Skip to main content
Top
Published in: International Urogynecology Journal 3/2005

01-06-2005 | Review Article

Updated recommendations on ultrasonography in urogynecology

Authors: R. Tunn, G. Schaer, U. Peschers, W. Bader, A. Gauruder, E. Hanzal, H. Koelbl, D. Koelle, D. Perucchini, E. Petri, P. Riss, B. Schuessler, V. Viereck

Published in: International Urogynecology Journal | Issue 3/2005

Login to get access

Abstract

Ultrasound is a supplementary, indispensable diagnostic procedure in urogynecology; perineal, introital, and endoanal ultrasound are the most recommended techniques. The position and mobility of the bladder neck can be demonstrated. In patients undergoing diagnostic work-up for urge symptoms, ultrasound occasionally demonstrates urethral diverticula, leiomyomas, and cysts in the vaginal wall. These findings will lead to further diagnostic assessment. The same applies to the demonstration of bladder diverticula, foreign bodies in the bladder, and bullous edema. With endoanal ultrasound, different parts of the sphincter ani muscle can be evaluated. Recommendations for the standardized use of urogenital ultrasound are given.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Koelbl H, Hanzal E (1995) Imaging of the lower urinary tract. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 7:382–385PubMed Koelbl H, Hanzal E (1995) Imaging of the lower urinary tract. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 7:382–385PubMed
2.
go back to reference Bernaschek G (1989) Empfehlungen für eine einheitliche endosonographische Dokumentation in Geburtshilfe und Gynäkologie. Ultraschall Klin Prax 4:45–48 Bernaschek G (1989) Empfehlungen für eine einheitliche endosonographische Dokumentation in Geburtshilfe und Gynäkologie. Ultraschall Klin Prax 4:45–48
3.
go back to reference Merz E (1991) Standardisierung der Bilddarstellung bei der transvaginalen Sonographie. Gynäkol Geburtsh 1:37–38 Merz E (1991) Standardisierung der Bilddarstellung bei der transvaginalen Sonographie. Gynäkol Geburtsh 1:37–38
4.
go back to reference Schaer GN, Koechli OR, Schuessler B, Haller U (1995) Perineal ultrasound for evaluating the bladder neck in urinary stress incontinence. Obstet Gynecol 85:224CrossRef Schaer GN, Koechli OR, Schuessler B, Haller U (1995) Perineal ultrasound for evaluating the bladder neck in urinary stress incontinence. Obstet Gynecol 85:224CrossRef
5.
go back to reference Peschers UM, Vodusek DB, Fanger G, Schaer GN, DeLancey JO, Schuessler B (2001) Pelvic muscle activity in nulliparous volunteers. Neurourol Urodyn 20:269–275CrossRefPubMed Peschers UM, Vodusek DB, Fanger G, Schaer GN, DeLancey JO, Schuessler B (2001) Pelvic muscle activity in nulliparous volunteers. Neurourol Urodyn 20:269–275CrossRefPubMed
6.
go back to reference Pregazzi R, Sartore A, Bortoli P, Grimaldi E, Troiano L, Guaschino S (2002) Perineal ultrasound evaluation of urethral angle and bladder neck mobility in women with stress urinary incontinence. BJOG 109:821–827PubMed Pregazzi R, Sartore A, Bortoli P, Grimaldi E, Troiano L, Guaschino S (2002) Perineal ultrasound evaluation of urethral angle and bladder neck mobility in women with stress urinary incontinence. BJOG 109:821–827PubMed
7.
go back to reference Bader W, Degenhardt F, Kauffels W, Nehls K, Schneider J (1995) Sonomorphologische Parameter der weiblichen Stressharninkontinenz. Ultraschall Med 16:180–185PubMed Bader W, Degenhardt F, Kauffels W, Nehls K, Schneider J (1995) Sonomorphologische Parameter der weiblichen Stressharninkontinenz. Ultraschall Med 16:180–185PubMed
8.
go back to reference Schwenke A, Fischer W (1994) Urogenitalsonographie bei weiblicher Harninkontinenz. Gynäkol Prax 16:683–694 Schwenke A, Fischer W (1994) Urogenitalsonographie bei weiblicher Harninkontinenz. Gynäkol Prax 16:683–694
9.
go back to reference Viereck V, Pauer HU, Bader W, Lange R, Viereck N, Emons G et al (2003) Ultrasound imaging of the lower urinary tract in women before and after colposuspension: a 6-month follow-up. Ultraschall Med 24:340–344CrossRefPubMed Viereck V, Pauer HU, Bader W, Lange R, Viereck N, Emons G et al (2003) Ultrasound imaging of the lower urinary tract in women before and after colposuspension: a 6-month follow-up. Ultraschall Med 24:340–344CrossRefPubMed
10.
