Top

Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology

Published in:

01-03-2007 | ORIGINAL PAPER

Residential mobility of individuals with diagnosed schizophrenia

A comparison of single and multiple movers

Authors: Lisa M. Lix, PhD, Geoffrey DeVerteuil, John R. Walker, J. Renee Robinson, Aynslie M. Hinds, Leslie L. Roos

Published in: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology | Issue 3/2007

Abstract

Background

Several studies have compared the residential mobility of individuals with schizophrenia to mobility of individuals with other mental disorders or with no mental disorders. Little research has been undertaken to describe differences between single (i.e., infrequent) and multiple (i.e., frequent) movers with schizophrenia, and the association between frequency of mobility and health and health service use.

Methods

The data source is population-based administrative records from the province of Manitoba, Canada. Hospital separations and physicians claims are linked to health registration files to identify a cohort with diagnosed schizophrenia and track changes in residential postal code over time. Single movers (N = 736), who had only one postal code change in a 2.5-year observation period, are compared to multiple movers (N = 252), who had two or more postal code changes. Differences in demographic, socioeconomic, and geographic characteristics, measures of health service use, and the prevalence of several chronic diseases were examined using χ² tests, logistic regression, and generalized linear regression.

Results

Multiple movers were significantly more likely to be young, live in socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhoods, and reside in the urban core. The prevalence of a co-occurring substance use disorder and arthritis was higher for multiple than single movers. Use of acute and ambulatory care for schizophrenia, other mental disorders, as well as physical disorders was generally higher for multiple than single movers.

Conclusions

Frequency of mobility should be considered in the development of needs-based funding plans and service delivery interventions. Other opportunities to use record-linkage techniques to examine residential mobility are considered.

Bell M (1996) How often do Australians move? Alternative measures of population density. J Aust Popul Assoc 13:101–123PubMed

Bhugra D (2004) Migration and mental health. Acta Psychiatr Scand 109:243–258PubMedCrossRef

Houghton F, Kelleher K (2003) Migration, mobility and the exposure fallacy: an issue for New Zealand. N Z Med J 116:U572PubMed

Breslow RE, Klinger BI, Erickson BJ (1998) County drift: a type of geographic mobility of chronic psychiatric patients. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 20:44–47PubMedCrossRef

Chesteen HE, Bergeron V, Addison WP (1970) Geographic mobility and mental disorder. Hosp Commun Psychiatry 21:31–32

Harkness J, Newman S, Salkever D (2004) The cost-effectiveness of independent housing for the chronically mentally ill: do housing and neighborhood features matter? Health Serv Res 39:1341–1360PubMedCrossRef

Magdol L (2002) Is moving gendered? The effects of residential mobility on the psychological well-being of men and women. Sex Roles 47:553–560CrossRef

Verheij R, van de Mheen H, de Bakker D, Groenewegen P, Mackenbach J (1998) Urban-rural variations in health in the Netherlands: does selective migration play a part? J Epidemiol Commun Health 52:487–493

Larson A, Bell M, Young AF (2004) Clarifying the relationships between health and residential mobility. Soc Sci Med 59:2149–2160PubMedCrossRef

10.

Hogg R, Whitehead J (1997) Patterns of geographic mobility of persons with AIDS in Canada from time of AIDS index diagnosis to death. Clin Invest Med 20:77–83PubMed

11.

Wood E, Yip B, Gataric N, Montaner J, O’Shaughnessy M, Schecter M, Hogg R (2000) Determinants of geographic mobility among participants in a population-based HIV/AIDS drug treatment program. Health Place 6:33–40PubMedCrossRef

12.

Almog M, Curtis S, Copeland A, Congdon P (2004) Geographical variation in acute psychiatric admissions within New York City 1990–2000: growing inequalities in service use? Soc Sci Med 59:361–376PubMedCrossRef

13.

Bastide R (1972) From ecology to the study of communities. In: Bastide R (ed) The sociology of mental disorder. Routledge and Paul, London, pp 78–103

14.

Dembling BP, Rovnyak V, Mackey S, Blank M (2002) Effects of geographic migration on SMI prevalence estimates. Ment Health Serv Res 4:7–12PubMedCrossRef

15.

