Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

LIVE: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)
Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Neuroradiology
Published in: Neuroradiology 2/2017

01-02-2017 | Continuing Education

Imaging spectrum of central nervous system complications of hematopoietic stem cell and solid organ transplantation.

Authors: Andrés Server, Nuria Bargalló, Yngvar Fløisand, Jon Sponheim, Francesc Graus, John K. Hald

Published in: Neuroradiology | Issue 2/2017

Login to get access

Abstract

Neurologic complications are common after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and solid organ transplantation (SOT) and affect 30–60% of transplant recipients. The aim of this article is to provide a practical imaging approach based on the timeline and etiology of CNS abnormalities, and neurologic complications related to transplantation of specific organs. The lesions will be classified based upon the interval from HSCT procedure: pre-engraftment period <30 days, early post-engraftment period 30–100 days, late post-engraftment period >100 days, and the interval from SOT procedure: postoperative phase 1–4 weeks, early posttransplant syndromes 1–6 months, late posttransplant syndromes >6 months. Further differentiation will be based on etiology: infections, drug toxicity, metabolic derangements, cerebrovascular complications, and posttransplantation malignancies. In addition, differentiation will be based on complications specific to the type of transplantation: allogeneic and autologous hematopoietic stem cells (HSC), heart, lung, kidney, pancreas, and liver. Thus, in this article we emphasize the strategic role of neuroradiology in the diagnosis and response to treatment by utilizing a methodical approach in the work up of patients with neurologic complications after transplantation.
Literature
1.
Pruitt AA, Graus F, Rosenfeld MR (2013) Neurological complications of transplantation: part I: hematopoietic cell transplantation. Neurohospitalist 3:24–38PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
2.
Senzolo M, Ferronato C, Burra P (2009) Neurologic complications after solid organ transplantation. Transpl Int 22:269–278PubMedCrossRef
3.
Rodriguez TE (2014) Neurologic complications of bone marrow transplantation. Handb Clin Neurol 121:1295–1304PubMedCrossRef
4.
Uckan D, Cetin M, Yigitkanli I, Tezcan I, Tuncer M, Karasimav D, Oguz KK, Topçu M (2005) Life-threatening neurological complications after bone marrow transplantation in children. Bone Marrow Transplant 35:71–76PubMedCrossRef
5.
Garrick R (2000) Neurological complications. In: Atkinson K et al (eds) Clinical bone marrow and blood stem cell transplantation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 958–979
6.
Wright AJ, Fishman JA (2014) Central nervous system syndromes in solid organ transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis 59:1001–1011PubMedCrossRef
7.
Dhar R, Young GB, Marotta P (2008) Perioperative neurological complications after liver transplantation are best predicted by pre-transplant hepatic encephalopathy. Neurocrit Care 8:253–258PubMedCrossRef
8.
Zivković SA, Eidelman BH, Bond G, Costa G, Abu-Elmagd KM (2010) The clinical spectrum of neurologic disorders after intestinal and multivisceral transplantation. Clin Transpl 24:164–168CrossRef
9.
Pérez-Miralles F, Sánchez-Manso JC, Almenar-Bonet L, Sevilla-Mantecón T, Martínez-Dolz L, Vílchez-Padilla JJ (2005) Incidence of and risk factors for neurologic complications after heart transplantation. Transplant Proc 37:4067–4070PubMedCrossRef
10.
Zivković S (2007) Neuroimaging and neurologic complications after organ transplantation. J Neuroimaging 17:110–123PubMedCrossRef
11.
Guarino M, Benito-Leon J, Decruyenaere J, Schmutzhard E, Weissenborn K, Stracciari A, EFNS (2006) EFNS guidelines on management of neurological problems in liver transplantation. Eur J Neurol 13:2–9PubMedCrossRef
12.
Dhar R, Human T (2011) Central nervous system complications after transplantation. Neurol Clin 29:943–972PubMedCrossRef
13.
Stone TJ, Misra SP, McKinstry RC, Vo KD (2015) Imaging of central nervous system complications of hematopoietic stem cell transplant: a chronologic approach to pathology and implications for management. Neurographics 5:133–144CrossRef
14.
Saiz A, Graus F (2010) Neurologic complications of hematopoietic cell transplantation. Semin Neurol 30:287–295PubMedCrossRef
15.
Osborn A (2013) Hydrocephalus and CSF disorders. In: Osborn A (ed) Osborn’s Brain: imaging, pathology and anatomy. Amirsys Inc, pp 1005–1044
16.
Graus F, Saiz A, Sierra J, Arbaiza D, Rovira M, Carreras E, Tolosa E, Rozman C (1996) Neurologic complications of autologous and allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in patients with leukemia: a comparative study. Neurology 46:1004–1009PubMedCrossRef
