Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

LIVE: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)
Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Seminars in Immunopathology
Published in: Seminars in Immunopathology 1/2014

Open Access 01-01-2014 | Review

Impacts of the apoptosis inhibitor of macrophage (AIM) on obesity-associated inflammatory diseases

Authors: Satoko Arai, Toru Miyazaki

Published in: Seminars in Immunopathology | Issue 1/2014

Login to get access

Abstract

Obesity is associated with various metabolic and cardiovascular diseases caused by chronic, low-grade inflammation that is initially observed in obese adipose tissue. In addition, many etiological studies in humans have shown a strong correlation between obesity and inflammatory autoimmune diseases. In this review, we focus on the involvement of apoptosis inhibitor of macrophage (AIM), a macrophage-derived blood protein, in both types of immune response. Through differential mechanisms, AIM thereby plays key roles in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, metabolic diseases, and obesity-associated autoimmune diseases. Thus, the regulation of blood AIM levels or AIM function has the potential to serve as a next-generation therapy against these inflammatory diseases brought about by modern lifestyle.
Literature
1.
Hotamisligil GS, Shargill NS, Spiegelman BM (1993) Adipose expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha: direct role in obesity-linked insulin resistance. Science 259:87–91PubMedCrossRef
2.
Wellen KE, Hotamisligil GS (2003) Obesity-induced inflammatory changes in adipose tissue. J Clin Invest 112:1785–1788PubMedCentralPubMed
3.
Arkan MC, Hevener AL, Greten FR, Maeda S, Li ZW, Long JM, Wynshaw-Boris A, Poli G, Olefsky J, Karin M (2005) IKK-beta links inflammation to obesity-induced insulin resistance. Nat Med 11:191–198PubMedCrossRef
4.
5.
6.
Weisberg SP, McCann D, Desai M, Rosenbaum M, Leibel RL, Ferrante AW Jr (2003) Obesity is associated with macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue. J Clin Invest 112:1796–1808PubMedCentralPubMed
7.
Xu H, Barnes GT, Yang Q, Tan G, Yang D, Chou CJ, Sole J, Nichols A, Ross JS, Tartaglia LA, Chen H (2003) Chronic inflammation in fat plays a crucial role in the development of obesity-related insulin resistance. J Clin Invest 112:1821–1830PubMedCentralPubMed
8.
Solinas G, Vilcu C, Neels JG, Bandyopadhyay GK, Luo JL, Naugler W, Grivennikov S, Wynshaw-Boris A, Scadeng M, Olefsky JM, Karin M (2007) JNK1 in hematopoietically derived cells contributes to diet-induced inflammation and insulin resistance without affecting obesity. Cell Metab 6:386–397PubMedCrossRef
9.
10.
11.
12.
Mantovani A, Sica A, Sozzani S, Allavena P, Vecchi A, Locati M (2004) The chemokine system in diverse forms of macrophage activation and polarization. Trends Immunol 25:677–686PubMedCrossRef
13.
Rosenbloom AL (2003) Obesity, insulin resistance, beta-cell autoimmunity, and the changing clinical epidemiology of childhood diabetes. Diabetes Care 26:2954–2956PubMedCrossRef
14.
Hersoug LG, Linneberg A (2007) The link between the epidemics of obesity and allergic diseases: does obesity induce decreased immune tolerance? Allergy 62:1205–1213PubMedCrossRef
15.
Cambuli VM, Incani M, Cossu E, Congiu T, Scano F, Pilia S, Sentinelli F, Tiberti C, Cavallo MG, Loche S, Baroni MG (2010) Prevalence of type 1 diabetes autoantibodies (GADA, IA2, and IAA) in overweight and obese children. Diabetes Care 33:820–822PubMedCrossRef
16.
Marzullo P, Minocci A, Tagliaferri MA, Guzzaloni G, Di Blasio A, De Medici C, Aimaretti G, Liuzzi A (2010) Investigations of thyroid hormones and antibodies in obesity: leptin levels are associated with thyroid autoimmunity independent of bioanthropometric, hormonal, and weight-related determinants. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 95:3965–3972PubMedCrossRef
