Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Diabetologia 4/2003

01-04-2003 | Article

Relationship of adiponectin to body fat distribution, insulin sensitivity and plasma lipoproteins: evidence for independent roles of age and sex

Authors: M. Cnop, P. J. Havel, K. M. Utzschneider, D. B. Carr, M. K. Sinha, E. J. Boyko, B. M. Retzlaff, R. H. Knopp, J. D. Brunzell, S. E. Kahn, MB ChB

Published in: Diabetologia | Issue 4/2003

Login to get access

Abstract

Aims/hypothesis

Increased intra-abdominal fat is associated with insulin resistance and an atherogenic lipoprotein profile. Circulating concentrations of adiponectin, an adipocyte-derived protein, are decreased with insulin resistance. We investigated the relationships between adiponectin and leptin, body fat distribution, insulin sensitivity and lipoproteins.

Methods

We measured plasma adiponectin, leptin and lipid concentrations, intra-abdominal and subcutaneous fat areas by CT scan, and insulin sensitivity index (SI) in 182 subjects (76 M/106F).

Results

Adiponectin concentrations were higher in women than in men (7.4±2.9 vs 5.4±2.3 µg/ml, p<0.0001) as were leptin concentrations (19.1±13.7 vs 6.9±5.1 ng/ml, p<0.0001). Women were more insulin sensitive (SI: 6.8±3.9 vs 5.9±4.4×10−5 min−1/(pmol/l), p<0.01) and had more subcutaneous (240±133 vs 187±90 cm2, p<0.01), but less intra-abdominal fat (82±57 vs 124±68 cm2, p<0.0001). By simple regression, adiponectin was positively correlated with age (r=0.227, p<0.01) and SI (r=0.375, p<0.0001), and negatively correlated with BMI (r=−0.333, p<0.0001), subcutaneous (r=−0.168, p<0.05) and intra-abdominal fat (r=−0.35, p<0.0001). Adiponectin was negatively correlated with triglycerides (r=−0.281, p<0.001) and positively correlated with HDL cholesterol (r=0.605, p<0.0001) and Rf, a measure of LDL particle buoyancy (r=0.474, p<0.0001). By multiple regression analysis, adiponectin was related to age (p<0.0001), sex (p<0.005) and intra-abdominal fat (p<0.01). SI was related to intra-abdominal fat (p<0.0001) and adiponectin (p<0.0005). Both intra-abdominal fat and adiponectin contributed independently to triglycerides, HDL cholesterol and Rf.