17.
Pomeranz S, Naparstek E, Ashkenazi E, Nagler A, Lossos A, Slavin S, Or R (1994) Intracranial haematomas following bone marrow transplantation. J Neurol 241:252–256PubMedCrossRef
18.
Colosimo M, McCarthy N, Jayasinghe R, Morton J, Taylor K, Durrant S (2000) Diagnosis and management of subdural haematoma complicating bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 25:549–552PubMedCrossRef
19.
Coplin WM, Cochran MS, Levine SR, Crawford SW (2001) Stroke after bone marrow transplantation: frequency, aetiology and outcome. Brain 124:1043–1051PubMedCrossRef
20.
Najima Y, Ohashi K, Miyazawa M, Nakano M, Kobayashi T, Yamashita T, Akiyama H, Sakamaki H (2009) Intracranial hemorrhage following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Am J Hematol 84:298–301PubMedCrossRef
21.
Campbell JN, Morris PP (2005) Cerebral vasculitis in graft-versus-host disease: a case report. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 26:654–656PubMed
22.
Chen-Plotkin AS, Vossel KA, Samuels MA, Chen MH (2007) Encephalopathy, stroke, and myocardial infarction with DMSO use in stem cell transplantation. Neurology 68:859–861PubMedCrossRef
23.
Woywodt A, Haubitz M, Buchholz S, Hertenstein B (2004) Counting the cost: markers of endothelial damage in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 34:1015–1023PubMedCrossRef
24.
Chen BT, Ortiz AO, Dagis A, Torricelli C, Parker P, Openshaw H (2012) Brain imaging findings in symptomatic patients after allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation: correlation with clinical outcome. Eur Radiol 22:2273–2281PubMedCrossRef
25.
Masetti R, Cordelli DM, Zama D, Vendemini F, Biagi C, Franzoni E, Pession A (2015) PRES in children undergoing hematopoietic stem cell or solid organ transplantation. Pediatrics 135:890–901PubMedCrossRef
26.
Gocmen R, Ozgen B, Oguz KK (2007) Widening the spectrum of PRES: series from a tertiary care center. Eur J Radiol 62:454–459PubMedCrossRef
27.
Bhatt A, Farooq MU, Majid A, Kassab M (2009) Chemotherapy-related posterior reversible leukoencephalopathy syndrome. Nat Clin Pract Neurol 5:163–169PubMedCrossRef
28.
Nguyen MT, Virk IY, Chew L, Villano JL (2009) Extended use dexamethasone-associated posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome with cisplatin-based chemotherapy. J Clin Neurosci 16:1688–1690PubMedCrossRef
29.
Bartynski WS, Zeigler ZR, Shadduck RK, Lister J (2004) Pretransplantation conditioning influence on the occurrence of cyclosporine or FK-506 neurotoxicity in allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 25:261–269PubMed
30.
31.
Bartynski WS (2008) Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, part 2: controversies surrounding pathophysiology of vasogenic edema. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 29:1043–1049PubMedCrossRef
32.
Provenzale JM, Graham ML (1996) Reversible leukoencephalopathy associated with graft-versus-host disease: MR findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 17:1290–1294PubMed
33.
McKinney AM, Short J, Truwit CL, McKinney ZJ, Kozak OS, SantaCruz KS, Teksam M (2007) Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: incidence of atypical regions of involvement and imaging findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol 189:904–912PubMedCrossRef
34.
Hefzy HM, Bartynski WS, Boardman JF, Lacomis D (2009) Hemorrhage in posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: imaging and clinical features. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 30:1371–1379PubMedCrossRef
35.
36.
Cordelli DM, Masetti R, Zama D, Gueraldi D, Rondelli R, Cottone C, Prete A, Pession A, Franzoni E (2014) Etiology, characteristics and outcome of seizures after pediatric hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Seizure 23:140–145PubMedCrossRef
37.
Siegal D, Keller A, Xu W, Bhuta S, Kim DH, Kuruvilla J, Lipton JH, Messner H, Gupta V (2007) Central nervous system complications after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: incidence, manifestations, and clinical significance. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 13:1369–1379PubMedCrossRef
38.
Iguchi A, Kobayashi R, Yoshida M, Kaneda M, Watanabe N, Cho Y, Arioka H, Naito H, Shikano T, Ishikawa Y (1999) Neurological complications after stem cell transplantation in childhood. Bone Marrow Transplant 24:647–652PubMedCrossRef
39.
Bleggi-Torres LF, de Medeiros BC, Werner B, Neto JZ, Loddo G, Pasquini R, de Medeiros CR (2000) Neuropathological findings after bone marrow transplantation: an autopsy study of 180 cases. Bone Marrow Transplant 25:301–307PubMedCrossRef
40.