17.
Badaru A, Pihoker C (2012) Type 2 diabetes in childhood: clinical characteristics and role of β-cell autoimmunity. Curr Diab Rep 12:75–81PubMedCrossRef
18.
Winer DA, Winer S, Shen L, Wadia PP, Yantha J, Paltser G, Tsui H, Wu P, Davidson MG, Alonso MN, Leong HX, Glassford A, Caimol M, Kenkel JA, Tedder TF, McLaughlin T, Miklos DB, Dosch HM, Engleman EG (2011) B cells promote insulin resistance through modulation of T cells and production of pathogenic IgG antibodies. Nat Med 217:610–617CrossRef
19.
Miyazaki T, Hirokami Y, Matsuhashi N, Takatsuka H, Naito M (1999) Increased susceptibility of thymocytes to apoptosis in mice lacking AIM, a novel murine macrophage-derived soluble factor belonging to the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich domain superfamily. J Exp Med 189:413–422PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
20.
Resnick D, Pearson A, Krieger M (1994) The SRCR superfamily: a family reminiscent of the Ig superfamily. Trends Biochem Sci 19:5–8PubMedCrossRef
21.
Mori M, Kimura H, Iwamura Y, Arai S, Miyazaki T (2012) Modification of N-glycosylation modulates the secretion and lipolytic function of apoptosis inhibitor of macrophage (AIM). FEBS Lett 586:3569–3574PubMedCrossRef
22.
Joseph SB, Bradley MN, Castrillo A, Bruhn KW, Mak PA, Pei L, Hogenesch J, O'Connell RM, Cheng G, Saez E, Miller JF, Tontonoz P (2004) LXR-dependent gene expression is important for macrophage survival and the innate immune response. Cell 119:299–309PubMedCrossRef
23.
Valledor AF, Hsu LC, Ogawa S, Sawka-Verhelle D, Karin M, Glass CK (2004) Activation of liver X receptors and retinoid X receptors prevents bacterial-induced macrophage apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101:17813–17818PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
24.
Arai S, Shelton JM, Chen M, Bradley MN, Castrillo A, Bookout AL, Mak PA, Edwards PA, Mangelsdorf DJ, Tontonoz P, Miyazaki T (2005) A role of the apoptosis inhibitory factoAIM/Spα/Api6 in atherosclerosis development. Cell Metab 1:201–213PubMedCrossRef
25.
Miyazaki T, Kurokawa J, Arai S (2011) AIMing at metabolic syndrome. -Towards the development of novel therapies for metabolic diseases via apoptosis inhibitor of macrophage (AIM).-. Circ J 75:2522–2531
26.
Gebe JA, Kiener PA, Ring HZ, Li X, Francke U, Aruffo A (1997) Molecular cloning, mapping to human chromosome 1 q21-q23, and cell binding characteristics of Spalpha, a new member of the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich (SRCR) family of proteins. J Biol Chem 272:6151–6158PubMedCrossRef
27.
Gebe JA, Llewellyn M, Hoggatt H, Aruffo A (2000) Molecular cloning, genomic organization and cell-binding characteristics of mouse Spalpha. Immunology 99:78–86PubMedCrossRef
28.
Gangadharan B, Antrobus R, Dwek RA, Zitzmann N (2007) Novel serum biomarker candidates for liver fibrosis in hepatitis C patients. Clin Chem 53:1792–1799PubMedCrossRef
29.
Kim WK, Hwang HR, do Kim H, Lee PY, In YJ, Ryu HY, Park SG, Bae KH, Lee SC (2009) Glycoproteomic analysis of plasma from patients with atopic dermatitis: CD5L and ApoE as potential biomarkers. Exp Mol Med 40:677–685CrossRef
30.
Gray J, Chattopadhyay D, Beale GS, Patman GL, Miele L, King BP, Stewart S, Hudson M, Day CP, Manas DM, Reeves HL (2009) A proteomic strategy to identify novel serum biomarkers for liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular cancer in individuals with fatty liver disease. BMC Cancer 9:271PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
31.