Conclusion/interpretation

These data suggest that adiponectin concentrations are determined by intra-abdominal fat mass, with additional independent effects of age and sex. Adiponectin could link intra-abdominal fat with insulin resistance and an atherogenic lipoprotein profile.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Kolterman OG, Insel J, Saekow M, Olefsky JM (1980) Mechanisms of insulin resistance in human obesity: evidence for receptor and postreceptor defects. J Clin Invest 65:1272–1284PubMed Kolterman OG, Insel J, Saekow M, Olefsky JM (1980) Mechanisms of insulin resistance in human obesity: evidence for receptor and postreceptor defects. J Clin Invest 65:1272–1284PubMed
2.
go back to reference Lillioja S, Bogardus C (1988) Obesity and insulin resistance: lessons learned from the Pima Indians. Diabetes Metab Rev 4:517–540PubMed Lillioja S, Bogardus C (1988) Obesity and insulin resistance: lessons learned from the Pima Indians. Diabetes Metab Rev 4:517–540PubMed
3.
go back to reference Bjorntorp P (1993) Visceral obesity: a "civilization syndrome". Obes Res 1:206–222 Bjorntorp P (1993) Visceral obesity: a "civilization syndrome". Obes Res 1:206–222
4.
go back to reference Peiris AN, Mueller RA, Smith GA, Struve MF, Kissebah AH (1986) Splanchnic insulin metabolism in obesity. Influence of body fat distribution. J Clin Invest 78:1648–1657PubMed Peiris AN, Mueller RA, Smith GA, Struve MF, Kissebah AH (1986) Splanchnic insulin metabolism in obesity. Influence of body fat distribution. J Clin Invest 78:1648–1657PubMed
5.
go back to reference Vague J (1956) The degree of masculine differentiation of obesities: a factor determining predisposition to diabetes, atherosclerosis, gout, and uric calculous disease. Am J Clin Nutr 4:20 Vague J (1956) The degree of masculine differentiation of obesities: a factor determining predisposition to diabetes, atherosclerosis, gout, and uric calculous disease. Am J Clin Nutr 4:20
6.
go back to reference Fujioka S, Matsuzawa Y, Tokunaga K, Tarui S (1987) Contribution of intra-abdominal fat accumulation to the impairment of glucose and lipid metabolism in human obesity. Metabolism 36:54–59PubMed Fujioka S, Matsuzawa Y, Tokunaga K, Tarui S (1987) Contribution of intra-abdominal fat accumulation to the impairment of glucose and lipid metabolism in human obesity. Metabolism 36:54–59PubMed
7.
go back to reference Despres JP, Nadeau A, Tremblay A et al. (1989) Role of deep abdominal fat in the association between regional adipose tissue distribution and glucose tolerance in obese women. Diabetes 38:304–309PubMed Despres JP, Nadeau A, Tremblay A et al. (1989) Role of deep abdominal fat in the association between regional adipose tissue distribution and glucose tolerance in obese women. Diabetes 38:304–309PubMed
8.
go back to reference Fujimoto WY, Abbate SL, Kahn SE, Hokanson JE, Brunzell JD (1994) The visceral adiposity syndrome in Japanese-American men. Obes Res 2:364–371 Fujimoto WY, Abbate SL, Kahn SE, Hokanson JE, Brunzell JD (1994) The visceral adiposity syndrome in Japanese-American men. Obes Res 2:364–371
9.
go back to reference Goodpaster BH, Kelley DE, Wing RR, Meier A, Thaete FL (1999) Effects of weight loss on regional fat distribution and insulin sensitivity in obesity. Diabetes 48:839–847PubMed Goodpaster BH, Kelley DE, Wing RR, Meier A, Thaete FL (1999) Effects of weight loss on regional fat distribution and insulin sensitivity in obesity. Diabetes 48:839–847PubMed
10.
go back to reference Purnell JQ, Kahn SE, Albers JJ, Nevin DN, Brunzell JD, Schwartz RS (2000) Effect of weight loss with reduction of intra-abdominal fat on lipid metabolism in older men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:977–982 Purnell JQ, Kahn SE, Albers JJ, Nevin DN, Brunzell JD, Schwartz RS (2000) Effect of weight loss with reduction of intra-abdominal fat on lipid metabolism in older men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 85:977–982
11.