Gillespie MB, O'Malley BW Jr, Francis HW (1998) An approach to fulminant invasive fungal rhinosinusitis in the immunocompromised host. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 124:520–526PubMedCrossRef
41.
DelGaudio JM, Swain RE Jr, Kingdom TT, Muller S, Hudgins PA (2003) Computed tomographic findings in patients with invasive fungal sinusitis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 129:236–240PubMedCrossRef
42.
Aribandi M, McCoy VA, Bazan C (2007) Imaging features of invasive and noninvasive fungal sinusitis: a review. Radiographics 27:1283–1296PubMedCrossRef
43.
Dietrich U, Hettmann M, Maschke M, Doerfler A, Schwechheimer K, Forsting M (2001) Cerebral aspergillosis: comparison of radiological and neuropathologic findings in patients with bone marrow transplantation. Eur Radiol 11:1242–1249PubMedCrossRef
44.
Nishiguchi T, Mochizuki K, Shakudo M, Takeshita T, Hino M, Inoue Y (2009) CNS complications of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 192:1003–1011PubMedCrossRef
45.
Antonini G, Ceschin V, Morino S, Fiorelli M, Gragnani F, Mengarelli A, Iori AP, Arcese W (1998) Early neurologic complications following allogeneic bone marrow transplant for leukemia: a prospective study. Neurology 50:1441–1445PubMedCrossRef
46.
Baek JH, Sohn SK, Kim DH, Kim JG, Lee HW, Park SP, Lee KB (2005) Wernicke's encephalopathy after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 35:829–830PubMedCrossRef
47.
Sadighi Z, Sabin ND, Hayden R, Stewart E, Pillai A (2015) Diagnostic clues to human herpesvirus 6 encephalitis and Wernicke encephalopathy after pediatric hematopoietic cell transplantation. J Child Neurol 30:1307–1314PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
48.
Somech R, Doyle J (2007) Pseudotumor cerebri after allogeneic bone marrow transplant associated with cyclosporine a use for graft-versus-host disease prophylaxis. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 29:66–68PubMedCrossRef
49.
Hinchey J, Chaves C, Appignani B, Breen J, Pao L, Wang A, Pessin MS, Lamy C, Mas JL, Caplan LR (1996) A reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome. N Engl J Med 334:494–500PubMedCrossRef
50.
Bartynski WS, Zeigler Z, Spearman MP, Lin L, Shadduck RK, Lister J (2001) Etiology of cortical and white matter lesions in cyclosporin-a and FK-506 neurotoxicity. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 22:1901–1914PubMed
51.
Bartynski WS (2008) Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, part 1: fundamental imaging and clinical features. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 29:1036–1042PubMedCrossRef
52.
Kim SH, Kim W, Lee KW, Hong EK, Kim HJ (2011) Tumefactive demyelination, an uncommon form of tacrolimus neurotoxicity. Neurology 76:672–674PubMedCrossRef
53.
Fischer SA (2008) Emerging viruses in transplantation: there is more to infection after transplant than CMV and EBV. Transplantation 86:1327–1339PubMedCrossRef
54.
Tomblyn M, Young JA, Haagenson MD, Klein JP, Trachtenberg EA, Storek J, Spellman SR, Cooley S, Miller JS, Weisdorf DJ, CIBMTR Infection and Immune Reconstitution Working Committee (2010) Decreased infections in recipients of unrelated donor hematopoietic cell transplantation from donors with an activating KIR genotype. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 16:1155–1161PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
55.
Ogata M, Fukuda T, Teshima T (2015) Human herpesvirus-6 encephalitis after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation: what we do and do not know. Bone Marrow Transplant 50:1030–1036PubMedCrossRef
56.
Ogata M, Satou T, Kadota J, Saito N, Yoshida T, Okumura H, Ueki T, Nagafuji K, Kako S, Uoshima N, Tsudo M, Itamura H, Fukuda T (2013) Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) reactivation and HHV-6 encephalitis after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation: a multicenter, prospective study. Clin Infect Dis 57:671–681PubMedCrossRef
57.
Hill JA, Koo S, Guzman Suarez BB, Ho VT, Cutler C, Koreth J, Armand P, Alyea EP 3rd, Baden LR, Antin JH, Soiffer RJ, Marty FM (2012) Cord-blood hematopoietic stem cell transplant confers an increased risk for human herpesvirus-6-associated acute limbic encephalitis: a cohort analysis. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 18:1638–1648PubMedCrossRef
58.
Bhanushali MJ, Kranick SM, Freeman AF, Cuellar-Rodriguez JM, Battiwalla M, Gea-Banacloche JC, Hickstein DD, Pavletic S, Fahle G, Nath A (2013) Human herpes 6 virus encephalitis complicating allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Neurology 80:1494–1500PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
59.
Hill JA, Boeckh MJ, Sedlak RH, Jerome KR, Zerr DM (2014) Human herpesvirus 6 can be detected in cerebrospinal fluid without associated symptoms after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. J Clin Virol 61:289–292PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