Kurokawa J, Arai S, Nakashima K, Nagano H, Nishijima A, Miyata K, Ose R, Mori M, Kubota N, Kadowaki T, Oike Y, Koga H, Febbraio M, Iwanaga T, Miyazaki T (2010) AIM is endocytosed into adipocytes and decreases lipid droplets via inhibition of fatty acid synthase activity. Cell Metab 11:479–492PubMedCrossRef
32.
Arai S, Maehara N, Iwamura Y, Honda S, Nakashima K, Kai T, Ogishi M, Morita K, Kurokawa J, Mori M, Motoi Y, Miyake K, Matsuhashi N, Yamamura K, Ohara O, Shibuya A, Wakeland EK, Li QZ, Miyazaki T (2013) Obesity-associated autoantibody production requires AIM to retain IgM immune complex on follicular dendritic cells. Cell Rep 3:1187–1198PubMedCrossRef
33.
Yusa S, Ohnishi S, Onodera T, Miyazaki T (1999) AIM, a murine apoptosis inhibitory factor, induces strong and sustained growth inhibition of B lymphocytes in combination with TGF-β1. Eur J Immunol 29:1086–1093PubMedCrossRef
34.
Kuwata K, Watanabe H, Jiang SY, Yamamoto T, Tomiyama-Miyaji C, Abo T, Miyazaki T, Naito M (2003) AIM inhibits apoptosis of T cells and NKT cells in Corynebacterium-induced granuloma formation in mice. Am J Pathol 162:837–847PubMedCrossRef
35.
Qu P, Du H, Li Y, Yan C (2009) Myeloid-specific expression of Api6/AIM/Sp alpha induces systemic inflammation and adenocarcinoma in the lung. J Immunol 182:1648–1659PubMedCentralPubMed
36.
Vera J, Fenutría R, Cañadas O, Figueras M, Mota R, Sarrias MR, Williams DL, Casals C, Yelamos J, Lozano F (2009) The CD5 ectodomain interacts with conserved fungal cell wall components and protects from zymosan-induced septic shock-like syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106:1506–1511PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
37.
Akila P, Prashant V, Suma MN, Prashant SN, Chaitra TR (2012) CD163 and its expanding functional repertoire. Clin Chim Acta 413:669–674PubMedCrossRef
38.
Ligtenberg AJ, Veerman EC, Nieuw Amerongen AV, Mollenhauer J (2007) Salivary agglutinin/glycoprotein-340/DMBT1: a single molecule with variable composition and with different functions in infection, inflammation and cancer. Biol Chem 388:1275–1289PubMedCrossRef
39.
Martínez VG, Moestrup SK, Holmskov U, Mollenhauer J, Lozano F (2011) The conserved scavenger receptor cysteine-rich superfamily in therapy and diagnosis. Pharmacol Rev 63:967–1000PubMedCrossRef
40.
Zechner R, Strauss JG, Haemmerle G, Lass A, Zimmermann R (2005) Lipolysis: pathway under construction. Curr Opin Lipidol 16:333–340PubMedCrossRef
41.
42.
Olsnes S, Klingenberg O, Wiedłocha A (2003) Transport of exogenous growth factors and cytokines to the cytosol and to the nucleus. Physiol Rev 83:163–182PubMed
43.
Wesche J, Małecki J, Wiedłocha A, Skjerpen CS, Claus P, Olsnes S (2006) FGF-1 and FGF-2 require the cytosolic chaperone Hsp90 for translocation into the cytosol and the cell nucleus. J Biol Chem 281:11405–11412PubMedCrossRef
44.
Lin SY, Makino K, Xia W, Matin A, Wen Y, Kwong KY, Bourguignon L, Hung MC (2001) Nuclear localization of EGF receptor and its potential new role as a transcription factor. Nat Cell Biol 3:802–808PubMedCrossRef
45.
Sandvig K, van Deurs B (2000) Entry of ricin and Shiga toxin into cells: molecular mechanisms and medical perspectives. EMBO J 19:5943–5950PubMedCrossRef
46.
Sandvig K, van Deurs B (2005) Delivery into cells: lessons learned from plant and bacterial toxins. Gene Ther 12:865–872PubMedCrossRef
47.
Ackerman AL, Kyritsis C, Tampé R, Cresswell P (2005) Access of soluble antigens to the endoplasmic reticulum can explain cross-presentation by dendritic cells. Nat Immunol 6:107–113PubMedCrossRef
48.
Giodini A, Cresswell P (2008) Hsp90-mediated cytosolic refolding of exogenous proteins internalized by dendritic cells. EMBO J 27:201–211PubMedCrossRef
49.
Wu Z, Rosen ED, Brun R, Hauser S, Adelmant G, Troy AE, McKeon C, Darlington GJ, Spiegelman BM (1999) Cross-regulation of C/EBP alpha and PPAR gamma controls the transcriptional pathway of adipogenesis and insulin sensitivity. Mol Cell 3:151–158PubMedCrossRef