go back to reference Cnop M, Landchild MJ, Vidal J et al. (2002) The concurrent accumulation of intra-abdominal and subcutaneous fat explains the association between insulin resistance and plasma leptin concentrations: distinct metabolic effects of two fat compartments. Diabetes 51:1005–1015PubMed Cnop M, Landchild MJ, Vidal J et al. (2002) The concurrent accumulation of intra-abdominal and subcutaneous fat explains the association between insulin resistance and plasma leptin concentrations: distinct metabolic effects of two fat compartments. Diabetes 51:1005–1015PubMed
12.
go back to reference Schwartz MW, Woods SC, Porte D Jr, Seeley RJ, Baskin DG (2000) Central nervous system control of food intake. Nature 404:661–671PubMed Schwartz MW, Woods SC, Porte D Jr, Seeley RJ, Baskin DG (2000) Central nervous system control of food intake. Nature 404:661–671PubMed
13.
go back to reference Havel PJ (2000) Role of adipose tissue in body-weight regulation: mechanisms regulating leptin production and energy balance. Proc Nutr Soc 59:359–371PubMed Havel PJ (2000) Role of adipose tissue in body-weight regulation: mechanisms regulating leptin production and energy balance. Proc Nutr Soc 59:359–371PubMed
14.
go back to reference Gordon ES (1960) Non-esterified fatty acids in blood of obese and lean subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 8:740–747 Gordon ES (1960) Non-esterified fatty acids in blood of obese and lean subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 8:740–747
15.
go back to reference Boden G (1997) Role of fatty acids in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and NIDDM. Diabetes 46:3–10PubMed Boden G (1997) Role of fatty acids in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and NIDDM. Diabetes 46:3–10PubMed
16.
go back to reference Shulman GI (2000) Cellular mechanisms of insulin resistance. J Clin Invest 106:171–176PubMed Shulman GI (2000) Cellular mechanisms of insulin resistance. J Clin Invest 106:171–176PubMed
17.
go back to reference Arner P (1995) Differences in lipolysis between human subcutaneous and omental adipose tissues. Ann Med 27:435–438PubMed Arner P (1995) Differences in lipolysis between human subcutaneous and omental adipose tissues. Ann Med 27:435–438PubMed
18.
go back to reference Rebrin K, Steil GM, Getty L, Bergman RN (1995) Free fatty acid as a link in the regulation of hepatic glucose output by peripheral insulin. Diabetes 44:1038–1045PubMed Rebrin K, Steil GM, Getty L, Bergman RN (1995) Free fatty acid as a link in the regulation of hepatic glucose output by peripheral insulin. Diabetes 44:1038–1045PubMed
19.
go back to reference Boden G, Cheung P, Stein TP, Kresge K, Mozzoli M (2002) FFA cause hepatic insulin resistance by inhibiting insulin suppression of glycogenolysis. Am J Physiol 283:E12–E19 Boden G, Cheung P, Stein TP, Kresge K, Mozzoli M (2002) FFA cause hepatic insulin resistance by inhibiting insulin suppression of glycogenolysis. Am J Physiol 283:E12–E19
20.
go back to reference Fisher EA, Ginsberg HN (2002) Complexity in the secretory pathway: the assembly and secretion of apolipoprotein B-containing Lipoproteins. J Biol Chem 277:17377–17380CrossRefPubMed Fisher EA, Ginsberg HN (2002) Complexity in the secretory pathway: the assembly and secretion of apolipoprotein B-containing Lipoproteins. J Biol Chem 277:17377–17380CrossRefPubMed
21.
go back to reference Fruebis J, Tsao TS, Javorschi S et al. (2001) Proteolytic cleavage product of 30-kDa adipocyte complement-related protein increases fatty acid oxidation in muscle and causes weight loss in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:2005–2010 Fruebis J, Tsao TS, Javorschi S et al. (2001) Proteolytic cleavage product of 30-kDa adipocyte complement-related protein increases fatty acid oxidation in muscle and causes weight loss in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:2005–2010
22.
go back to reference Maeda K, Okubo K, Shimomura I, Funahashi T, Matsuzawa Y, Matsubara K (1996) cDNA cloning and expression of a novel adipose specific collagen-like factor, apM1 (AdiPose Most abundant Gene transcript 1). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 221:286–289PubMed Maeda K, Okubo K, Shimomura I, Funahashi T, Matsuzawa Y, Matsubara K (1996) cDNA cloning and expression of a novel adipose specific collagen-like factor, apM1 (AdiPose Most abundant Gene transcript 1). Biochem Biophys Res Commun 221:286–289PubMed