go back to reference Viereck V, Pauer HU, Oppermann M, Hilgers R, Gauruder-Burmester A, Lange R et al (2004) Introital ultrasound of the lower genital tract before and after colposuspension: a four-year objective follow-up. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 23:277–283CrossRefPubMed Viereck V, Pauer HU, Oppermann M, Hilgers R, Gauruder-Burmester A, Lange R et al (2004) Introital ultrasound of the lower genital tract before and after colposuspension: a four-year objective follow-up. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 23:277–283CrossRefPubMed
11.
go back to reference Dietz HP, Clarke B (2001) The influence of posture on perineal ultrasound imaging parameters. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 12:104–106PubMed Dietz HP, Clarke B (2001) The influence of posture on perineal ultrasound imaging parameters. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 12:104–106PubMed
12.
go back to reference Schaer GN, Koechli OR, Schuessler B, Haller U (1996) Perineal ultrasound: determination of reliable examination procedures. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 7:347–352CrossRefPubMed Schaer GN, Koechli OR, Schuessler B, Haller U (1996) Perineal ultrasound: determination of reliable examination procedures. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 7:347–352CrossRefPubMed
13.
go back to reference Mouritsen L, Bach P (1994) Ultrasonic evaluation of bladder neck position and mobility: the influence of urethral catheter, bladder volume, and body position. Neurourol Urodyn 13:637–646PubMed Mouritsen L, Bach P (1994) Ultrasonic evaluation of bladder neck position and mobility: the influence of urethral catheter, bladder volume, and body position. Neurourol Urodyn 13:637–646PubMed
14.
go back to reference Dietz HP, Wilson PD (1999) The influence of bladder volume on the position and mobility of the urethrovesical junction. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 10:3–6PubMed Dietz HP, Wilson PD (1999) The influence of bladder volume on the position and mobility of the urethrovesical junction. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 10:3–6PubMed
15.
go back to reference Peschers UM, Gingelmaier A, Jundt K, Leib B, Dimpfl T (2001) Evaluation of pelvic floor muscle strength using four different techniques. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 12:27–30CrossRefPubMed Peschers UM, Gingelmaier A, Jundt K, Leib B, Dimpfl T (2001) Evaluation of pelvic floor muscle strength using four different techniques. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 12:27–30CrossRefPubMed
16.
go back to reference Dietz HP, Wilson PD, Clarke B (2001) The use of perineal ultrasound to quantify levator activity and teach pelvic floor muscle exercises. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 12:166–168CrossRefPubMed Dietz HP, Wilson PD, Clarke B (2001) The use of perineal ultrasound to quantify levator activity and teach pelvic floor muscle exercises. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 12:166–168CrossRefPubMed
17.
go back to reference Bo K, Sherburn M, Allen T (2003) Transabdominal ultrasound measurement of pelvic floor muscle activity when activated directly or via a transversus abdominis muscle contraction. Neurourol Urodyn 22:582–588CrossRefPubMed Bo K, Sherburn M, Allen T (2003) Transabdominal ultrasound measurement of pelvic floor muscle activity when activated directly or via a transversus abdominis muscle contraction. Neurourol Urodyn 22:582–588CrossRefPubMed
18.
go back to reference Schaer GN, Perucchini D, Munz E, Peschers U, Koechli OR, DeLancey JO (1999) Sonographic evaluation of the bladder neck in continent and stress-incontinent women. Obstet Gynecol 93:412–416CrossRefPubMed Schaer GN, Perucchini D, Munz E, Peschers U, Koechli OR, DeLancey JO (1999) Sonographic evaluation of the bladder neck in continent and stress-incontinent women. Obstet Gynecol 93:412–416CrossRefPubMed
19.
go back to reference Dietz HP, Haylen BT, Broome J (2001) Ultrasound in the quantification of female pelvic organ prolapse. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 18:511–514CrossRefPubMed Dietz HP, Haylen BT, Broome J (2001) Ultrasound in the quantification of female pelvic organ prolapse. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 18:511–514CrossRefPubMed
20.