50.
He W, Barak Y, Hevener A, Olson P, Liao D, Le J, Nelson M, Ong E, Olefsky JM, Evans RM (2003) Adipose-specific peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma knockout causes insulin resistance in fat and liver but not in muscle. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100:15712–15717PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
51.
Holm C (2003) Molecular mechanisms regulating hormone-sensitive lipase and lipolysis. Biochem Soc Trans 31:1120–1124PubMedCrossRef
52.
53.
Zechner R, Kienesberger PC, Haemmerle G, Zimmermann R, Lass A (2009) Adipose triglyceride lipase and the lipolytic catabolism of cellular fat stores. J Lipid Res 50:3–21PubMedCrossRef
54.
Girousse A, Langin D (2012) Adipocyte lipases and lipid droplet-associated proteins: insight from transgenic mouse models. Int J Obes (Lond) 36:581–594CrossRef
55.
Lafontan M (2008) Advances in adipose tissue metabolism. Int J Obes 32(Suppl 7):S39–S51CrossRef
56.
Iwamura Y, Mori M, Nakashima K, Mikami T, Murayama K, Arai S, Miyazaki T (2012) Apoptosis inhibitor of macrophage (AIM) diminishes lipid droplet-coating proteins leading to lipolysis in adipocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 422:476–481PubMedCrossRef
57.
Matsusue K (2010) A physiological role for fat specific protein 27/cell death-inducing DFF45-like effector C in adipose and liver. Biol Pharm Bull 33:346–350PubMedCrossRef
58.
Tontonoz P, Spiegelman BM (2008) Fat and beyond: the diverse biology of PPARgamma. Annu Rev Biochem 77:289–312PubMedCrossRef
59.
Tzameli I, Fang H, Ollero M, Shi H, Hamm JK, Kievit P, Hollenberg AN, Flier JS (2000) Regulated production of a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma ligand during an early phase of adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. J Biol Chem 279:36093–36102CrossRef
60.
Forman BM, Chen J, Evans RM (1997) Hypolipidemic drugs, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and eicosanoids are ligands for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha and delta. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 94:4312–4317PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
61.
Matsusue K, Kusakabe T, Noguchi T, Takiguchi S, Suzuki T, Yamano S, Gonzalez FJ (2008) Hepatic steatosis in leptin-deficient mice is promoted by the PPARgamma target gene Fsp27. Cell Metab 7:302–311PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
62.
Dalen KT, Schoonjans K, Ulven SM, Weedon-Fekjaer MS, Bentzen TG, Koutnikova H, Auwerx J, Nebb HI (2007) Adipose tissue expression of the lipid droplet-associating proteins S3-12 and perilipin is controlled by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma. Diabetes 53:1243–1252CrossRef
63.
Kurokawa J, Nagano H, Ohara O, Kubota N, Kadowaki T, Arai S, Miyazaki T (2011) Apoptosis inhibitor of macrophage (AIM) is required for obesity-associated recruitment of inflammatory macrophages into adipose tissue. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108:12072–12077PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
64.
Shi H, Kokoeva MV, Inouye K, Tzameli I, Yin H, Flier JS (2006) TLR4 links innate immunity and fatty acid-induced insulin resistance. J Clin Invest 116:3015–3025PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
65.
Suganami T, Tanimoto-Koyama K, Nishida J, Itoh M, Yuan X, Mizuarai S, Kotani H, Yamaoka S, Miyake K, Aoe S, Kamei Y, Ogawa Y (2007) Role of the Toll-like receptor 4/NF-B pathway in saturated fatty acid-induced inflammatory changes in the interaction between adipocytes and macrophages. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 27:84–91PubMedCrossRef
66.