23.
go back to reference Scherer PE, Williams S, Fogliano M, Baldini G, Lodish HF (1995) A novel serum protein similar to C1q, produced exclusively in adipocytes. J Biol Chem 270:26746–26749PubMed Scherer PE, Williams S, Fogliano M, Baldini G, Lodish HF (1995) A novel serum protein similar to C1q, produced exclusively in adipocytes. J Biol Chem 270:26746–26749PubMed
24.
go back to reference Nakano Y, Tobe T, Choi-Miura NH, Mazda T, Tomita M (1996) Isolation and characterization of GBP28, a novel gelatin-binding protein purified from human plasma. J Biochem (Tokyo) 120:803–812 Nakano Y, Tobe T, Choi-Miura NH, Mazda T, Tomita M (1996) Isolation and characterization of GBP28, a novel gelatin-binding protein purified from human plasma. J Biochem (Tokyo) 120:803–812
25.
go back to reference Hu E, Liang P, Spiegelman BM (1996) AdipoQ is a novel adipose-specific gene dysregulated in obesity. J Biol Chem 271:10697–10703PubMed Hu E, Liang P, Spiegelman BM (1996) AdipoQ is a novel adipose-specific gene dysregulated in obesity. J Biol Chem 271:10697–10703PubMed
27.
go back to reference Havel PJ (2002) Control of energy homeostasis and insulin action by adipocyte hormones: leptin, acylation stimulating protein, and adiponectin. Curr Opin Lipidol 13:51–59CrossRefPubMed Havel PJ (2002) Control of energy homeostasis and insulin action by adipocyte hormones: leptin, acylation stimulating protein, and adiponectin. Curr Opin Lipidol 13:51–59CrossRefPubMed
28.
go back to reference Arita Y, Kihara S, Ouchi N et al. (1999) Paradoxical decrease of an adipose-specific protein, adiponectin, in obesity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 257:79–83PubMed Arita Y, Kihara S, Ouchi N et al. (1999) Paradoxical decrease of an adipose-specific protein, adiponectin, in obesity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 257:79–83PubMed
29.
go back to reference Hotta K, Funahashi T, Arita Y et al. (2000) Plasma concentrations of a novel, adipose-specific protein, adiponectin, in type 2 diabetic patients. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 20:1595–1599 Hotta K, Funahashi T, Arita Y et al. (2000) Plasma concentrations of a novel, adipose-specific protein, adiponectin, in type 2 diabetic patients. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 20:1595–1599
30.
go back to reference Weyer C, Funahashi T, Tanaka S et al. (2001) Hypoadiponectinemia in obesity and type 2 diabetes: close association with insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:1930–1935PubMed Weyer C, Funahashi T, Tanaka S et al. (2001) Hypoadiponectinemia in obesity and type 2 diabetes: close association with insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:1930–1935PubMed
31.
go back to reference Zoccali C, Mallamaci F, Tripepi G et al. (2002) Adiponectin, metabolic risk factors, and cardiovascular events among patients with end-stage renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 13:134–141PubMed Zoccali C, Mallamaci F, Tripepi G et al. (2002) Adiponectin, metabolic risk factors, and cardiovascular events among patients with end-stage renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol 13:134–141PubMed
32.
go back to reference Ouchi N, Kihara S, Arita Y et al. (1999) Novel modulator for endothelial adhesion molecules: adipocyte-derived plasma protein adiponectin. Circulation 100:2473–2476PubMed Ouchi N, Kihara S, Arita Y et al. (1999) Novel modulator for endothelial adhesion molecules: adipocyte-derived plasma protein adiponectin. Circulation 100:2473–2476PubMed
33.