60.
Vu T, Carrum G, Hutton G, Heslop HE, Brenner MK, Kamble R (2007) Human herpesvirus-6 encephalitis following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 39:705–709PubMedCrossRef
61.
Shimazu Y, Kondo T, Ishikawa T, Yamashita K, Takaori-Kondo A (2013) Human herpesvirus-6 encephalitis during hematopoietic stem cell transplantation leads to poor prognosis. Transpl Infect Dis 15:195–201PubMedCrossRef
62.
Scheurer ME, Pritchett JC, Amirian ES, Zemke NR, Lusso P, Ljungman P (2013) HHV-6 encephalitis in umbilical cord blood transplantation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Bone Marrow Transplant 48:574–580PubMedCrossRef
63.
Provenzale JM, vanLandingham KE, Lewis DV, Mukundan S Jr, White LE (2008) Extrahippocampal involvement in human herpesvirus 6 encephalitis depicted at MR imaging. Radiology 249:955–963PubMedCrossRef
64.
Ogata M, Kikuchi H, Satou T, Kawano R, Ikewaki J, Kohno K, Kashima K, Ohtsuka E, Kadota J (2006) Human herpesvirus 6 DNA in plasma after allogeneic stem cell transplantation: incidence and clinical significance. J Infect Dis 193:68–79PubMedCrossRef
65.
Muta T, Fukuda T, Harada M (2009) Human herpesvirus-6 encephalitis in hematopoietic SCT recipients in Japan: a retrospective multicenter study. Bone Marrow Transplant 43:583–585PubMedCrossRef
66.
Seeley WW, Marty FM, Holmes TM, Upchurch K, Soiffer RJ, Antin JH, Baden LR, Bromfield EB (2007) Post-transplant acute limbic encephalitis: clinical features and relationship to HHV6. Neurology 69:156–165PubMedCrossRef
67.
Wainwright MS, Martin PL, Morse RP, Lacaze M, Provenzale JM, Coleman RE, Morgan MA, Hulette C, Kurtzberg J, Bushnell C, Epstein L, Lewis DV (2001) Human herpesvirus 6 limbic encephalitis after stem cell transplantation. Ann Neurol 50:612–619PubMedCrossRef
68.
Shintaku M, Kaneda D, Tada K, Katano H, Sata T (2010) Human herpes virus 6 encephalomyelitis after bone marrow transplantation: report of an autopsy case. Neuropathology 30:50–55PubMedCrossRef
69.
Noguchi T, Yoshiura T, Hiwatashi A, Togao O, Yamashita K, Nagao E, Uchino A, Hasuo K, Atsumi K, Matsuura T, Kuroiwa T, Mihara F, Honda H, Kudo S (2010) CT and MRI findings of human herpesvirus 6-associated encephalopathy: comparison with findings of herpes simplex virus encephalitis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 194:754–760PubMedCrossRef
70.
Kotton CN (2007) Zoonoses in solid-organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis 44:857–866PubMedCrossRef
71.
Fricker-Hidalgo H, Bulabois CE, Brenier-Pinchart MP, Hamidfar R, Garban F, Brion JP, Timsit JF, Cahn JY, Pelloux H (2009) Diagnosis of toxoplasmosis after allogeneic stem cell transplantation: results of DNA detection and serological techniques. Clin Infect Dis 48:e9–e15PubMedCrossRef
72.
Maschke M, Dietrich U, Prumbaum M, Kastrup O, Turowski B, Schaefer UW, Diener HC (1999) Opportunistic CNS infection after bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant 23:1167–1176PubMedCrossRef
73.
Avivi I, Wittmann T, Henig I, Kra-Oz Z, Szwarcwort Cohen M, Zuckerman T, Horowitz NA, Benyamini N (2014) Development of multifocal leukoencephalopathy in patients undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplantation-can preemptive detection of John Cunningham virus be useful? Int J Infect Dis 26:107–109PubMedCrossRef
74.
Kharfan-Dabaja MA, Ayala E, Greene J, Rojiani A, Murtagh FR, Anasetti C (2007) Two cases of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation and a review of the literature. Bone Marrow Transplant 39:101–107PubMedCrossRef
75.
Gheuens S, Pierone G, Peeters P, Koralnik IJ (2010) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in individuals with minimal or occult immunosuppression. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 8:247–254CrossRef
76.
Carson KR, Evens AM, Richey EA, Habermann TM, Focosi D, Seymour JF, Laubach J, Bawn SD, Gordon LI, Winter JN, Furman RR, Vose JM, Zelenetz AD, Mamtani R, Raisch DW, Dorshimer GW, Rosen ST, Muro K, Gottardi-Littell NR, Talley RL, Sartor O, Green D, Major EO, Bennett CL (2009) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy after rituximab therapy in HIV-negative patients: a report of 57 cases from the research on adverse drug events and reports project. Blood 113:4834–4840PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
77.
Aksamit AJ Jr (2012) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Continuum (Minneap Minn) 18:1374–1391
78.
Tan K, Roda R, Ostrow L, McArthur J, Nath A (2009) PML-IRIS in patients with HIV infection: clinical manifestations and treatment with steroids. Neurology 72:1458–1464PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
