Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology 1/2013

Open Access 01-12-2013 | Review

Lifestyle factors and reproductive health: taking control of your fertility

Authors: Rakesh Sharma, Kelly R Biedenharn, Jennifer M Fedor, Ashok Agarwal

Published in: Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology | Issue 1/2013

Login to get access

Abstract

Approximately 10 to 15% of couples are impacted by infertility. Recently, the pivotal role that lifestyle factors play in the development of infertility has generated a considerable amount of interest. Lifestyle factors are the modifiable habits and ways of life that can greatly influence overall health and well-being, including fertility. Many lifestyle factors such as the age at which to start a family, nutrition, weight, exercise, psychological stress, environmental and occupational exposures, and others can have substantial effects on fertility; lifestyle factors such as cigarette smoking, illicit drug use, and alcohol and caffeine consumption can negatively influence fertility while others such as preventative care may be beneficial. The present literature review encompasses multiple lifestyle factors and places infertility in context for the couple by focusing on both males and females; it aims to identify the roles that lifestyle factors play in determining reproductive status. The growing interest and amount of research in this field have made it evident that lifestyle factors have a significant impact on fertility.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Chandra A, Martinez GM, Mosher WD, Abma JC, Jones J: Fertility, family planning, and reproductive health of U.S. women: data from the 2002 national survey of family growth. Vital Health Stat. 2005, 25: 1-160. Chandra A, Martinez GM, Mosher WD, Abma JC, Jones J: Fertility, family planning, and reproductive health of U.S. women: data from the 2002 national survey of family growth. Vital Health Stat. 2005, 25: 1-160.
2.
go back to reference Homan GF, Davies M, Norman R: The impact of lifestyle factors on reproductive performance in the general population and those undergoing infertility treatment: a review. Hum Reprod Update. 2007, 13: 209-223. 10.1093/humupd/dml056.PubMed Homan GF, Davies M, Norman R: The impact of lifestyle factors on reproductive performance in the general population and those undergoing infertility treatment: a review. Hum Reprod Update. 2007, 13: 209-223. 10.1093/humupd/dml056.PubMed
4.
go back to reference Stewart AF, Kim ED: Fertility concerns for the aging male. Urology. 2011, 78: 496-499. 10.1016/j.urology.2011.06.010.PubMed Stewart AF, Kim ED: Fertility concerns for the aging male. Urology. 2011, 78: 496-499. 10.1016/j.urology.2011.06.010.PubMed
5.
go back to reference Dunson DB, Baird DD, Colombo B: Increased infertility with age in men and women. Obstet Gynecol. 2004, 103: 51-56. 10.1097/01.AOG.0000100153.24061.45.PubMed Dunson DB, Baird DD, Colombo B: Increased infertility with age in men and women. Obstet Gynecol. 2004, 103: 51-56. 10.1097/01.AOG.0000100153.24061.45.PubMed
6.
go back to reference Kimberly L, Case A, Cheung AP, Sierra S, AlAsiri S, Carranza-Mamane B, Case A, Dwyer C, Graham J, Havelock J, et al: Advanced reproductive age and fertility: No. 269, November 2011. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2012, 117: 95-102. 10.1016/j.ijgo.2011.11.002.PubMed Kimberly L, Case A, Cheung AP, Sierra S, AlAsiri S, Carranza-Mamane B, Case A, Dwyer C, Graham J, Havelock J, et al: Advanced reproductive age and fertility: No. 269, November 2011. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2012, 117: 95-102. 10.1016/j.ijgo.2011.11.002.PubMed
7.
go back to reference Varshini J, Srinag BS, Kalthur G, Krishnamurthy H, Kumar P, Rao SB, Adiga SK: Poor sperm quality and advancing age are associated with increased sperm DNA damage in infertile men. Andrologia. 2012, 44 (Suppl 1): 642-649.PubMed Varshini J, Srinag BS, Kalthur G, Krishnamurthy H, Kumar P, Rao SB, Adiga SK: Poor sperm quality and advancing age are associated with increased sperm DNA damage in infertile men. Andrologia. 2012, 44 (Suppl 1): 642-649.PubMed
8.
go back to reference Mutsaerts MA, Groen H, Huiting HG, Kuchenbecker WK, Sauer PJ, Land JA, Stolk RP, Hoek A: The influence of maternal and paternal factors on time to pregnancy–a dutch population-based birth-cohort study: the GECKO drenthe study. Hum Reprod. 2012, 27: 583-593. 10.1093/humrep/der429.PubMed Mutsaerts MA, Groen H, Huiting HG, Kuchenbecker WK, Sauer PJ, Land JA, Stolk RP, Hoek A: The influence of maternal and paternal factors on time to pregnancy–a dutch population-based birth-cohort study: the GECKO drenthe study. Hum Reprod. 2012, 27: 583-593. 10.1093/humrep/der429.PubMed
9.
go back to reference Hassan MA, Killick SR: Effect of male age on fertility: Evidence for the decline in male fertility with increasing age. Fertil Steril. 2003, 79 (Suppl 3): 1520-1527.PubMed Hassan MA, Killick SR: Effect of male age on fertility: Evidence for the decline in male fertility with increasing age. Fertil Steril. 2003, 79 (Suppl 3): 1520-1527.PubMed
10.
go back to reference Matorras R, Matorras F, Exposito A, Martinez L, Crisol L: Decline in human fertility rates with male age: a consequence of a decrease in male fecundity with aging?. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 2011, 71: 229-235. 10.1159/000319236.PubMed Matorras R, Matorras F, Exposito A, Martinez L, Crisol L: Decline in human fertility rates with male age: a consequence of a decrease in male fecundity with aging?. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 2011, 71: 229-235. 10.1159/000319236.PubMed
11.