go back to reference Stefan N, Vozarova B, Funahashi T et al. (2002) Plasma adiponectin concentration is associated with skeletal muscle insulin receptor tyrosine phosphorylation, and low plasma concentration precedes a decrease in whole-body insulin sensitivity in humans. Diabetes 51:1884–1888PubMed Stefan N, Vozarova B, Funahashi T et al. (2002) Plasma adiponectin concentration is associated with skeletal muscle insulin receptor tyrosine phosphorylation, and low plasma concentration precedes a decrease in whole-body insulin sensitivity in humans. Diabetes 51:1884–1888PubMed
34.
go back to reference Kazumi T, Kawaguchi A, Sakai K, Hirano T, Yoshino G (2002) Young men with high-normal blood pressure have lower serum adiponectin, smaller LDL size, and higher elevated heart rate than those with optimal blood pressure. Diabetes Care 25:971–976PubMed Kazumi T, Kawaguchi A, Sakai K, Hirano T, Yoshino G (2002) Young men with high-normal blood pressure have lower serum adiponectin, smaller LDL size, and higher elevated heart rate than those with optimal blood pressure. Diabetes Care 25:971–976PubMed
35.
go back to reference Maeda N, Takahashi M, Funahashi T et al. (2001) PPARgamma ligands increase expression and plasma concentrations of adiponectin, an adipose-derived protein. Diabetes 50:2094–2099PubMed Maeda N, Takahashi M, Funahashi T et al. (2001) PPARgamma ligands increase expression and plasma concentrations of adiponectin, an adipose-derived protein. Diabetes 50:2094–2099PubMed
36.
go back to reference Yang WS, Jeng CY, Wu TJ et al. (2002) Synthetic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonist, rosiglitazone, increases plasma levels of adiponectin in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 25:376–380PubMed Yang WS, Jeng CY, Wu TJ et al. (2002) Synthetic peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma agonist, rosiglitazone, increases plasma levels of adiponectin in type 2 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 25:376–380PubMed
37.
go back to reference Hotta K, Funahashi T, Bodkin NL et al. (2001) Circulating concentrations of the adipocyte protein adiponectin are decreased in parallel with reduced insulin sensitivity during the progression to type 2 diabetes in rhesus monkeys. Diabetes 50:1126–1133PubMed Hotta K, Funahashi T, Bodkin NL et al. (2001) Circulating concentrations of the adipocyte protein adiponectin are decreased in parallel with reduced insulin sensitivity during the progression to type 2 diabetes in rhesus monkeys. Diabetes 50:1126–1133PubMed
38.
go back to reference Kubota N, Terauchi Y, Yamauchi T et al. (2002) Disruption of adiponectin causes insulin resistance and neointimal formation. J Biol Chem 277:25863–25866CrossRefPubMed Kubota N, Terauchi Y, Yamauchi T et al. (2002) Disruption of adiponectin causes insulin resistance and neointimal formation. J Biol Chem 277:25863–25866CrossRefPubMed
39.
go back to reference Maeda N, Shimomura I, Kishida K et al. (2002) Diet-induced insulin resistance in mice lacking adiponectin/ACRP30. Nat Med 17 (online) Maeda N, Shimomura I, Kishida K et al. (2002) Diet-induced insulin resistance in mice lacking adiponectin/ACRP30. Nat Med 17 (online)
40.
go back to reference Knopp RH, Retzlaff BM, Walden CE et al. (1999) Effects of insulin resistance and obesity on the LDL response to egg ingestion. Circulation 100 (Suppl 1):I-116 Knopp RH, Retzlaff BM, Walden CE et al. (1999) Effects of insulin resistance and obesity on the LDL response to egg ingestion. Circulation 100 (Suppl 1):I-116
41.
go back to reference Krotkiewski M, Bjorntorp P, Sjostrom L, Smith U (1983) Impact of obesity on metabolism in men and women. Importance of regional adipose tissue distribution. J Clin Invest 72:1150–1162PubMed Krotkiewski M, Bjorntorp P, Sjostrom L, Smith U (1983) Impact of obesity on metabolism in men and women. Importance of regional adipose tissue distribution. J Clin Invest 72:1150–1162PubMed
42.
go back to reference Shuman WP, Newell Morris LL, Leonetti DL et al. (1986) Abnormal body fat distribution detected by computed tomography in diabetic men. Invest Radiol 21:483–487PubMed Shuman WP, Newell Morris LL, Leonetti DL et al. (1986) Abnormal body fat distribution detected by computed tomography in diabetic men. Invest Radiol 21:483–487PubMed
43.