79.
Grauer O, Wolff D, Bertz H, Greinix H, Kühl JS, Lawitschka A, Lee SJ, Pavletic SZ, Holler E, Kleiter I (2010) Neurological manifestations of chronic graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation: report from the consensus conference on clinical practice in chronic graft-versus-host disease. Brain 133:2852–2865PubMedCrossRef
80.
Rouah E, Gruber R, Shearer W, Armstrong D, Hawkins EP (1988) Graft-versus-host disease in the central nervous system. A real entity? Am J Clin Pathol 89:543–546PubMedCrossRef
81.
Kamble RT, Chang CC, Sanchez S, Carrum G (2007) Central nervous system graft-versus-host disease: report of two cases and literature review. Bone Marrow Transplant 39:49–52PubMedCrossRef
82.
Jantunen E, Piilonen A, Volin L, Ruutu P, Parkkali T, Koukila-Kähkölä P, Ruutu T (2002) Radiologically guided fine needle lung biopsies in the evaluation of focal pulmonary lesions in allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients. Bone Marrow Transplant 29:353–356PubMedCrossRef
83.
Rüping MJ, Vehreschild JJ, Cornely OA (2008) Patients at high risk of invasive fungal infections: when and how to treat. Drugs 68:1941–1962PubMedCrossRef
84.
Pagano L, Ricci P, Montillo M, Cenacchi A, Nosari A, Tonso A, Cudillo L, Chierichini A, Savignano C, Buelli M, Melillo L, La Barbera EO, Sica S, Hohaus S, Bonini A, Bucaneve G, Del Favero A (1996) Localization of aspergillosis to the central nervous system among patients with acute leukemia: report of 14 cases. Gruppo Italiano Malattie Ematologiche dell’Adulto Infection Program. Clin Infect Dis 23:628–630PubMedCrossRef
85.
DeLone DR, Goldstein RA, Petermann G, Salamat MS, Miles JM, Knechtle SJ, Brown WD (1999) Disseminated aspergillosis involving the brain: distribution and imaging characteristics. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 20:1597–1604PubMed
86.
Yuh WT, Nguyen HD, Gao F, Tali ET, Fisher DJ, Mayr NA, Mueller DP, Sato Y, Trigg ME, Gingrich R (1994) Brain parenchymal infection in bone marrow transplantation patients: CT and MR findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol 162:425–430PubMedCrossRef
87.
Hoenigl M, Krause R (2013) Antifungal therapy of aspergillosis of the central nervous system and aspergillus endophthalmitis. Curr Pharm Des 19:3648–3668PubMedCrossRef
88.
Cesaro S, Boaro MP, Pillon M, Calore E, Cermakova I, Perruccio K, Mengoli C, Messina C (2008) Immune reconstitution complicated by CMV retinitis in a pediatric patient who underwent haploidentical CD34+-selected hematopoietic stem cell transplant for acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Int J Hematol 88:145–148PubMedCrossRef
89.
Arribas JR, Storch GA, Clifford DB, Tselis AC (1996) Cytomegalovirus encephalitis. Ann Intern Med 125:577–587PubMedCrossRef
90.
Thurnher MM, Thurnher SA, Schindler E (1997) CNS involvement in AIDS: spectrum of CT and MR findings. Eur Radiol 7:1091–1097PubMedCrossRef
91.
Castellano-Sanchez AA, Li S, Qian J, Lagoo A, Weir E, Brat DJ (2004) Primary central nervous system posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders. Am J Clin Pathol 121:246–253PubMedCrossRef
92.
93.
Uhlin M, Wikell H, Sundin M, Blennow O, Maeurer M, Ringden O, Winiarski J, Ljungman P, Remberger M, Mattsson J (2014) Risk factors for Epstein-Barr virus-related post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Haematologica 99:346–352PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
94.
Pickhardt PJ, Siegel MJ, Hayashi RJ, Kelly M (2000) Posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder in children: clinical, histopathologic, and imaging features. Radiology 217:16–25PubMedCrossRef
95.
Pickhardt PJ, Wippold FJ (1999) Neuroimaging in posttransplantation lymphoproliferative disorder. AJR Am J Roentgenol 172:1117–1121PubMedCrossRef
96.
97.
Lai R, Rosenblum MK, DeAngelis LM (2002) Primary CNS lymphoma: a whole-brain disease? Neurology 59:1557–1562PubMedCrossRef
98.
Thurnher MM, Rieger A, Kleibl-Popov C, Settinek U, Henk C, Haberler C, Schindler E (2001) Primary central nervous system lymphoma in AIDS: a wider spectrum of CT and MRI findings. Neuroradiology 43:29–35PubMedCrossRef
99.
Campo E, Swerdlow SH, Harris NL, Pileri S, Stein H, Jaffe ES (2011) The 2008 WHO classification of lymphoid neoplasms and beyond: evolving concepts and practical applications. Blood 117:5019–5032PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
100.
Curtis RE, Rowlings PA, Deeg HJ, Shriner DA, Socíe G, Travis LB, Horowitz MM, Witherspoon RP, Hoover RN, Sobocinski KA, Fraumeni JF Jr, Boice JD Jr (1997) Solid cancers after bone marrow transplantation. N Engl J Med 336:897–904PubMedCrossRef
101.