go back to reference Gianaroli L, Magli MC, Cavallini G, Crippa A, Capoti A, Resta S, Robles F, Ferraretti AP: Predicting aneuploidy in human oocytes: key factors which affect the meiotic process. Hum Reprod. 2010, 25: 2374-2386. 10.1093/humrep/deq123.PubMedCentralPubMed Gianaroli L, Magli MC, Cavallini G, Crippa A, Capoti A, Resta S, Robles F, Ferraretti AP: Predicting aneuploidy in human oocytes: key factors which affect the meiotic process. Hum Reprod. 2010, 25: 2374-2386. 10.1093/humrep/deq123.PubMedCentralPubMed
12.
go back to reference Kroon B, Harrison K, Martin N, Wong B, Yazdani A: Miscarriage karyotype and its relationship with maternal body mass index, age, and mode of conception. Fertil Steril. 2011, 95: 1827-1829. 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.11.065.PubMed Kroon B, Harrison K, Martin N, Wong B, Yazdani A: Miscarriage karyotype and its relationship with maternal body mass index, age, and mode of conception. Fertil Steril. 2011, 95: 1827-1829. 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.11.065.PubMed
13.
go back to reference Munné S, Held KR, Magli CM, Ata B, Wells D, Fragouli E, Baukloh V, Fischer R, Gianaroli L: Intra-age, intercenter, and intercycle differences in chromosome abnormalities in oocytes. Fertil Steril. 2012, 97: 935-942. 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.01.106.PubMed Munné S, Held KR, Magli CM, Ata B, Wells D, Fragouli E, Baukloh V, Fischer R, Gianaroli L: Intra-age, intercenter, and intercycle differences in chromosome abnormalities in oocytes. Fertil Steril. 2012, 97: 935-942. 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.01.106.PubMed
14.
go back to reference Mendiola J, Torres-Cantero AM, Vioque J, Moreno-Grau JM, Ten J, Roca M, Moreno-Grau S, Bernabeu R: A low intake of antioxidant nutrients is associated with poor semen quality in patients attending fertility clinics. Fertil Steril. 2010, 93: 1128-1133. 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.10.075.PubMed Mendiola J, Torres-Cantero AM, Vioque J, Moreno-Grau JM, Ten J, Roca M, Moreno-Grau S, Bernabeu R: A low intake of antioxidant nutrients is associated with poor semen quality in patients attending fertility clinics. Fertil Steril. 2010, 93: 1128-1133. 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.10.075.PubMed
15.
go back to reference Wong WY, Zielhuis GA, Thomas CM, Merkus HM, Steegers-Theunissen RP: New evidence of the influence of exogenous and endogenous factors on sperm count in man. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2003, 110: 49-54. 10.1016/S0301-2115(03)00162-3.PubMed Wong WY, Zielhuis GA, Thomas CM, Merkus HM, Steegers-Theunissen RP: New evidence of the influence of exogenous and endogenous factors on sperm count in man. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2003, 110: 49-54. 10.1016/S0301-2115(03)00162-3.PubMed
16.
go back to reference Cocuzza M, Sikka SC, Athayde KS, Agarwal A: Clinical relevance of oxidative stress and sperm chromatin damage in male infertility: an evidence based analysis. Int Braz J Urol. 2007, 33: 603-621. 10.1590/S1677-55382007000500002.PubMed Cocuzza M, Sikka SC, Athayde KS, Agarwal A: Clinical relevance of oxidative stress and sperm chromatin damage in male infertility: an evidence based analysis. Int Braz J Urol. 2007, 33: 603-621. 10.1590/S1677-55382007000500002.PubMed
17.
go back to reference Silver EEW: Effect of antioxidant intake on sperm chromatin stability in healthy nonsmoking men. J Androl. 2005, 26: 550-1336. 10.2164/jandrol.04165.PubMed Silver EEW: Effect of antioxidant intake on sperm chromatin stability in healthy nonsmoking men. J Androl. 2005, 26: 550-1336. 10.2164/jandrol.04165.PubMed
18.
go back to reference Keskes-Ammar LL: Sperm Oxidative stress and the effect of an oral vitamin E and selenium supplement on semen quality in infertile men. Syst Biol Reprod Med. 2003, 49: 83-94. Keskes-Ammar LL: Sperm Oxidative stress and the effect of an oral vitamin E and selenium supplement on semen quality in infertile men. Syst Biol Reprod Med. 2003, 49: 83-94.
19.
go back to reference Suleiman SA: Lipid peroxidation and human sperm motility: Protective role of vitamin E. J Androl. 1996, 17: 530-PubMed Suleiman SA: Lipid peroxidation and human sperm motility: Protective role of vitamin E. J Androl. 1996, 17: 530-PubMed
20.
go back to reference Gharagozloo P, Aitken RJ: The role of sperm oxidative stress in male infertility and the significance of oral antioxidant therapy. Hum Reprod. 2011, 26: 1628-1640. 10.1093/humrep/der132.PubMed Gharagozloo P, Aitken RJ: The role of sperm oxidative stress in male infertility and the significance of oral antioxidant therapy. Hum Reprod. 2011, 26: 1628-1640. 10.1093/humrep/der132.PubMed
21.
go back to reference Showell MG, Brown J, Yazdani A, Stankiewicz MT, Hart RJ: Antioxidants for male subfertility. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Online). 2011, 1: CD007411-10:1002/14651858. Showell MG, Brown J, Yazdani A, Stankiewicz MT, Hart RJ: Antioxidants for male subfertility. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Online). 2011, 1: CD007411-10:1002/14651858.