go back to reference Schwartz RS, Shuman WP, Larson V et al. (1991) The effect of intensive endurance exercise training on body fat distribution in young and older men. Metabolism 40:545–551PubMed Schwartz RS, Shuman WP, Larson V et al. (1991) The effect of intensive endurance exercise training on body fat distribution in young and older men. Metabolism 40:545–551PubMed
44.
go back to reference Bergman RN, Ider YZ, Bowden CR, Cobelli C (1979) Quantitative estimation of insulin sensitivity. Am J Physiol 236:E667–E677PubMed Bergman RN, Ider YZ, Bowden CR, Cobelli C (1979) Quantitative estimation of insulin sensitivity. Am J Physiol 236:E667–E677PubMed
45.
go back to reference Beard JC, Bergman RN, Ward WK, Porte D Jr (1986) The insulin sensitivity index in man: correlation between clamp-derived and IVGTT-derived values. Diabetes 35:362–369PubMed Beard JC, Bergman RN, Ward WK, Porte D Jr (1986) The insulin sensitivity index in man: correlation between clamp-derived and IVGTT-derived values. Diabetes 35:362–369PubMed
46.
go back to reference Prigeon RL, Kahn SE, Porte D Jr (1994) Reliability of error estimates from the minimal model: implications for measurements in physiological studies. Am J Physiol 266:E279–E286PubMed Prigeon RL, Kahn SE, Porte D Jr (1994) Reliability of error estimates from the minimal model: implications for measurements in physiological studies. Am J Physiol 266:E279–E286PubMed
47.
go back to reference Abbate SL, Fujimoto WY, Brunzell JD, Kahn SE (1993) Effect of heparin on insulin-glucose interactions measured by the minimal model technique: implications for reproducibility using this method. Metabolism 42:353–357PubMed Abbate SL, Fujimoto WY, Brunzell JD, Kahn SE (1993) Effect of heparin on insulin-glucose interactions measured by the minimal model technique: implications for reproducibility using this method. Metabolism 42:353–357PubMed
48.
go back to reference Morgan DR, Lazarow A (1963) Immunoassay of insulin: two antibody system: plasma insulin levels of normal, subdiabetic, and diabetic rats. Diabetes 12:115–126 Morgan DR, Lazarow A (1963) Immunoassay of insulin: two antibody system: plasma insulin levels of normal, subdiabetic, and diabetic rats. Diabetes 12:115–126
49.
go back to reference Ma Z, Gingerich RL, Santiago JV, Klein S, Smith CH, Landt M (1996) Radioimmunoassay of leptin in human plasma. Clin Chem 42:942–946PubMed Ma Z, Gingerich RL, Santiago JV, Klein S, Smith CH, Landt M (1996) Radioimmunoassay of leptin in human plasma. Clin Chem 42:942–946PubMed
50.
go back to reference Marcovina SM, Albers JJ, Kennedy H, Mei JV, Henderson LO, Hannon WH (1994) International Federation of Clinical Chemistry standardization project for measurements of apolipoproteins A-I and B. IV. Comparability of apolipoprotein B values by use of International Reference Material. Clin Chem 40:586–592PubMed Marcovina SM, Albers JJ, Kennedy H, Mei JV, Henderson LO, Hannon WH (1994) International Federation of Clinical Chemistry standardization project for measurements of apolipoproteins A-I and B. IV. Comparability of apolipoprotein B values by use of International Reference Material. Clin Chem 40:586–592PubMed
51.
go back to reference Purnell JQ, Marcovina SM, Hokanson JE et al. (1995) Levels of lipoprotein(a), apolipoprotein B, and lipoprotein cholesterol distribution in IDDM. Results from follow-up in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Diabetes 44:1218–1226PubMed Purnell JQ, Marcovina SM, Hokanson JE et al. (1995) Levels of lipoprotein(a), apolipoprotein B, and lipoprotein cholesterol distribution in IDDM. Results from follow-up in the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Diabetes 44:1218–1226PubMed
52.
go back to reference Berg AH, Combs TP, Du X, Brownlee M, Scherer PE (2001) The adipocyte-secreted protein Acrp30 enhances hepatic insulin action. Nat Med 7:947–953PubMed Berg AH, Combs TP, Du X, Brownlee M, Scherer PE (2001) The adipocyte-secreted protein Acrp30 enhances hepatic insulin action. Nat Med 7:947–953PubMed
53.