Guermazi A, Miaux Y, Lafitte F, Zahar JR, Gluckman E (2003) CT and MR imaging of central nervous system effects of therapy in patients treated for hematological malignancies. Eur Radiol 13(Suppl 4):L202–L214PubMedCrossRef
102.
Chapman SW, Wilson JP (1990) Nocardiosis in transplant recipients. Semin Respir Infect 5:74–79PubMed
103.
Armstrong RW, Fung PC (1993) Brainstem encephalitis (rhombencephalitis) due to Listeria monocytogenes: case report and review. Clin Infect Dis 16:689–702PubMedCrossRef
104.
Thurnher MM (2013) Meningitis and ventriculitis. In: Naidich T et al (eds) Imaging of the brain. Elsevier Saunders, Philadelphia, PA, pp 865–876
105.
Chang KH, Han MH, Roh JK, Kim IO, Han MC, Kim CW (1990) Gd-DTPA-enhanced MR imaging of the brain in patients with meningitis: comparison with CT. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 11:69–76PubMed
106.
107.
Moritani T (2009) Infectious disease. In: Moritani T et al (eds) Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of the brain. Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, pp 193–223CrossRef
108.
Castillo M (1999) Imaging brain abscesses with diffusion-weighted and other sequences. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 20:1193–1194PubMed
109.
Patel MP, Kute VB, Gumber MR, Shah PR, Patel HV, Dhananjay KL, Jain SH, Trivedi HL, Vanikar AV (2013) Successful treatment of Nocardia pneumonia with cytomegalovirus retinitis coinfection in a renal transplant recipient. Int Urol Nephrol 45:581–585PubMedCrossRef
110.
Del Pozo JL, van de Beek D, Daly RC, Pulido JS, McGregor CG, Patel R (2009) Incidence and clinical characteristics of ocular infections after heart transplantation: a retrospective cohort study. Clin Transpl 23:484–489CrossRef
111.
Ribalta T, Martinez AJ, Jares P, Muntané J, Miquel R, Claramonte X, Cardesa A (2002) Presence of occult cytomegalovirus infection in the brain after orthotopic liver transplantation. An autopsy study of 83 cases. Virchows Arch 440:166–171PubMedCrossRef
112.
Connelly KP, DeWitt LD (1994) Neurologic complications of infectious mononucleosis. Pediatr Neurol 10:181–184PubMedCrossRef
113.
Gilden DH, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK, LaGuardia JJ, Mahalingam R, Cohrs RJ (2000) Neurologic complications of the reactivation of varicella-zoster virus. N Engl J Med 342:635–645PubMedCrossRef
114.
115.
116.
Mateen FJ, Muralidharan R, Carone M, van de Beek D, Harrison DM, Aksamit AJ, Gould MS, Clifford DB, Nath A (2011) Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in transplant recipients. Ann Neurol 70:305–322PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
117.
DeSalvo D, Roy-Chaudhury P, Peddi R, Merchen T, Konijetti K, Gupta M, Boardman R, Rogers C, Buell J, Hanaway M, Broderick J, Smith R, Woodle ES (2004) West Nile virus encephalitis in organ transplant recipients: another high-risk group for meningoencephalitis and death. Transplantation 77:466–469PubMedCrossRef
118.
Burton EC, Burns DK, Opatowsky MJ, El-Feky WH, Fischbach B, Melton L, Sanchez E, Randall H, Watkins DL, Chang J, Klintmalm G (2005) Rabies encephalomyelitis: clinical, neuroradiological, and pathological findings in 4 transplant recipients. Arch Neurol 62:873–882PubMedCrossRef
119.
Singh N, Dromer F, Perfect JR, Lortholary O (2008) Cryptococcosis in solid organ transplant recipients: current state of the science. Clin Infect Dis 47:1321–1327PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
120.
Singh N, Lortholary O, Dromer F, Alexander BD, Gupta KL, John GT, del Busto R, Klintmalm GB, Somani J, Lyon GM, Pursell K, Stosor V, Munoz P, Limaye AP, Kalil AC, Pruett TL, Garcia-Diaz J, Humar A, Houston S, House AA, Wray D, Orloff S, Dowdy LA, Fisher RA, Heitman J, Wagener MM, Husain S, Cryptococcal Collaborative Transplant Study Group (2008) Central nervous system cryptococcosis in solid organ transplant recipients: clinical relevance of abnormal neuroimaging findings. Transplantation 86:647–651PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
121.
Wu G, Vilchez RA, Eidelman B, Fung J, Kormos R, Kusne S (2002) Cryptococcal meningitis: an analysis among 5,521 consecutive organ transplant recipients. Transpl Infect Dis 4:183–188PubMedCrossRef
122.
Christophe C, Azzi N, Bouché B, Dan B, Levivier M, Ferster A (1999) Magnetic resonance imaging and angiography in cerebral fungal vasculitis. Neuropediatrics 30:218–220PubMedCrossRef
123.
Legris T, Massad M, Purgus R, Vacher-Coponat H, Ranque S, Girard N, Berland Y, Moal V (2011) Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome mimicking relapsing cryptococcal meningitis in a renal transplant recipient. Transpl Infect Dis 13:303–308PubMedCrossRef
124.
Singh N, Perfect JR (2007) Immune reconstitution syndrome associated with opportunistic mycoses. Lancet Infect Dis 7:395–401PubMedCrossRef
125.
126.