22.
go back to reference Chavarro JE, Rich-Edwards JW, Rosner BA, Willett WC: Protein intake and ovulatory infertility. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008, 198: 210-e1,210.e7PubMedCentralPubMed Chavarro JE, Rich-Edwards JW, Rosner BA, Willett WC: Protein intake and ovulatory infertility. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2008, 198: 210-e1,210.e7PubMedCentralPubMed
23.
go back to reference Chavarro JE, Rich-Edwards JW, Rosner BA, Willett WC: Dietary fatty acid intakes and the risk of ovulatory infertility. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007, 85: 231-237.PubMed Chavarro JE, Rich-Edwards JW, Rosner BA, Willett WC: Dietary fatty acid intakes and the risk of ovulatory infertility. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007, 85: 231-237.PubMed
24.
go back to reference Chavarro JE, Rich-Edwards JW, Rosner BA, Willett WC: Use of multivitamins, intake of B vitamins, and risk of ovulatory infertility. Fertil Steril. 2008, 89: 668-676. 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.03.089.PubMedCentralPubMed Chavarro JE, Rich-Edwards JW, Rosner BA, Willett WC: Use of multivitamins, intake of B vitamins, and risk of ovulatory infertility. Fertil Steril. 2008, 89: 668-676. 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.03.089.PubMedCentralPubMed
25.
go back to reference Chavarro JE, Rich Edwards JW, Rosner BA, Willett WC: Diet and lifestyle in the prevention of ovulatory disorder infertility. Obstet Gynecol. 2007, 110: 1050-1058. 10.1097/01.AOG.0000287293.25465.e1.PubMed Chavarro JE, Rich Edwards JW, Rosner BA, Willett WC: Diet and lifestyle in the prevention of ovulatory disorder infertility. Obstet Gynecol. 2007, 110: 1050-1058. 10.1097/01.AOG.0000287293.25465.e1.PubMed
27.
29.
go back to reference Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Kit BK, Flegal KM: Prevalence of obesity in the United States, 2009–2010. NCHS Data Brief. 2012, 82: 1-8.PubMed Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Kit BK, Flegal KM: Prevalence of obesity in the United States, 2009–2010. NCHS Data Brief. 2012, 82: 1-8.PubMed
30.
go back to reference Cabler S, Agarwal A, Flint M, du Plessis SS: Obesity: modern man's fertility nemesis. Asian J Androl. 2010, 12: 480-489. 10.1038/aja.2010.38.PubMedCentralPubMed Cabler S, Agarwal A, Flint M, du Plessis SS: Obesity: modern man's fertility nemesis. Asian J Androl. 2010, 12: 480-489. 10.1038/aja.2010.38.PubMedCentralPubMed
31.
go back to reference Sallmen M, Sandler DP, Hoppin JA, Blair A, Baird DD: Reduced fertility among overweight and obese men. Epidemiology. 2006, 17: 520-523. 10.1097/01.ede.0000229953.76862.e5.PubMed Sallmen M, Sandler DP, Hoppin JA, Blair A, Baird DD: Reduced fertility among overweight and obese men. Epidemiology. 2006, 17: 520-523. 10.1097/01.ede.0000229953.76862.e5.PubMed
32.
go back to reference Magnusdottir EV, Thorsteinsson T, Thorsteinsdottir S, Heimisdottir M, Olafsdottir K: Persistent organochlorines, sedentary occupation, obesity and human male subfertility. Hum Reprod. 2005, 20: 208-215.PubMed Magnusdottir EV, Thorsteinsson T, Thorsteinsdottir S, Heimisdottir M, Olafsdottir K: Persistent organochlorines, sedentary occupation, obesity and human male subfertility. Hum Reprod. 2005, 20: 208-215.PubMed
33.
go back to reference Jensen TK, Andersson AM, Jorgensen N, Andersen AG, Carlsen E, Petersen JH, Skakkebaek NE: Body mass index in relation to semen quality and reproductive hormones among 1,558 danish men. Fertil Steril. 2004, 82: 863-870. 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2004.03.056.PubMed Jensen TK, Andersson AM, Jorgensen N, Andersen AG, Carlsen E, Petersen JH, Skakkebaek NE: Body mass index in relation to semen quality and reproductive hormones among 1,558 danish men. Fertil Steril. 2004, 82: 863-870. 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2004.03.056.PubMed
34.
go back to reference Hammoud AO, Wilde N, Gibson M, Parks A, Carrell DT, Meikle AW: Male obesity and alteration in sperm parameters. Fertil Steril. 2008, 90: 2222-2225. 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.10.011.PubMed Hammoud AO, Wilde N, Gibson M, Parks A, Carrell DT, Meikle AW: Male obesity and alteration in sperm parameters. Fertil Steril. 2008, 90: 2222-2225. 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.10.011.PubMed
35.
go back to reference Martini AC, Tissera A, Estofán D, Molina RI, Mangeaud A, de Cuneo MF, Ruiz RD: Overweight and seminal quality: a study of 794 patients. Fertil Steril. 2010, 94: 1739-1743. 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.11.017.PubMed Martini AC, Tissera A, Estofán D, Molina RI, Mangeaud A, de Cuneo MF, Ruiz RD: Overweight and seminal quality: a study of 794 patients. Fertil Steril. 2010, 94: 1739-1743. 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.11.017.PubMed
36.
go back to reference Chavarro JE, Toth TL, Wright DL, Meeker JD, Hauser R: Body mass index in relation to semen quality, sperm DNA integrity, and serum reproductive hormone levels among men attending an infertility clinic. Fertil Steril. 2010, 93: 2222-22231. 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.01.100.PubMedCentralPubMed Chavarro JE, Toth TL, Wright DL, Meeker JD, Hauser R: Body mass index in relation to semen quality, sperm DNA integrity, and serum reproductive hormone levels among men attending an infertility clinic. Fertil Steril. 2010, 93: 2222-22231. 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.01.100.PubMedCentralPubMed
37.
go back to reference Kort HI, Massey JB, Elsner CW, Mitchell-Leef D, Shapiro DB, Witt MA, Roudebush WE: Impact of body mass index values on sperm quantity and quality. J Androl. 2006, 27: 450-452. 10.2164/jandrol.05124.PubMed Kort HI, Massey JB, Elsner CW, Mitchell-Leef D, Shapiro DB, Witt MA, Roudebush WE: Impact of body mass index values on sperm quantity and quality. J Androl. 2006, 27: 450-452. 10.2164/jandrol.05124.PubMed
38.