go back to reference Combs TP, Berg AH, Obici S, Scherer PE, Rossetti L (2001) Endogenous glucose production is inhibited by the adipose-derived protein Acrp30. J Clin Invest 108:1875–1881PubMed Combs TP, Berg AH, Obici S, Scherer PE, Rossetti L (2001) Endogenous glucose production is inhibited by the adipose-derived protein Acrp30. J Clin Invest 108:1875–1881PubMed
54.
go back to reference Motoshima H, Wu X, Sinha MK et al. (2002) Differential regulation of adiponectin secretion from cultured human omental and subcutaneous adipocytes: effects of insulin and rosiglitazone. Diabetes 51 (Suppl 2):A-88 Motoshima H, Wu X, Sinha MK et al. (2002) Differential regulation of adiponectin secretion from cultured human omental and subcutaneous adipocytes: effects of insulin and rosiglitazone. Diabetes 51 (Suppl 2):A-88
55.
go back to reference Nishizawa H, Shimomura I, Kishida K et al. (2002) Androgens decrease plasma adiponectin, an insulin-sensitizing adipocyte-derived protein. Diabetes 51:2734–2741PubMed Nishizawa H, Shimomura I, Kishida K et al. (2002) Androgens decrease plasma adiponectin, an insulin-sensitizing adipocyte-derived protein. Diabetes 51:2734–2741PubMed
56.
go back to reference Comuzzie AG, Funahashi T, Sonnenberg G et al. (2001) The genetic basis of plasma variation in adiponectin, a global endophenotype for obesity and the metabolic syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:4321–4325PubMed Comuzzie AG, Funahashi T, Sonnenberg G et al. (2001) The genetic basis of plasma variation in adiponectin, a global endophenotype for obesity and the metabolic syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 86:4321–4325PubMed
57.
go back to reference DeFronzo RA (1979) Glucose intolerance of aging. Evidence for tissue insensitivity to insulin. Diabetes 28:1095–1101PubMed DeFronzo RA (1979) Glucose intolerance of aging. Evidence for tissue insensitivity to insulin. Diabetes 28:1095–1101PubMed
58.
go back to reference Chen M, Bergman RN, Pacini G, Porte D Jr (1985) Pathogenesis of age-related glucose intolerance in man: insulin resistance and decreased β-cell function. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 60:13–20 Chen M, Bergman RN, Pacini G, Porte D Jr (1985) Pathogenesis of age-related glucose intolerance in man: insulin resistance and decreased β-cell function. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 60:13–20
59.
go back to reference Schwartz RS, Shuman WP, Bradbury VL et al. (1990) Body fat distribution in healthy young and older men. J Gerontol 45:M181–M185PubMed Schwartz RS, Shuman WP, Bradbury VL et al. (1990) Body fat distribution in healthy young and older men. J Gerontol 45:M181–M185PubMed
60.
go back to reference Colman E, Katzel LI, Rogus E, Coon P, Muller D, Goldberg AP (1995) Weight loss reduces abdominal fat and improves insulin action in middle-aged and older men with impaired glucose tolerance. Metabolism 44:1502–1508PubMed Colman E, Katzel LI, Rogus E, Coon P, Muller D, Goldberg AP (1995) Weight loss reduces abdominal fat and improves insulin action in middle-aged and older men with impaired glucose tolerance. Metabolism 44:1502–1508PubMed
61.
go back to reference Combs TP, Berg AH, Rajala MW et al. (2003) Sexual differentiation, pregnancy, caloric restriction, and aging affect the adipocyte-specific secretory protein adiponectin. Diabetes 52:268–276PubMed Combs TP, Berg AH, Rajala MW et al. (2003) Sexual differentiation, pregnancy, caloric restriction, and aging affect the adipocyte-specific secretory protein adiponectin. Diabetes 52:268–276PubMed
62.
go back to reference Lindsay RS, Funahashi T, Hanson RL et al. (2002) Adiponectin and development of type 2 diabetes in the Pima Indian population. Lancet 360:57–58CrossRefPubMed Lindsay RS, Funahashi T, Hanson RL et al. (2002) Adiponectin and development of type 2 diabetes in the Pima Indian population. Lancet 360:57–58CrossRefPubMed
63.
go back to reference Brunzell JD (2003) Dyslipidemia of the metabolic syndrome. In: Eckel RH (eds) Obesity: mechanism and clinical management. Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia Brunzell JD (2003) Dyslipidemia of the metabolic syndrome. In: Eckel RH (eds) Obesity: mechanism and clinical management. Lippincott, Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia
64.
go back to reference Matsubara M, Maruoka S, Katayose S (2002) Decreased plasma adiponectin concentrations in women with dyslipidemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:2764–2769PubMed Matsubara M, Maruoka S, Katayose S (2002) Decreased plasma adiponectin concentrations in women with dyslipidemia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:2764–2769PubMed
65.
go back to reference Despres JP, Ferland M, Moorjani S et al. (1989) Role of hepatic-triglyceride lipase activity in the association between intra-abdominal fat and plasma HDL cholesterol in obese women. Arteriosclerosis 9:485–492PubMed Despres JP, Ferland M, Moorjani S et al. (1989) Role of hepatic-triglyceride lipase activity in the association between intra-abdominal fat and plasma HDL cholesterol in obese women. Arteriosclerosis 9:485–492PubMed
66.
go back to reference Carr MC, Hokanson JE, Deeb SS, Purnell JQ, Mitchell ES, Brunzell JD (1999) A hepatic lipase gene promoter polymorphism attenuates the increase in hepatic lipase activity with increasing intra-abdominal fat in women. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 19:2701–2707PubMed Carr MC, Hokanson JE, Deeb SS, Purnell JQ, Mitchell ES, Brunzell JD (1999) A hepatic lipase gene promoter polymorphism attenuates the increase in hepatic lipase activity with increasing intra-abdominal fat in women. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 19:2701–2707PubMed
67.
go back to reference Iverius PH, Brunzell JD (1985) Human adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase: changes with feeding and relation to postheparin plasma enzyme. Am J Physiol 249:E107–E114PubMed Iverius PH, Brunzell JD (1985) Human adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase: changes with feeding and relation to postheparin plasma enzyme. Am J Physiol 249:E107–E114PubMed
68.
go back to reference Ouchi N, Kihara S, Arita Y et al. (2000) Adiponectin, an adipocyte-derived plasma protein, inhibits endothelial NF-kappaB signaling through a cAMP-dependent pathway. Circulation 102:1296–1301PubMed Ouchi N, Kihara S, Arita Y et al. (2000) Adiponectin, an adipocyte-derived plasma protein, inhibits endothelial NF-kappaB signaling through a cAMP-dependent pathway. Circulation 102:1296–1301PubMed
69.
go back to reference Ouchi N, Kihara S, Arita Y et al. (2001) Adipocyte-derived plasma protein, adiponectin, suppresses lipid accumulation and class A scavenger receptor expression in human monocyte-derived macrophages. Circulation 103:1057–1063PubMed Ouchi N, Kihara S, Arita Y et al. (2001) Adipocyte-derived plasma protein, adiponectin, suppresses lipid accumulation and class A scavenger receptor expression in human monocyte-derived macrophages. Circulation 103:1057–1063PubMed
70.
go back to reference Halleux CM, Takahashi M, Delporte ML et al. (2001) Secretion of adiponectin and regulation of apM1 gene expression in human visceral adipose tissue. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 288:1102–1107PubMed Halleux CM, Takahashi M, Delporte ML et al. (2001) Secretion of adiponectin and regulation of apM1 gene expression in human visceral adipose tissue. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 288:1102–1107PubMed
Metadata
Title
Relationship of adiponectin to body fat distribution, insulin sensitivity and plasma lipoproteins: evidence for independent roles of age and sex
Authors
M. Cnop
P. J. Havel
K. M. Utzschneider
D. B. Carr
M. K. Sinha
E. J. Boyko
B. M. Retzlaff
R. H. Knopp
J. D. Brunzell
S. E. Kahn, MB ChB
Publication date
01-04-2003
Publisher
Springer-Verlag
Published in
Diabetologia / Issue 4/2003
Print ISSN: 0012-186X
Electronic ISSN: 1432-0428
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-003-1074-z

Other articles of this Issue 4/2003

Diabetologia 4/2003 Go to the issue
Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin
Prof. Florian Limbourg
Prof. Anoop Chauhan
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine