Safety of contrast-enhanced MR angiography employing gadobutrol 1.0 M as contrast material. Eur Radiol 13:2067–2074CrossRefPubMed Balzer JO, Loewe C, Davis K, Goyen M, Leiner T, Meaney JF, Pockler-Schoniger C, Schulte-Altedorneburg G, Tombach B, Vosshenrich R, Wegener R (2003) Safety of contrast-enhanced MR angiography employing gadobutrol 1.0 M as contrast material. Eur Radiol 13:2067–2074CrossRefPubMed
55.
go back to reference Tombach B, Bremer C, Reimer P, et al (2002) Using highly concentrated gadobutrol as an MR contrast agent in patients also requiring hemodialysis: safety and dialysability. AJR Am J Roentgenol 178:105–109PubMed Tombach B, Bremer C, Reimer P, et al (2002) Using highly concentrated gadobutrol as an MR contrast agent in patients also requiring hemodialysis: safety and dialysability. AJR Am J Roentgenol 178:105–109PubMed
56.
go back to reference Fink C, Puderbach M, Ley S, Plathow C, Bock M, Zuna I, Kauczor HU (2004) Contrast-enhanced three-dimensional pulmonary perfusion magnetic resonance imaging: intraindividual comparison of 1.0 M gadobutrol and 0.5 M Gd-DTPA at three dose levels. Invest Radiol 39:143–148CrossRefPubMed Fink C, Puderbach M, Ley S, Plathow C, Bock M, Zuna I, Kauczor HU (2004) Contrast-enhanced three-dimensional pulmonary perfusion magnetic resonance imaging: intraindividual comparison of 1.0 M gadobutrol and 0.5 M Gd-DTPA at three dose levels. Invest Radiol 39:143–148CrossRefPubMed
57.
go back to reference Fink C, Ley S, Plathow C, Kauczor HU (2002) Gadolinium containing contrast agents for pulmonary ventilation magnetic resonance imaging: preliminary results. Invest Radiol 37:120–125CrossRefPubMed Fink C, Ley S, Plathow C, Kauczor HU (2002) Gadolinium containing contrast agents for pulmonary ventilation magnetic resonance imaging: preliminary results. Invest Radiol 37:120–125CrossRefPubMed
58.
go back to reference Abolmaali ND, Hietschold V, Appold S, Ebert W, Vogl TJ (2002) Gadomer-17-enhanced 3D navigator-echo MR angiography of the pulmonary arteries in pigs. Eur Radiol 12:692–697PubMed Abolmaali ND, Hietschold V, Appold S, Ebert W, Vogl TJ (2002) Gadomer-17-enhanced 3D navigator-echo MR angiography of the pulmonary arteries in pigs. Eur Radiol 12:692–697PubMed
59.
go back to reference Zheng J, Carr J, Harris K, et al (2001) Three-dimensional MR pulmonary perfusion imaging and angiography with an injection of a new blood pool contrast agent B-22956/1. J Magn Reson Imaging 14:425–432CrossRefPubMed Zheng J, Carr J, Harris K, et al (2001) Three-dimensional MR pulmonary perfusion imaging and angiography with an injection of a new blood pool contrast agent B-22956/1. J Magn Reson Imaging 14:425–432CrossRefPubMed
60.
go back to reference Nitz WR (2002) Fast and ultrafast non-echo-planar MR imaging techniques. Eur Radiol 12:2866–2882PubMed Nitz WR (2002) Fast and ultrafast non-echo-planar MR imaging techniques. Eur Radiol 12:2866–2882PubMed
61.
go back to reference Sodickson DK, McKenzie CA, Ohliger MA, Yeh EN, Price MD (2002) Recent advances in image reconstruction, coil sensitivity calibration, and coil array design for SMASH and generalized parallel MRI. MAGMA 13:158–163PubMedCrossRef Sodickson DK, McKenzie CA, Ohliger MA, Yeh EN, Price MD (2002) Recent advances in image reconstruction, coil sensitivity calibration, and coil array design for SMASH and generalized parallel MRI. MAGMA 13:158–163PubMedCrossRef
62.