go back to reference Corona G, Mannucci E, Schulman C, Petrone L, Mansani R, Cilotti A, Balercia G, Chiarini V, Forti G, Maggi M: Psychobiologic correlates of the metabolic syndrome and associated sexual dysfunction. Eur Urol. 2006, 50: 595,604-discussion 604 Corona G, Mannucci E, Schulman C, Petrone L, Mansani R, Cilotti A, Balercia G, Chiarini V, Forti G, Maggi M: Psychobiologic correlates of the metabolic syndrome and associated sexual dysfunction. Eur Urol. 2006, 50: 595,604-discussion 604
39.
go back to reference Makhsida N, Shah J, Yan G, Fisch H, Shabsigh R: Hypogonadism and metabolic syndrome: implications for testosterone therapy. J Urol. 2005, 174: 827-834. 10.1097/01.ju.0000169490.78443.59.PubMed Makhsida N, Shah J, Yan G, Fisch H, Shabsigh R: Hypogonadism and metabolic syndrome: implications for testosterone therapy. J Urol. 2005, 174: 827-834. 10.1097/01.ju.0000169490.78443.59.PubMed
40.
go back to reference Winters SJ, Wang C, Abdelrahaman E, Hadeed V, Dyky MA, Brufsky A: Inhibin-B levels in healthy young adult men and prepubertal boys: Is obesity the cause for the contemporary decline in sperm count because of fewer sertoli cells?. J Androl. 2006, 27: 560-564. 10.2164/jandrol.05193.PubMed Winters SJ, Wang C, Abdelrahaman E, Hadeed V, Dyky MA, Brufsky A: Inhibin-B levels in healthy young adult men and prepubertal boys: Is obesity the cause for the contemporary decline in sperm count because of fewer sertoli cells?. J Androl. 2006, 27: 560-564. 10.2164/jandrol.05193.PubMed
41.
go back to reference Ghanayem BI, Bai R, Kissling GE, Travlos G, Hoffler U: Diet-induced obesity in male mice is associated with reduced fertility and potentiation of acrylamide-induced reproductive toxicity. Biol Reprod. 2010, 82: 96-104. 10.1095/biolreprod.109.078915.PubMedCentralPubMed Ghanayem BI, Bai R, Kissling GE, Travlos G, Hoffler U: Diet-induced obesity in male mice is associated with reduced fertility and potentiation of acrylamide-induced reproductive toxicity. Biol Reprod. 2010, 82: 96-104. 10.1095/biolreprod.109.078915.PubMedCentralPubMed
42.
go back to reference Boots C, Stephenson MD: Does obesity increase the risk of miscarriage in spontaneous conception: A systematic review. Semin Reprod Med. 2011, 29: 507-513. 10.1055/s-0031-1293204.PubMed Boots C, Stephenson MD: Does obesity increase the risk of miscarriage in spontaneous conception: A systematic review. Semin Reprod Med. 2011, 29: 507-513. 10.1055/s-0031-1293204.PubMed
43.
go back to reference Landres IV, Milki AA, Lathi RB: Karyotype of miscarriages in relation to maternal weight. Hum Reprod. 2010, 25: 1123-1126. 10.1093/humrep/deq025.PubMed Landres IV, Milki AA, Lathi RB: Karyotype of miscarriages in relation to maternal weight. Hum Reprod. 2010, 25: 1123-1126. 10.1093/humrep/deq025.PubMed
44.
go back to reference Bellver J, Melo MA, Bosch E, Serra V, Remohi J, Pellicer A: Obesity and poor reproductive outcome: The potential role of the endometrium. Fertil Steril. 2007, 88: 446-451. 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.11.162.PubMed Bellver J, Melo MA, Bosch E, Serra V, Remohi J, Pellicer A: Obesity and poor reproductive outcome: The potential role of the endometrium. Fertil Steril. 2007, 88: 446-451. 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.11.162.PubMed
45.
go back to reference Robker RL, Akison LK, Bennett BD, Thrupp PN, Chura LR, Russell DL, Lane M, Norman RJ: Obese women exhibit differences in ovarian metabolites, hormones, and gene expression compared with moderate-weight women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009, 94: 1533-1540. 10.1210/jc.2008-2648.PubMed Robker RL, Akison LK, Bennett BD, Thrupp PN, Chura LR, Russell DL, Lane M, Norman RJ: Obese women exhibit differences in ovarian metabolites, hormones, and gene expression compared with moderate-weight women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2009, 94: 1533-1540. 10.1210/jc.2008-2648.PubMed
46.
go back to reference Clark AM, Thornley B, Tomlinson L, Galletley C, Norman RJ: Weight loss in obese infertile women results in improvement in reproductive outcome for all forms of fertility treatment. Hum Reprod. 1998, 13: 1502-1505. 10.1093/humrep/13.6.1502.PubMed Clark AM, Thornley B, Tomlinson L, Galletley C, Norman RJ: Weight loss in obese infertile women results in improvement in reproductive outcome for all forms of fertility treatment. Hum Reprod. 1998, 13: 1502-1505. 10.1093/humrep/13.6.1502.PubMed
47.
go back to reference Kirchengast S, Gruber D, Sator M, Hartmann B, Knogler W, Huber J: Menopause-associated differences in female fat patterning estimated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Ann Hum Biol. 1997, 24: 45-54. 10.1080/03014469700004762.PubMed Kirchengast S, Gruber D, Sator M, Hartmann B, Knogler W, Huber J: Menopause-associated differences in female fat patterning estimated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Ann Hum Biol. 1997, 24: 45-54. 10.1080/03014469700004762.PubMed
48.
go back to reference Grodstein F, Goldman MB, Cramer DW: Body mass index and ovulatory infertility. Epidemiology. 1994, 5: 247-250. 10.1097/00001648-199403000-00016.PubMed Grodstein F, Goldman MB, Cramer DW: Body mass index and ovulatory infertility. Epidemiology. 1994, 5: 247-250. 10.1097/00001648-199403000-00016.PubMed
49.