Poggi M, Bastelica D, Gual P, Iglesias MA, Gremeaux T, Knauf C, Peiretti F, Verdier M, Juhan-Vague I, Tanti JF, Burcelin R, Alessi MC (2007) C3H/HeJ mice carrying a toll-like receptor 4 mutation are protected against the development of insulin resistance in white adipose tissue in response to a high-fat diet. Diabetologia 50:1267–1276PubMedCrossRef
67.
Tsukumo DM, Carvalho-Filho MA, Carvalheira JB, Prada PO, Hirabara SM, Schenka AA, Araújo EP, Vassallo J, Curi R, Velloso LA, Saad MJ (2007) Loss-of-function mutation in Toll-like receptor 4 prevents diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. Diabetes 56:1986–1998PubMedCrossRef
68.
Davis JE, Gabler NK, Walker-Daniels J, Spurlock ME (2008) Tlr-4 deficiency selectively protects against obesity induced by diets high in saturated fat. Obesity 16:1248–1255PubMedCrossRef
69.
Kamei N, Tobe K, Suzuki R, Ohsugi M, Watanabe T, Kubota N, Ohtsuka-Kowatari N, Kumagai K, Sakamoto K, Kobayashi M, Yamauchi T, Ueki K, Oishi Y, Nishimura S, Manabe I, Hashimoto H, Ohnishi Y, Ogata H, Tokuyama K, Tsunoda M, Ide T, Murakami K, Nagai R, Kadowaki T (2006) Overexpression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in adipose tissues causes macrophage recruitment and insulin resistance. J Biol Chem 281:26602–26614PubMedCrossRef
70.
Kanda H, Tateya S, Tamori Y, Kotani K, Hiasa K, Kitazawa R, Kitazawa S, Miyachi H, Maeda S, Egashira K, Kasuga M (2006) MCP-1 contributes to macrophage infiltration into adipose tissue, insulin resistance, and hepatic steatosis in obesity. J Clin Invest 116:1494–1505PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
71.
Keophiphath M, Rouault C, Divoux A, Clément K, Lacasa D (2010) CCL5 promotes macrophage recruitment and survival in human adipose tissue. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 30:39–45PubMedCrossRef
72.
Soma MR, Mims MP, Chari MV, Rees D, Morrisett JD (1992) Triglyceride metabolism in 3T3-L1 cells. An in vivo 13C NMR study. J Biol Chem 267:11168–11175PubMed
73.
Kopp A, Gross P, Falk W, Bala M, Weigert J, Buechler C, Neumeier M, Schölmerich J, Schäffler A (2009) Fatty acids as metabolic mediators in innate immunity. Eur J Clin Invest 39:924–933PubMedCrossRef
74.
Schaeffler A, Gross P, Buettner R, Bollheimer C, Buechler C, Neumeier M, Kopp A, Schoelmerich J, Falk W (2009) Fatty acid-induced induction of Toll-like receptor-4/nuclear factor-kappaB pathway in adipocytes links nutritional signalling with innate immunity. Immunology 126:233–245PubMedCrossRef
75.
Miura T, Miki T (2009) GSK-3beta, a therapeutic target for cardiomyocyte protection. Circ J 73:1184–1192PubMedCrossRef
76.
77.
78.
Boes M (2000) Role of natural and immune IgM antibodies in immune responses. Mol Immunol 37:1141–1149PubMedCrossRef
79.
Pepys MB (1976) Role of complement in the induction of immunological responses. Transplant Rev 32:93–120PubMed
80.
Ahearn JM, Fearon DT (1989) Structure and function of the complement receptors, CR1 (CD35) and CR2 (CD21). Adv Immunol 46:183–219PubMedCrossRef
81.
Heyman B (1990) The immune complex: possible ways of regulating the antibody response. Immunol Today 11:310–313PubMedCrossRef
82.
Carroll MC (1998) The role of complement and complement receptors in induction and regulation of immunity. Annu Rev Immunol 16:545–568PubMedCrossRef
83.
Allen CD, Cyster JG (2008) Follicular dendritic cell networks of primary follicles and germinal centers: phenotype and function. Semin Immunol 20:14–25PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
84.
Tissot JD, Sanchez JC, Vuadens F, Scherl A, Schifferli JA, Hochstrasser DF, Schneider P, Duchosal MA (2002) IgM are associated to Sp alpha (CD5 antigen-like). Electrophoresis 23:1203–1206PubMedCrossRef
85.
Boes M, Esau C, Fischer MB, Schmidt T, Carroll M, Chen J (1998) Enhanced B-1 cell development, but impaired IgG antibody responses in mice deficient in secreted IgM. J Immunol 160:4776–4787PubMed
86.
Shibuya A, Sakamoto N, Shimizu Y, Shibuya K, Osawa M, Hiroyama T, Eyre HJ, Sutherland GR, Endo Y, Fujita T, Miyabayashi T, Sakano S, Tsuji T, Nakayama E, Phillips JH, Lanier LL, Nakauchi H (2000) Fc alpha/mu receptor mediates endocytosis of IgM-coated microbes. Nat Immunol 1:441–446PubMedCrossRef
87.
Honda S, Kurita N, Miyamoto A, Cho Y, Usui K, Takeshita K, Takahashi S, Yasui T, Kikutani H, Kinoshita T, Fujita T, Tahara-Hanaoka S, Shibuya K, Shibuya A (2009) Enhanced humoral immune responses against T-independent antigens in Fc alpha/muR-deficient mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106:11230–11235PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
88.
MacLennan IC, Gray D, Kumararatne DS, Bazin H (1982) The lymphocytes of splenic marginal zones: a distinct B-cell lineage. Immunol Today 3:305–307CrossRef
89.
Lopes-Carvalho T, Kearney JF (2004) Development and selection of marginal zone B cells. Immunol Rev 197:192–205PubMedCrossRef
90.
91.
Oliver AM, Martin F, Kearney JF (1999) IgMhighCD21high lymphocytes enriched in the splenic marginal zone generate effector cells more rapidly than the bulk of follicular B cells. J Immunol 162:7198–7207PubMed
92.
Meyer-Bahlburg A, Bandaranayake AD, Andrews SF, Rawlings DJ (2009) Reduced c-myc expression levels limit follicular mature B cell cycling in response to TLR signals. J Immunol 182:4065–4075PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
93.
Li QZ, Xie C, Wu T, Mackay M, Aranow C, Putterman C, Mohan C (2005) Identification of autoantibody clusters that best predict lupus disease activity using glomerular proteome arrays. J Clin Invest 115:3428–3439PubMedCrossRef
94.
Li QZ, Zhou J, Wandstrat AE, Carr-Johnson F, Branch V, Karp DR, Mohan C, Wakeland EK, Olsen NJ (2007) Protein array autoantibody profiles for insights into systemic lupus erythematosus and incomplete lupus syndromes. Clin Exp Immunol 147:60–70PubMedCentralPubMed
95.
Li QZ, Zhou J, Lian Y, Zhang B, Branch VK, Carr-Johnson F, Karp DR, Mohan C, Wakeland EK, Olsen NJ (2010) Interferon signature gene expression is correlated with autoantibody profiles in patients with incomplete lupus syndromes. Clin Exp Immunol 159:281–291PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
96.
Underhill GH, Minges Wols HA, Fornek JL, Witte PL, Kansas GS (2002) IgG plasma cells display a unique spectrum of leukocyte adhesion and homing molecules. Blood 99:2905–2912PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Impacts of the apoptosis inhibitor of macrophage (AIM) on obesity-associated inflammatory diseases
Authors
Satoko Arai
Toru Miyazaki
Publication date
01-01-2014
Publisher
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in
Seminars in Immunopathology / Issue 1/2014
Print ISSN: 1863-2297
Electronic ISSN: 1863-2300
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00281-013-0405-5

Other articles of this Issue 1/2014

Seminars in Immunopathology 1/2014 Go to the issue

Review

Dendritic cells in atherosclerosis

Review

Immunological aspects of atherosclerosis

Review

Gut microbiome and metabolic diseases

Introduction

Metabolic syndrome: variations on the theme of inflammation

Review

CEACAM1 loss links inflammation to insulin resistance in obesity and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)

Review

Immune cells and metabolic dysfunction
Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Reserve your place

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin
Prof. Florian Limbourg
Prof. Anoop Chauhan
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

Read more

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine
Image Credits