go back to reference Nguyen JK, Hall CD, Taber E, Bhatia NN (2000) Sonographic diagnosis of paravaginal defects: a standardized technique. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunction 11:341–345CrossRef Nguyen JK, Hall CD, Taber E, Bhatia NN (2000) Sonographic diagnosis of paravaginal defects: a standardized technique. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunction 11:341–345CrossRef
21.
go back to reference Martan A, Masata J, Halaska M, Otcenasek M, Svabik K (2002) Ultrasound imaging of paravaginal defects in women with stress incontinence before and after paravaginal defect repair. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 19:496–500CrossRefPubMed Martan A, Masata J, Halaska M, Otcenasek M, Svabik K (2002) Ultrasound imaging of paravaginal defects in women with stress incontinence before and after paravaginal defect repair. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 19:496–500CrossRefPubMed
22.
go back to reference Tunn R, Petri E (2003) Introital and transvaginal ultrasound as the main tool in the assessment of urogenital and pelvic floor dysfunction: an imaging panel and practical approach. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 22:205–213CrossRefPubMed Tunn R, Petri E (2003) Introital and transvaginal ultrasound as the main tool in the assessment of urogenital and pelvic floor dysfunction: an imaging panel and practical approach. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 22:205–213CrossRefPubMed
23.
go back to reference Khullar V, Salvatore S, Cardozo L, Bourne TH, Abbott D, Kelleher CJ (1994) A novel technique for measuring bladder wall thickness in women using transvaginal ultrasound. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 3:220–223CrossRef Khullar V, Salvatore S, Cardozo L, Bourne TH, Abbott D, Kelleher CJ (1994) A novel technique for measuring bladder wall thickness in women using transvaginal ultrasound. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 3:220–223CrossRef
24.
go back to reference Kociszewski J, Bagci S (2003) TVT—Sonographische Beobachtungen im Hinblick auf die korrekte Lage und Funktion des TVT-Bandes unter Berücksichtigung der individuellen Urethralänge. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkund 63:640–647CrossRef Kociszewski J, Bagci S (2003) TVT—Sonographische Beobachtungen im Hinblick auf die korrekte Lage und Funktion des TVT-Bandes unter Berücksichtigung der individuellen Urethralänge. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkund 63:640–647CrossRef
25.
go back to reference Dietz HP, Wilson PD, Clarke B, Haylen BT (2001) Irritative symptoms after colposuspension: are they due to distortion or overelevation of the anterior vaginal wall and trigone? Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 12:232–235CrossRefPubMed Dietz HP, Wilson PD, Clarke B, Haylen BT (2001) Irritative symptoms after colposuspension: are they due to distortion or overelevation of the anterior vaginal wall and trigone? Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 12:232–235CrossRefPubMed
26.
go back to reference Martan A, Masata J, Halaska M, Voigt R (2001) Ultrasound imaging of the lower urinary system in women after Burch colposuspension. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 17:58–64CrossRefPubMed Martan A, Masata J, Halaska M, Voigt R (2001) Ultrasound imaging of the lower urinary system in women after Burch colposuspension. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 17:58–64CrossRefPubMed
27.
go back to reference Buhr HJ, Kroesen AJ (2003) The importance of diagnostics in fecal incontinence endosonography (in German). Chirurg 74:4–14CrossRefPubMed Buhr HJ, Kroesen AJ (2003) The importance of diagnostics in fecal incontinence endosonography (in German). Chirurg 74:4–14CrossRefPubMed
28.
go back to reference Kumar A, Scholefield JH (2000) Endosonography of the anal canal and rectum. World J Surg 24:208–215CrossRefPubMed Kumar A, Scholefield JH (2000) Endosonography of the anal canal and rectum. World J Surg 24:208–215CrossRefPubMed
29.
go back to reference Nielsen MB (1998) Endosonography of the anal sphincter muscles in healthy volunteers and in patients with defecation disorders. Acta Radiol 416 [Suppl]:1–21 Nielsen MB (1998) Endosonography of the anal sphincter muscles in healthy volunteers and in patients with defecation disorders. Acta Radiol 416 [Suppl]:1–21