go back to reference Han Z, Mulla S, Beyene J, Liao G, McDonald SD: Maternal underweight and the risk of preterm birth and low birth weight: A systematic review and meta-analyses. Int J Epidemiol. 2011, 40: 65-101. 10.1093/ije/dyq195.PubMed Han Z, Mulla S, Beyene J, Liao G, McDonald SD: Maternal underweight and the risk of preterm birth and low birth weight: A systematic review and meta-analyses. Int J Epidemiol. 2011, 40: 65-101. 10.1093/ije/dyq195.PubMed
50.
go back to reference Hudson JI, Hiripi E, PH G, Kessler RC: The prevalence and correlates of eating disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication. Biol Psychiatry. 2007, 61: 348-358. 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.03.040.PubMedCentralPubMed Hudson JI, Hiripi E, PH G, Kessler RC: The prevalence and correlates of eating disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication. Biol Psychiatry. 2007, 61: 348-358. 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.03.040.PubMedCentralPubMed
51.
go back to reference Stewart DE, Robinson E, Goldbloom DS, Wright C: Infertility and eating disorders. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1990, 163: 1196-1199. 10.1016/0002-9378(90)90688-4.PubMed Stewart DE, Robinson E, Goldbloom DS, Wright C: Infertility and eating disorders. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1990, 163: 1196-1199. 10.1016/0002-9378(90)90688-4.PubMed
52.
go back to reference Freizinger M, Franko DL, Dacey M, Okun B, Domar AD: The prevalence of eating disorders in infertile women. Fertil Steril. 2010, 93: 72-78. 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.09.055.PubMed Freizinger M, Franko DL, Dacey M, Okun B, Domar AD: The prevalence of eating disorders in infertile women. Fertil Steril. 2010, 93: 72-78. 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.09.055.PubMed
53.
go back to reference Vaamonde D, Da Silva-Grigoletto ME, Garcia-Manso JM, Vaamonde-Lemos R, Swanson RJ, Oehninger SC: Response of semen parameters to three training modalities. Fertil Steril. 2009, 92: 1941-1946. 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.09.010.PubMed Vaamonde D, Da Silva-Grigoletto ME, Garcia-Manso JM, Vaamonde-Lemos R, Swanson RJ, Oehninger SC: Response of semen parameters to three training modalities. Fertil Steril. 2009, 92: 1941-1946. 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.09.010.PubMed
54.
go back to reference Wise LA, Cramer DW, Hornstein MD, Ashby RK, Missmer SA: Physical activity and semen quality among men attending an infertility clinic. Fertil Steril. 2011, 95: 1025-1030. 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.11.006.PubMedCentralPubMed Wise LA, Cramer DW, Hornstein MD, Ashby RK, Missmer SA: Physical activity and semen quality among men attending an infertility clinic. Fertil Steril. 2011, 95: 1025-1030. 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.11.006.PubMedCentralPubMed
55.
go back to reference Palmer NO, Bakos HW, Owens JA, Setchell BP, Lane M: Diet and exercise in an obese mouse fed a high-fat diet improve metabolic health and reverse perturbed sperm function. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2012, 302: E768-E780. 10.1152/ajpendo.00401.2011.PubMed Palmer NO, Bakos HW, Owens JA, Setchell BP, Lane M: Diet and exercise in an obese mouse fed a high-fat diet improve metabolic health and reverse perturbed sperm function. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2012, 302: E768-E780. 10.1152/ajpendo.00401.2011.PubMed
56.
go back to reference Redman LM: Physical activity and its effects on reproduction. Reprod Biomed Online. 2006, 12: 579-586. 10.1016/S1472-6483(10)61183-2.PubMed Redman LM: Physical activity and its effects on reproduction. Reprod Biomed Online. 2006, 12: 579-586. 10.1016/S1472-6483(10)61183-2.PubMed
57.
go back to reference Warren MP, Perlroth NE: The effects of intense exercise on the female reproductive system. J Endocrinol. 2001, 170: 3-11. 10.1677/joe.0.1700003.PubMed Warren MP, Perlroth NE: The effects of intense exercise on the female reproductive system. J Endocrinol. 2001, 170: 3-11. 10.1677/joe.0.1700003.PubMed
58.
go back to reference Gudmundsdottir SL, Flanders WD, Augestad LB: Physical activity and fertility in women: The North-Trøndelag health study. Hum Reprod. 2009, 24: 3196-3204. 10.1093/humrep/dep337.PubMed Gudmundsdottir SL, Flanders WD, Augestad LB: Physical activity and fertility in women: The North-Trøndelag health study. Hum Reprod. 2009, 24: 3196-3204. 10.1093/humrep/dep337.PubMed
59.
go back to reference Morris SN, Missmer SA, Cramer DW, Powers RD, McShane PM, Hornstein MD: Effects of lifetime exercise on the outcome of in vitro fertilization. Obstet Gynecol. 2006, 108: 938-945. 10.1097/01.AOG.0000235704.45652.0b.PubMed Morris SN, Missmer SA, Cramer DW, Powers RD, McShane PM, Hornstein MD: Effects of lifetime exercise on the outcome of in vitro fertilization. Obstet Gynecol. 2006, 108: 938-945. 10.1097/01.AOG.0000235704.45652.0b.PubMed
60.
go back to reference Wise LA, Rothman KJ, Mikkelsen EM, Sorensen HT, Riis AH, Hatch EE: A prospective cohort study of physical activity and time to pregnancy. Fertil Steril. 2012, 97: 1136,42 e1-1136,42 e4. Wise LA, Rothman KJ, Mikkelsen EM, Sorensen HT, Riis AH, Hatch EE: A prospective cohort study of physical activity and time to pregnancy. Fertil Steril. 2012, 97: 1136,42 e1-1136,42 e4.
61.
go back to reference Anderson K, Niesenblat V, Norman R: Lifestyle factors in people seeking infertility treatment – A review. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2010, 50: 8-20. 10.1111/j.1479-828X.2009.01119.x.PubMed Anderson K, Niesenblat V, Norman R: Lifestyle factors in people seeking infertility treatment – A review. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2010, 50: 8-20. 10.1111/j.1479-828X.2009.01119.x.PubMed
62.
go back to reference Gollenberg AL, Liu F, Brazil C, Drobnis EZ, Guzick D, Overstreet JW, Redmon JB, Sparks A, Wang C, Swan SH: Semen quality in fertile men in relation to psychosocial stress. Fertil Steril. 2010, 93: 1104-1111. 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.12.018.PubMed Gollenberg AL, Liu F, Brazil C, Drobnis EZ, Guzick D, Overstreet JW, Redmon JB, Sparks A, Wang C, Swan SH: Semen quality in fertile men in relation to psychosocial stress. Fertil Steril. 2010, 93: 1104-1111. 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.12.018.PubMed
63.
go back to reference Li Y, Lin H, Li Y, Cao J: Association between socio-psycho-behavioral factors and male semen quality: Systematic review and meta-analyses. Fertil Steril. 2011, 95: 116-123. 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.06.031.PubMed Li Y, Lin H, Li Y, Cao J: Association between socio-psycho-behavioral factors and male semen quality: Systematic review and meta-analyses. Fertil Steril. 2011, 95: 116-123. 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.06.031.PubMed
64.
go back to reference Schweiger U, Deuschle M, Weber B, Körner A, Lammers C, Schmider J, Gotthardt U, Heuser I: Testosterone, gonadotropin, and cortisol secretion in male patients with major depression. Psychosom Med. 1999, 61: 292-296.PubMed Schweiger U, Deuschle M, Weber B, Körner A, Lammers C, Schmider J, Gotthardt U, Heuser I: Testosterone, gonadotropin, and cortisol secretion in male patients with major depression. Psychosom Med. 1999, 61: 292-296.PubMed
65.
go back to reference Hall E, Burt VK: Male fertility: Psychiatric considerations. Fertil Steril. 2012, 97: 434-439. 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.11.027.PubMed Hall E, Burt VK: Male fertility: Psychiatric considerations. Fertil Steril. 2012, 97: 434-439. 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.11.027.PubMed
66.
go back to reference Spielberger CD, Gorsuch RL, Lushene RE: STAI: Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. 1970, Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press Spielberger CD, Gorsuch RL, Lushene RE: STAI: Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. 1970, Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press
67.
go back to reference Ragni G, Caccamo A: Negative effect of stress of in vitro fertilization program on quality of semen. Acta Eur Fertil. 1992, 23: 21-23.PubMed Ragni G, Caccamo A: Negative effect of stress of in vitro fertilization program on quality of semen. Acta Eur Fertil. 1992, 23: 21-23.PubMed
68.
go back to reference Pook M, Krause W, Röhrle B: A validation study on the negative association between an active coping style and sperm concentration. J Reprod Infant Psychol. 2000, 18: 249-252. 10.1080/713683041. Pook M, Krause W, Röhrle B: A validation study on the negative association between an active coping style and sperm concentration. J Reprod Infant Psychol. 2000, 18: 249-252. 10.1080/713683041.
69.
go back to reference Pook M, Tuschen-Caffier B, Kubek J, Schill W, Krause W: Personality, coping and sperm count. Andrologia. 2005, 37: 29-35. 10.1111/j.1439-0272.2004.00647.x.PubMed Pook M, Tuschen-Caffier B, Kubek J, Schill W, Krause W: Personality, coping and sperm count. Andrologia. 2005, 37: 29-35. 10.1111/j.1439-0272.2004.00647.x.PubMed
70.
go back to reference Zorn B, Auger J, Velikonja V, Kolbezen M, Meden-Vrtovec H: Psychological factors in male partners of infertile couples: Relationship with semen quality and early miscarriage. Int J Androl. 2008, 31: 557-564. 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2007.00806.x.PubMed Zorn B, Auger J, Velikonja V, Kolbezen M, Meden-Vrtovec H: Psychological factors in male partners of infertile couples: Relationship with semen quality and early miscarriage. Int J Androl. 2008, 31: 557-564. 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2007.00806.x.PubMed
71.
go back to reference Volgsten H, Skoog Svanberg A, Ekselius L, Lundkvist O, Sundstrom Poromaa I: Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in infertile women and men undergoing in vitro fertilization treatment. Hum Reprod. 2008, 23: 2056-2063. 10.1093/humrep/den154.PubMedCentralPubMed Volgsten H, Skoog Svanberg A, Ekselius L, Lundkvist O, Sundstrom Poromaa I: Prevalence of psychiatric disorders in infertile women and men undergoing in vitro fertilization treatment. Hum Reprod. 2008, 23: 2056-2063. 10.1093/humrep/den154.PubMedCentralPubMed
72.
go back to reference Peterson BD, Newton CR, Feingold T: Anxiety and sexual stress in men and women undergoing infertility treatment. Fertil Steril. 2007, 88: 911-914. 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.12.023.PubMed Peterson BD, Newton CR, Feingold T: Anxiety and sexual stress in men and women undergoing infertility treatment. Fertil Steril. 2007, 88: 911-914. 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.12.023.PubMed
73.
go back to reference Domar AD, Clapp D, Slawsby EA, Dusek J, Kessel B, Freizinger M: Impact of group psychological interventions on pregnancy rates in infertile women. Fertil Steril. 2000, 73: 805-811. 10.1016/S0015-0282(99)00493-8.PubMed Domar AD, Clapp D, Slawsby EA, Dusek J, Kessel B, Freizinger M: Impact of group psychological interventions on pregnancy rates in infertile women. Fertil Steril. 2000, 73: 805-811. 10.1016/S0015-0282(99)00493-8.PubMed
74.
go back to reference Terzioglu F: Investigation into effectiveness of counseling on assisted reproductive techniques in turkey. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 2001, 22: 133-141. 10.3109/01674820109049965.PubMed Terzioglu F: Investigation into effectiveness of counseling on assisted reproductive techniques in turkey. J Psychosom Obstet Gynaecol. 2001, 22: 133-141. 10.3109/01674820109049965.PubMed
75.
go back to reference Klonoff-Cohen H, Chu E, Natarajan L, Sieber W: A prospective study of stress among women undergoing in vitro fertilization or gamete intrafallopian transfer. Fertil Steril. 2001, 76: 675-687. 10.1016/S0015-0282(01)02008-8.PubMed Klonoff-Cohen H, Chu E, Natarajan L, Sieber W: A prospective study of stress among women undergoing in vitro fertilization or gamete intrafallopian transfer. Fertil Steril. 2001, 76: 675-687. 10.1016/S0015-0282(01)02008-8.PubMed
76.
go back to reference Louis GM, Lum KJ, Sundaram R, Chen Z, Kim S, Lynch CD, Schisterman EF, Pyper C: Stress reduces conception probabilities across the fertile window: Evidence in support of relaxation. Fertil Steril. 2011, 95: 2184-2189. 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.06.078.PubMed Louis GM, Lum KJ, Sundaram R, Chen Z, Kim S, Lynch CD, Schisterman EF, Pyper C: Stress reduces conception probabilities across the fertile window: Evidence in support of relaxation. Fertil Steril. 2011, 95: 2184-2189. 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2010.06.078.PubMed
78.
go back to reference Practice Committee of American Society for Reproductive Medicine: Smoking and infertility. Fertil Steril. 2008, 90 (5 Suppl): S254-S259. Practice Committee of American Society for Reproductive Medicine: Smoking and infertility. Fertil Steril. 2008, 90 (5 Suppl): S254-S259.
79.
go back to reference Augood C, Duckitt K, Templeton AA: Smoking and female infertility: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod. 1998, 13: 1532-1539. 10.1093/humrep/13.6.1532.PubMed Augood C, Duckitt K, Templeton AA: Smoking and female infertility: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod. 1998, 13: 1532-1539. 10.1093/humrep/13.6.1532.PubMed
80.
go back to reference Calogero A, Polosa R, Perdichizzi A, Guarino F, La Vignera S, Scarfia A, Fratantonio E, Condorelli R, Bonanno O, Barone N, et al: Cigarette smoke extract immobilizes human spermatozoa and induces sperm apoptosis. Reprod Biomed Online. 2009, 19: 564-571. 10.1016/j.rbmo.2009.05.004.PubMed Calogero A, Polosa R, Perdichizzi A, Guarino F, La Vignera S, Scarfia A, Fratantonio E, Condorelli R, Bonanno O, Barone N, et al: Cigarette smoke extract immobilizes human spermatozoa and induces sperm apoptosis. Reprod Biomed Online. 2009, 19: 564-571. 10.1016/j.rbmo.2009.05.004.PubMed
81.
go back to reference Mitra A, Chakraborty B, Mukhopadhay D, Pal M, Mukherjee S, Banerjee S, Chaudhuri K: Effect of smoking on semen quality, FSH, testosterone level, and CAG repeat length in androgen receptor gene of infertile men in an indian city. Syst Biol Reprod Med. 2012, 58: 255-262. 10.3109/19396368.2012.684195.PubMed Mitra A, Chakraborty B, Mukhopadhay D, Pal M, Mukherjee S, Banerjee S, Chaudhuri K: Effect of smoking on semen quality, FSH, testosterone level, and CAG repeat length in androgen receptor gene of infertile men in an indian city. Syst Biol Reprod Med. 2012, 58: 255-262. 10.3109/19396368.2012.684195.PubMed
82.
go back to reference Soares SR, Melo MA: Cigarette smoking and reproductive function. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2008, 20: 281-291. 10.1097/GCO.0b013e3282fc9c1e.PubMed Soares SR, Melo MA: Cigarette smoking and reproductive function. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2008, 20: 281-291. 10.1097/GCO.0b013e3282fc9c1e.PubMed
83.
go back to reference Wegner CC, Clifford AL, Jilbert PM, Henry MA, Gentry WL: Abnormally high body mass index and tobacco use are associated with poor sperm quality as revealed by reduced sperm binding to hyaluronan-coated slides. Fertil Steril. 2010, 93: 332-334. 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.07.970.PubMed Wegner CC, Clifford AL, Jilbert PM, Henry MA, Gentry WL: Abnormally high body mass index and tobacco use are associated with poor sperm quality as revealed by reduced sperm binding to hyaluronan-coated slides. Fertil Steril. 2010, 93: 332-334. 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.07.970.PubMed
84.
go back to reference Gaur DS, Talekar MS, Pathak VP: Alcohol intake and cigarette smoking: Impact of two major lifestyle factors on male fertility. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2010, 53: 35-40. 10.4103/0377-4929.59180.PubMed Gaur DS, Talekar MS, Pathak VP: Alcohol intake and cigarette smoking: Impact of two major lifestyle factors on male fertility. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2010, 53: 35-40. 10.4103/0377-4929.59180.PubMed
85.
go back to reference Viloria T, Garrido N, Fernandez JL, Remohi J, Pellicer A, Meseguer M: Sperm selection by swim-up in terms of deoxyribonucleic acid fragmentation as measured by the sperm chromatin dispersion test is altered in heavy smokers. Fertil Steril. 2007, 88: 523-525. 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.11.135.PubMed Viloria T, Garrido N, Fernandez JL, Remohi J, Pellicer A, Meseguer M: Sperm selection by swim-up in terms of deoxyribonucleic acid fragmentation as measured by the sperm chromatin dispersion test is altered in heavy smokers. Fertil Steril. 2007, 88: 523-525. 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.11.135.PubMed
86.
go back to reference Sepaniak S, Forges T, Gerard H, Foliguet B, Bene MC, Monnier-Barbarino P: The influence of cigarette smoking on human sperm quality and DNA fragmentation. Toxicology. 2006, 223: 54-60. 10.1016/j.tox.2006.03.001.PubMed Sepaniak S, Forges T, Gerard H, Foliguet B, Bene MC, Monnier-Barbarino P: The influence of cigarette smoking on human sperm quality and DNA fragmentation. Toxicology. 2006, 223: 54-60. 10.1016/j.tox.2006.03.001.PubMed
87.