U-King-Im JM, Yu E, Bartlett E, Soobrah R, Kucharczyk W (2011) Acute hyperammonemic encephalopathy in adults: imaging findings. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 32:413–418PubMedCrossRef
127.
128.
Takanashi J, Barkovich AJ, Cheng SF, Weisiger K, Zlatunich CO, Mudge C, Rosenthal P, Tuchman M, Packman S (2003) Brain MR imaging in neonatal hyperammonemic encephalopathy resulting from proximal urea cycle disorders. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 24:1184–1187PubMed
129.
Sureka J, Jakkani RK, Panwar S (2012) MRI findings in acute hyperammonemic encephalopathy resulting from decompensated chronic liver disease. Acta Neurol Belg 112:221–223PubMedCrossRef
130.
McKinney AM, Lohman BD, Sarikaya B, Uhlmann E, Spanbauer J, Singewald T, Brace JR (2010) Acute hepatic encephalopathy: diffusion-weighted and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery findings, and correlation with plasma ammonia level and clinical outcome. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 31:1471–1479PubMedCrossRef
131.
Chang SH, Lim CS, Low TS, Chong HT, Tan SY (2001) Cyclosporine-associated encephalopathy: a case report and literature review. Transplant Proc 33:3700–3701PubMedCrossRef
132.
Parvex P, Pinsk M, Bell LE, O'Gorman AM, Patenaude YG, Gupta IR (2001) Reversible encephalopathy associated with tacrolimus in pediatric renal transplants. Pediatr Nephrol 16:537–542PubMedCrossRef
133.
Inoha S, Inamura T, Nakamizo A, Ikezaki K, Amano T, Fukui M (2002) Magnetic resonance imaging in cases with encephalopathy secondary to immunosuppressive agents. J Clin Neurosci 9:305–307PubMedCrossRef
134.
Furukawa M, Terae S, Chu BC, Kaneko K, Kamada H, Miyasaka K (2001) MRI in seven cases of tacrolimus (FK-506) encephalopathy: utility of FLAIR and diffusion-weighted imaging. Neuroradiology 43:615–621PubMedCrossRef
135.
Avila JD, Živković S (2015) The neurology of solid organ transplantation. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 15:38PubMedCrossRef
136.
Zierer A, Melby SJ, Voeller RK, Guthrie TJ, Al-Dadah AS, Meyers BF, Pasque MK, Ewald GA, Moon MR, Moazami N (2007) Significance of neurologic complications in the modern era of cardiac transplantation. Ann Thorac Surg 83:1684–1690PubMedCrossRef
137.
Jarquin-Valdivia AA, Wijdicks EF, McGregor C (1999) Neurologic complications following heart transplantation in the modern era: decreased incidence, but postoperative stroke remains prevalent. Transplant Proc 31:2161–2162PubMedCrossRef
138.
van de Beek D, Kremers W, Daly RC, Edwards BS, Clavell AL, McGregor CG, Wijdicks EF (2008) Effect of neurologic complications on outcome after heart transplant. Arch Neurol 65:226–231PubMed
139.
Oliveras A, Roquer J, Puig JM, Rodríguez A, Mir M, Orfila MA, Masramon J, Lloveras J (2003) Stroke in renal transplant recipients: epidemiology, predictive risk factors and outcome. Clin Transpl 17:1–8CrossRef
140.
Wijdicks EF, Torres VE, Schievink WI, Sterioff S (1999) Cerebral hemorrhage in recipients of renal transplantation. Mayo Clin Proc 74:1111–1112PubMedCrossRef
141.
Wijdicks EF, de Groen PC, Wiesner RH, Krom RA (1995) Intracerebral hemorrhage in liver transplant recipients. Mayo Clin Proc 70:443–446PubMedCrossRef
142.
Gilden DH, Mahalingam R, Cohrs RJ, Kleinschmidt-DeMasters BK, Forghani B (2002) The protean manifestations of varicella-zoster virus vasculopathy. J Neurovirol Suppl 2:75–79CrossRef
143.
Penn I (2000) Some problems with posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease. Transplantation 69:705–706PubMedCrossRef
144.
Geissler EK (2015) Post-transplantation malignancies: here today, gone tomorrow? Nat Rev Clin Oncol 12:705–717PubMedCrossRef
145.
Nalesnik MA, Woodle ES, Dimaio JM, Vasudev B, Teperman LW, Covington S, Taranto S, Gockerman JP, Shapiro R, Sharma V, Swinnen LJ, Yoshida A, Ison MG (2011) Donor-transmitted malignancies in organ transplantation: assessment of clinical risk. Am J Transplant 11:1140–1147PubMedCrossRef
146.
Cavaliere R, Petroni G, Lopes MB, Schiff D, International Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma Collaborative Group (2010) Primary central nervous system post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorder: an International Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma Collaborative Group report. Cancer 116:863–870PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
147.
Evens AM, Choquet S, Kroll-Desrosiers AR, Jagadeesh D, Smith SM, Morschhauser F, Leblond V, Roy R, Barton B, Gordon LI, Gandhi MK, Dierickx D, Schiff D, Habermann TM, Trappe R (2013) Primary CNS posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD): an international report of 84 cases in the modern era. Am J Transplant 13:1512–1522PubMedCrossRef
148.