Giggs JA (1973) The distribution of schizophrenics in Nottingham. Trans Inst Br Geogr 59:55–76CrossRef

16.

Hopper K, Jost J, Hay T, Welber S, Haughland G (1997) Homelessness, severe mental illness, and the institutional circuit. Psychiatr Serv 48:659–665PubMed

17.

Kearns RA, Smith CJ (1994) Housing, homelessness, and mental health: mapping an agenda for geographical inquiry. Prof Geogr 46:418–424CrossRef

18.

Lesage AD, Tansella M (1989) Mobility of schizophrenic patients, non-psychotic patients and the general population in a case register area. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 24:271–274PubMedCrossRef

19.

Lix L, Hinds A, DeVerteuil G, Robinson R, Roos L (2006) Residential mobility and severe mental illness: a population-based analysis. Admin Policy Ment Health 33:160–171CrossRef

20.

McNaught AS, Jeffreys SE, Harvey CA, Quayle AS, King MB, Bird AS (1997) The Hampstead Schizophrenia Survey 1991. II: incidence and migration in inner London. Br J Psychiatry 170:307–311PubMedCrossRef

21.

Silver E, Mulvey EP, Swanson JW (2002) Neighbourhood structural characteristics and mental disorder: Faris and Dunham revisited. Soc Sci Med 55:1457–1470PubMedCrossRef

22.

Wolch J, Philo C (2000) From distributions of deviance to definitions of difference: past and future mental health geographies. Health Place 6:137–157PubMedCrossRef

23.

Lamont A, Ukoumunne OC, Tyrer P, Thornicroft G, Patel R, Slaughter J (2000) The geographical mobility of severely mentally ill residents in London. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 35:164–169PubMedCrossRef

24.

Roos L, Nicol P (1999) A research registry: uses, development, and accuracy. J Clin Epidemiol 52:39–47PubMedCrossRef

25.

Watson DE, Katz A, Reid RJ, Bogdanovic B, Roos N, Heppner P (2004) Family physician workloads and access to care in Winnipeg: 1991 to 2001. CMAJ 171:339–342PubMed

26.

DeVerteuil G, Hinds A, Lix L, Walker J, Robinson R, Roos LL (2006) Mental health and the city: intra-urban mobility among individuals with schizophrenia. Health and Place, published on-line March 31, 2006

27.

Roos NP, Mustard CA (1997) Variation in health and health care use by socioeconomic status in Winnipeg, Canada: does the system work well? Yes and no. Milbank Q 75:89–111PubMedCrossRef

28.

McLemore R, Aass C, Keilhofer P (1975) The changing Canadian inner-city. Ministry of State for Urban Affairs, Ottawa, Ontario

29.

Ram B, Norris M, Skof K (1989) The inner-city in transition. Minister of Supply Services Canada, Ottawa, Ontario

30.

Martens P, Fransoo R, McKeen N, Burland E, Jebamani L, Burchill C, De Coster C, Ekuma O, Prior H, Chateau D, Robinson R, Metge C (2004) Patterns of regional mental illness disorder diagnoses and service use in Manitoba: a population-based study. University of Manitoba, Manitoba Centre For Health Policy

31.

Green AI (2005) Schizophrenia and comorbid substance use disorder: effects of antipsychotics. J Clin Psychiatry 66:21–26PubMed

32.

Chafetz L, White MC, Collins-Bride G, Nickens J (2005) The poor general health of the severely mentally ill: impact of schizophrenic diagnosis. Commun Ment Health J 41:169–184CrossRef

33.

Eaton WW, Byrne M, Ewald H, Mors O, Chen CY, Agerbo E, Mortensen PB (2006) Association of schizophrenia and autoimmune diseases: linkage of Danish national registers. Am J Psychiatry 163:521–528PubMedCrossRef

34.

Hennekens CH, Hennekens AR, Hollar D, Casey DE (2005) Schizophrenia and increased risks of cardiovascular disease. Am Heart J 150:1115–1121PubMedCrossRef

35.

Oken RJ, Schulzer M (1999) Schizophrenia and rheumatoid arthritis: the negative association revisited. Schizophr Bull 25:625–638PubMed

36.

Blanchard JF, Ludwig S, Wajda A, Dean H, Anderson K, Kendall O, Depew N (1996) Incidence and prevalence of diabetes in Manitoba, 1986–1991. Diabetes Care 19:807–811PubMedCrossRef

37.

Huzel L, Roos LL, Anthonisen NR, Manfreda J (2002) Diagnosing asthma: the fit between survey and administrative data. Can Respir J 9:407–412PubMed

38.

Lix LM, Yogendran M, Burchill C, Metge C, McKeen N, Moore D, Bond R (2006) Defining and validating chronic diseases: an administrative data approach. University of Manitoba, Manitoba Centre for Health Policy

39.

Martens P, Fransoo R, Burland E, Jebamani L, Burchill C, Dik N, MacWilliam L, Derksen S, Walld R, Steinbach C, Dahl M (2003) The Manitoba RHA indicators atlas: population-based comparisons of health and health care use. University of Manitoba, Manitoba Centre For Health Policy

40.

Muhajarine N, Mustard C, Roos LL, Young TK, Gelskey DE (1997) Comparison of survey and physician claims data for detecting hypertension. J Clin Epidemiol 50:711–718PubMedCrossRef

41.

Robinson RJ, Young TK, Roos LL, Gelskey DE (1997) Estimating the burden of disease: comparing administrative data and self-reports. Med Care 35:932–947PubMedCrossRef

42.

McCulloch CE, Searle SR (2001) Generalized, linear, and mixed models. Wiley, New York

43.

Littell RC, Stroup WW, Freund RJ (2002) SAS for linear models, 4. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC

44.

Wang PP, Elsbett-Koeppen R, Geng G, Badley EM (2000) Arthritis prevalence and place of birth: findings from the 1994 Canadian National Population Health Survey. Am J Epidemiol 152:442–445PubMedCrossRef

45.

Appleby L, Desai P (1987) Residential instability: a perspective on system imbalance. Am J Orthopsychiatry 57:515–524PubMedCrossRef

46.

Mortensen PB (1995) The untapped potential of case registers and record-linkage studies in psychiatric epidemiology. Epidemiol Rev 17:205–209PubMed

47.

Roos NP, Black CD, Frohlich N, Decoster C, Cohen MM, Tataryn DJ, Mustard CA, Toll F, Carriere KC, Burchill CA (1995) A population-based health information system. Med Care 33:DS13–DS20PubMedCrossRef

48.

Young AS, Mintz J, Cohen AN, Chinman MJ (2004) A network-based system to improve care for schizophrenia: the medical informatics network tool (MINT). J Am Med Inform Assoc 11:358–367PubMedCrossRef

49.

Skelton I (2002) Residential mobility of aboriginal single mothers in Winnipeg: an exploratory study of chronic moving. J Hous Built Environ 17:127–144CrossRef

50.

Quillian L (2003) How long are exposures to poor neighborhoods? The long-term dynamics of entry and exit from poor neighborhoods. Popul Res Policy Rev 22:221–249CrossRef

Title: Residential mobility of individuals with diagnosed schizophrenia
A comparison of single and multiple movers
Authors: Lisa M. Lix, PhD
Geoffrey DeVerteuil
John R. Walker
J. Renee Robinson
Aynslie M. Hinds
Leslie L. Roos
Publication date: 01-03-2007
Publisher: Steinkopff-Verlag
Published in: Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology / Issue 3/2007
Print ISSN: 0933-7954
Electronic ISSN: 1433-9285
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-006-0150-3

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Residential mobility of individuals with diagnosed schizophrenia

A comparison of single and multiple movers

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusions

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 3/2007

Gender differences in depressive symptoms among older adults: a cross-national comparison

Does the level of expressed emotion (LEE) questionnaire have the same factor structure for adolescents as it has for adults?

What’s in a name? Is accurate recognition and labelling of mental disorders by young people associated with better help-seeking and treatment preferences?

Major depression in Chinese Americans

Assessing morale in community mental health professionals

Antidepressant utilization in primary care in a Spanish region