go back to reference Kluge A, Muller C, Hansel J, Gerriets T, Bachmann G (2004) Real-time MR with TrueFISP for the detection of acute pulmonary embolism: initial clinical experience. Eur Radiol 14:709–718CrossRefPubMed Kluge A, Muller C, Hansel J, Gerriets T, Bachmann G (2004) Real-time MR with TrueFISP for the detection of acute pulmonary embolism: initial clinical experience. Eur Radiol 14:709–718CrossRefPubMed
63.
go back to reference Kreitner KF, Ley S, Kauczor HU, et al (2004) Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: pre- and postoperative assessment with breath-hold MR Imaging techniques. Radiology 232: 535–543PubMedCrossRef Kreitner KF, Ley S, Kauczor HU, et al (2004) Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: pre- and postoperative assessment with breath-hold MR Imaging techniques. Radiology 232: 535–543PubMedCrossRef
64.
go back to reference Roeleveld RJ Marcus JT, Boonstra A, et al (2005) A comparison of noninvasive MRI-based methods of estimating pulmonary artery pressure in pulmonary hypertension. J Magn Reson Imaging 22:67–72CrossRefPubMed Roeleveld RJ Marcus JT, Boonstra A, et al (2005) A comparison of noninvasive MRI-based methods of estimating pulmonary artery pressure in pulmonary hypertension. J Magn Reson Imaging 22:67–72CrossRefPubMed
65.
go back to reference Kato R, Lickfett L, Meininger G, et al (2003) Pulmonary vein anatomy in patients undergoing catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation: lessons learned by use of magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation 107:2004–2010CrossRefPubMed Kato R, Lickfett L, Meininger G, et al (2003) Pulmonary vein anatomy in patients undergoing catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation: lessons learned by use of magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation 107:2004–2010CrossRefPubMed
66.
go back to reference Syed MA, Peters DC, Rashid H, Arai AE (2005) Pulmonary vein imaging: comparison of 3D magnetic resonance angiography with 2D cine MRI for characterizing anatomy and size. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 7:355–360CrossRefPubMed Syed MA, Peters DC, Rashid H, Arai AE (2005) Pulmonary vein imaging: comparison of 3D magnetic resonance angiography with 2D cine MRI for characterizing anatomy and size. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 7:355–360CrossRefPubMed
67.
go back to reference Ohno Y, Hatabu H, Takenaka D, Adachi S, Hirota S, Sugimura K (2002) Contrast-enhanced MR perfusion imaging and MR angiography: utility for management of pulmonary arteriovenous malformations for embolotherapy. Eur J Radiol 41:136–146CrossRefPubMed Ohno Y, Hatabu H, Takenaka D, Adachi S, Hirota S, Sugimura K (2002) Contrast-enhanced MR perfusion imaging and MR angiography: utility for management of pulmonary arteriovenous malformations for embolotherapy. Eur J Radiol 41:136–146CrossRefPubMed
68.
go back to reference Yamada I, Nakagawa T, Himeno Y, Kobayashi Y, Numano F, Shibuya H (2000) Takayasu arteritis: diagnosis with breath-hold contrast-enhanced three-dimensional MR angiography. J Magn Reson Imaging 11:481–487CrossRefPubMed Yamada I, Nakagawa T, Himeno Y, Kobayashi Y, Numano F, Shibuya H (2000) Takayasu arteritis: diagnosis with breath-hold contrast-enhanced three-dimensional MR angiography. J Magn Reson Imaging 11:481–487CrossRefPubMed
69.
70.
go back to reference Alsop DC, Hatabu H, Bonnet M, Listerud J, Gefter W (1995) Multi-slice, breathhold imaging of the lung with submillisecond echo times. Magn Reson Med 33:678–682PubMedCrossRef Alsop DC, Hatabu H, Bonnet M, Listerud J, Gefter W (1995) Multi-slice, breathhold imaging of the lung with submillisecond echo times. Magn Reson Med 33:678–682PubMedCrossRef
71.
go back to reference Hatabu H, Gaa J, Tadamura E, et al (1999) MR imaging of pulmonary parenchyma with a half-Fourier single-shot turbo spin-echo (HASTE) sequence. Eur J Radiol 29:152–159CrossRefPubMed Hatabu H, Gaa J, Tadamura E, et al (1999) MR imaging of pulmonary parenchyma with a half-Fourier single-shot turbo spin-echo (HASTE) sequence. Eur J Radiol 29:152–159CrossRefPubMed
72.
go back to reference Pengo V, Lensing AWA, Prins MH, et al (2004) Incidence of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension after pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med 350:2257–2264CrossRefPubMed Pengo V, Lensing AWA, Prins MH, et al (2004) Incidence of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension after pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med 350:2257–2264CrossRefPubMed
73.
go back to reference Mastora I, Remy-Jardin M, Masson P, et al (2003) Severity of acute pulmonary embolism: evaluation of a new spiral CT angiographic score in correlation with echocardiographic data. Eur Radiol 13:29–35PubMed Mastora I, Remy-Jardin M, Masson P, et al (2003) Severity of acute pulmonary embolism: evaluation of a new spiral CT angiographic score in correlation with echocardiographic data. Eur Radiol 13:29–35PubMed
74.
go back to reference Ley S, Puderbach M, Fink, C et al (2005) Assessment of hemodynamic changes in the systemic and pulmonary arterial circulation in patients with cystic fibrosis using phase-contrast MRI. Eur Radiol 15:1575–1580CrossRefPubMed Ley S, Puderbach M, Fink, C et al (2005) Assessment of hemodynamic changes in the systemic and pulmonary arterial circulation in patients with cystic fibrosis using phase-contrast MRI. Eur Radiol 15:1575–1580CrossRefPubMed
75.
go back to reference Ohno Y, Hatabu H, Higashino T, et al (2004) Dynamic perfusion MRI versus perfusion scintigraphy: prediction of postoperative lung function in patients with lung cancer. AJR Am J Roentgenol 182:73–78PubMed Ohno Y, Hatabu H, Higashino T, et al (2004) Dynamic perfusion MRI versus perfusion scintigraphy: prediction of postoperative lung function in patients with lung cancer. AJR Am J Roentgenol 182:73–78PubMed
76.
go back to reference Moody AR, Liddicoat A, Krarup K (1997) Magnetic resonance pulmonary angiography and direct imaging of embolus for the detection of pulmonary emboli. Invest Radiology 32:431–440CrossRef Moody AR, Liddicoat A, Krarup K (1997) Magnetic resonance pulmonary angiography and direct imaging of embolus for the detection of pulmonary emboli. Invest Radiology 32:431–440CrossRef
77.
go back to reference Moody AR. Crossley I, Moorby S, Delay G (2003) Magnetic resonance direct thrombus imaging (MR DTI) as a first line investigation for pulmonary embolism—the PDR trial. Proceedings of the 11th annual scientific meeting of the ISMRM, Toronto, Canada Moody AR. Crossley I, Moorby S, Delay G (2003) Magnetic resonance direct thrombus imaging (MR DTI) as a first line investigation for pulmonary embolism—the PDR trial. Proceedings of the 11th annual scientific meeting of the ISMRM, Toronto, Canada
Metadata
Title
MR imaging of the pulmonary vasculature—an update
Authors
Mark R. Pedersen
Mark T. Fisher
Edwin J. R. van Beek
Publication date
01-06-2006
Publisher
Springer-Verlag
Published in
European Radiology / Issue 6/2006
Print ISSN: 0938-7994
Electronic ISSN: 1432-1084
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-005-0109-x

Other articles of this Issue 6/2006

European Radiology 6/2006 Go to the issue