30.
go back to reference Rottenberg GT, Williams AB (2002) Endoanal ultrasound. Br J Radiol 75:482–488PubMed Rottenberg GT, Williams AB (2002) Endoanal ultrasound. Br J Radiol 75:482–488PubMed
31.
go back to reference Schafer R, Heyer T, Gantke B, Schafer A, Frieling T, Haussinger D et al (1997) Anal endosonography and manometry: comparison in patients with defecation problems. Dis Colon Rectum 40:293–297PubMed Schafer R, Heyer T, Gantke B, Schafer A, Frieling T, Haussinger D et al (1997) Anal endosonography and manometry: comparison in patients with defecation problems. Dis Colon Rectum 40:293–297PubMed
32.
go back to reference Soffer EE, Hull T (2000) Fecal incontinence: a practical approach to evaluation and treatment. Am J Gastroenterol 95:1873–1880PubMed Soffer EE, Hull T (2000) Fecal incontinence: a practical approach to evaluation and treatment. Am J Gastroenterol 95:1873–1880PubMed
33.
go back to reference Sultan AH, Loder PB, Bartram CI, Kamm MA, Hudson CN (1994) Vaginal endosonography. New approach to image the undisturbed anal sphincter. Dis Colon Rectum 37:1296–1299PubMed Sultan AH, Loder PB, Bartram CI, Kamm MA, Hudson CN (1994) Vaginal endosonography. New approach to image the undisturbed anal sphincter. Dis Colon Rectum 37:1296–1299PubMed
34.
go back to reference Sandridge DA, Thorp JM (1995) Vaginal endosonography in the assessment of the anorectum. Obstet Gynecol 86:1007–1009CrossRefPubMed Sandridge DA, Thorp JM (1995) Vaginal endosonography in the assessment of the anorectum. Obstet Gynecol 86:1007–1009CrossRefPubMed
35.
go back to reference Peschers UM, DeLancey JOL, Schaer GN, Schuessler B (1997) Exoanal ultrasound of the anal sphincter: normal anatomy and sphincter defects. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 104:999–1003PubMed Peschers UM, DeLancey JOL, Schaer GN, Schuessler B (1997) Exoanal ultrasound of the anal sphincter: normal anatomy and sphincter defects. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 104:999–1003PubMed
36.
go back to reference Sultan AH, Kamm MA, Talbot IC, Nicholls RJ, Bartram CI (1994) Anal endosonography for identifying external sphincter defects confirmed histologically. Br J Surg 81:463–465PubMed Sultan AH, Kamm MA, Talbot IC, Nicholls RJ, Bartram CI (1994) Anal endosonography for identifying external sphincter defects confirmed histologically. Br J Surg 81:463–465PubMed
37.
go back to reference Goode PS, Locher JL, Bryant RL, Roth DL, Burgio KL (2000) Measurement of postvoid residual urine with portable transabdominal bladder ultrasound scanner and urethral catheterization. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 11:296–300CrossRefPubMed Goode PS, Locher JL, Bryant RL, Roth DL, Burgio KL (2000) Measurement of postvoid residual urine with portable transabdominal bladder ultrasound scanner and urethral catheterization. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct 11:296–300CrossRefPubMed
38.
go back to reference Haylen BT (1989) Verification of the accuracy and range of transvaginal ultrasound in measuring bladder volumes in women. Br J Urol 64:350–352PubMed Haylen BT (1989) Verification of the accuracy and range of transvaginal ultrasound in measuring bladder volumes in women. Br J Urol 64:350–352PubMed
39.
go back to reference Bump RC, Mattiasson A, Bo K, Brubaker LP, DeLancey JO, Klarskov P et al (1996) The standardization of terminology of female pelvic organ prolapse and pelvic floor dysfunction. Am J Obstet Gynecol 175:10–17PubMed Bump RC, Mattiasson A, Bo K, Brubaker LP, DeLancey JO, Klarskov P et al (1996) The standardization of terminology of female pelvic organ prolapse and pelvic floor dysfunction. Am J Obstet Gynecol 175:10–17PubMed
Metadata
Title
Updated recommendations on ultrasonography in urogynecology
Authors
R. Tunn
G. Schaer
U. Peschers
W. Bader
A. Gauruder
E. Hanzal
H. Koelbl
D. Koelle
D. Perucchini
E. Petri
P. Riss
B. Schuessler
V. Viereck
Publication date
01-06-2005
Publisher
Springer-Verlag
Published in
International Urogynecology Journal / Issue 3/2005
Print ISSN: 0937-3462
Electronic ISSN: 1433-3023
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00192-004-1228-7

Other articles of this Issue 3/2005

International Urogynecology Journal 3/2005 Go to the issue