Buell JF, Gross TG, Hanaway MJ, Trofe J, Roy-Chaudhury P, First MR, Woodle ES (2005) Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder: significance of central nervous system involvement. Transplant Proc 37:954–955PubMedCrossRef
149.
Kinch A, Cavelier L, Bengtsson M, Baecklund E, Enblad G, Backlin C, Thunberg U, Sundström C, Pauksens K (2014) Donor or recipient origin of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders following solid organ transplantation. Am J Transplant 14:2838–2845PubMedCrossRef
150.
Snanoudj R, Durrbach A, Leblond V, Caillard S, Hurault De Ligny B, Noel C, Rondeau E, Moulin B, Mamzer-Bruneel MF, Lacroix C, Charpentier B (2003) Primary brain lymphomas after kidney transplantation: presentation and outcome. Transplantation 76:930–937PubMedCrossRef
151.
152.
Schiff D, O'Neill B, Wijdicks E, Antin JH, Wen PY (2001) Gliomas arising in organ transplant recipients: an unrecognized complication of transplantation? Neurology 57:1486–1488PubMedCrossRef
153.
Fatt MA, Horton KM, Fishman EK (2008) Transmission of metastatic glioblastoma multiforme from donor to lung transplant recipient. J Comput Assist Tomogr 32:407–409PubMedCrossRef
154.
155.
Muñoz P, Valerio M, Palomo J, Fernández-Yáñez J, Fernández-Cruz A, Guinea J, Bouza E (2010) Infectious and non-infectious neurologic complications in heart transplant recipients. Medicine (Baltimore) 89:166–175CrossRef
156.
Mateen FJ, Dierkhising RA, Rabinstein AA, van de Beek D, Wijdicks EF (2010) Neurological complications following adult lung transplantation. Am J Transplan 10:908–914CrossRef
157.
Zivković SA, Jumaa M, Barisić N, McCurry K (2009) Neurologic complications following lung transplantation. J Neurol Sci 280:90–93PubMedCrossRef
158.
Adams HP Jr, Dawson G, Coffman TJ, Corry RJ (1986) Stroke in renal transplant recipients. Arch Neurol 43:113–115PubMedCrossRef
159.
Hollenbeak CS, Todd MM, Billingsley EM, Harper G, Dyer AM, Lengerich EJ (2005) Increased incidence of melanoma in renal transplantation recipients. Cancer 104:1962–1967PubMedCrossRef
160.
Evens AM, Roy R, Sterrenberg D, Moll MZ, Chadburn A, Gordon LI (2010) Post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorders: diagnosis, prognosis, and current approaches to therapy. Curr Oncol Rep 12:383–394PubMedCrossRef
161.
Ponticelli C, Campise MR (2005) Neurological complications in kidney transplant recipients. J Nephrol 18:521–528PubMed
162.
Kiok MC (1988) Neurologic complications of pancreas transplants. Neurol Clin 6:367–376PubMed
163.
Kim JM, Jung KH, Lee ST, Chu K, Roh JK (2015) Central nervous system complications after liver transplantation. J Clin Neurosci 22:1355–1359PubMedCrossRef
164.
Saner FH, Gensicke J, Olde Damink SW, Pavlaković G, Treckmann J, Dammann M, Kaiser GM, Sotiropoulos GC, Radtke A, Koeppen S, Beckebaum S, Cicinnati V, Nadalin S, Malagó M, Paul A, Broelsch CE (2010) Neurologic complications in adult living donor liver transplant patients: an underestimated factor? J Neurol 257:253–258PubMedCrossRef
165.
de Groen PC, Aksamit AJ, Rakela J, Forbes GS, Krom RA (1987) Central nervous system toxicity after liver transplantation. The role of cyclosporine and cholesterol. N Engl J Med 317:861–866PubMedCrossRef
166.
Ghaus N, Bohlega S, Rezeig M (2001) Neurological complications in liver transplantation. J Neurol 248:1042–1048PubMedCrossRef
167.
168.
Wijdicks EF, Hocker SE (2014) Neurologic complications of liver transplantation. Handb Clin Neurol 121:1257–1266PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Imaging spectrum of central nervous system complications of hematopoietic stem cell and solid organ transplantation.
Authors
Andrés Server
Nuria Bargalló
Yngvar Fløisand
Jon Sponheim
Francesc Graus
John K. Hald
Publication date
01-02-2017
Publisher
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in
Neuroradiology / Issue 2/2017
Print ISSN: 0028-3940
Electronic ISSN: 1432-1920
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00234-017-1804-4

Other articles of this Issue 2/2017

Neuroradiology 2/2017 Go to the issue

Head and Neck Radiology

Radiation dose reduction in parasinus CT by spectral shaping

Letter to the Editor

Response: Letter to the Editor: Thoughts on “Is advanced neuroimaging for neuroradiologists?” by S. Cocozza and the content of “Neuroradiology” by Lars Arnim Rödiger

Abstracts

XLV Neuroradiology Congress

Society News

European Society of Neuroradiology (ESNR)

Diagnostic Neuroradiology

Cerebral bone subtraction CT angiography using 80 kVp and sinogram-affirmed iterative reconstruction: contrast medium and radiation dose reduction with improvement of image quality

Diagnostic Neuroradiology

Advanced MRI assessment to predict benefit of anti-programmed cell death 1 protein immunotherapy response in patients with recurrent glioblastoma