go back to reference Saleh RA, Agarwal A, Nada EA, El-Tonsy MH, Sharma RK, Meyer A, Nelson DR, Thomas AJ: Negative effects of increased sperm DNA damage in relation to seminal oxidative stress in men with idiopathic and male factor infertility. Fertil Steril. 2003, 79 (Suppl 3): 1597-1605.PubMed Saleh RA, Agarwal A, Nada EA, El-Tonsy MH, Sharma RK, Meyer A, Nelson DR, Thomas AJ: Negative effects of increased sperm DNA damage in relation to seminal oxidative stress in men with idiopathic and male factor infertility. Fertil Steril. 2003, 79 (Suppl 3): 1597-1605.PubMed
88.
go back to reference Kunzle R, Mueller MD, Hanggi W, Birkhauser MH, Drescher H, Bersinger NA: Semen quality of male smokers and nonsmokers in infertile couples. Fertil Steril. 2003, 79: 287-291. 10.1016/S0015-0282(02)04664-2.PubMed Kunzle R, Mueller MD, Hanggi W, Birkhauser MH, Drescher H, Bersinger NA: Semen quality of male smokers and nonsmokers in infertile couples. Fertil Steril. 2003, 79: 287-291. 10.1016/S0015-0282(02)04664-2.PubMed
89.
go back to reference Agarwal A, Prabakaran S, Allamaneni S: What an andrologist/urologist should know about free radicals and why. Urology. 2006, 67: 2-8. 10.1016/j.urology.2005.07.012.PubMed Agarwal A, Prabakaran S, Allamaneni S: What an andrologist/urologist should know about free radicals and why. Urology. 2006, 67: 2-8. 10.1016/j.urology.2005.07.012.PubMed
90.
go back to reference Mostafa T, Tawadrous G, Roaia MMF, Amer MK, Kader RA, Aziz A: Effect of smoking on seminal plasma ascorbic acid in infertile and fertile males. Andrologia. 2006, 38: 221-224. 10.1111/j.1439-0272.2006.00744.x.PubMed Mostafa T, Tawadrous G, Roaia MMF, Amer MK, Kader RA, Aziz A: Effect of smoking on seminal plasma ascorbic acid in infertile and fertile males. Andrologia. 2006, 38: 221-224. 10.1111/j.1439-0272.2006.00744.x.PubMed
91.
go back to reference Kefer JC, Agarwal A, Sabanegh E: Role of antioxidants in the treatment of male infertility. Int J Urol. 2009, 16: 449-457. 10.1111/j.1442-2042.2009.02280.x.PubMed Kefer JC, Agarwal A, Sabanegh E: Role of antioxidants in the treatment of male infertility. Int J Urol. 2009, 16: 449-457. 10.1111/j.1442-2042.2009.02280.x.PubMed
92.
go back to reference Sharara FI, Beatse SN, Leonardi MR, Navot D, SR T: Cigarette smoking accelerates the development of diminished ovarian reserve as evidenced by the clomiphene citrate challenge test. Fertil Steril. 1994, 62: 257-262.PubMed Sharara FI, Beatse SN, Leonardi MR, Navot D, SR T: Cigarette smoking accelerates the development of diminished ovarian reserve as evidenced by the clomiphene citrate challenge test. Fertil Steril. 1994, 62: 257-262.PubMed
93.
go back to reference Windham GC, Mitchell P, Anderson M, Lasley BL: Cigarette smoking and effects on hormone function in premenopausal women. Environ Health Perspect. 2005, 113: 1285-1290. 10.1289/ehp.7899.PubMedCentralPubMed Windham GC, Mitchell P, Anderson M, Lasley BL: Cigarette smoking and effects on hormone function in premenopausal women. Environ Health Perspect. 2005, 113: 1285-1290. 10.1289/ehp.7899.PubMedCentralPubMed
94.
go back to reference Talbot P, Riveles K: Smoking and reproduction: The oviduct as a target of cigarette smoke. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2005, 3: 52-10.1186/1477-7827-3-52.PubMedCentralPubMed Talbot P, Riveles K: Smoking and reproduction: The oviduct as a target of cigarette smoke. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2005, 3: 52-10.1186/1477-7827-3-52.PubMedCentralPubMed
95.
go back to reference Soares SR, Simon C, Remohi J, Pellicer A: Cigarette smoking affects uterine receptiveness. Hum Reprod. 2007, 22: 543-547.PubMed Soares SR, Simon C, Remohi J, Pellicer A: Cigarette smoking affects uterine receptiveness. Hum Reprod. 2007, 22: 543-547.PubMed
96.
go back to reference Battista N, Pasquariello N, Di Tommaso M, Maccarrone M: Interplay between endocannabinoids, steroids and cytokines in the control of human reproduction. J Neuroendocrinol. 2008, 20 (Suppl 1): 82-89.PubMed Battista N, Pasquariello N, Di Tommaso M, Maccarrone M: Interplay between endocannabinoids, steroids and cytokines in the control of human reproduction. J Neuroendocrinol. 2008, 20 (Suppl 1): 82-89.PubMed
97.
go back to reference Mueller BA, Daling JR, Weiss NS, Moore DE: Recreational drug use and the risk of primary infertility. Epidemiology. 1990, 1: 195-200.PubMed Mueller BA, Daling JR, Weiss NS, Moore DE: Recreational drug use and the risk of primary infertility. Epidemiology. 1990, 1: 195-200.PubMed
98.
go back to reference Park B, McPartland JM, Glass M: Cannabis, cannabinoids and reproduction. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2004, 70: 189-197. 10.1016/j.plefa.2003.04.007.PubMed Park B, McPartland JM, Glass M: Cannabis, cannabinoids and reproduction. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2004, 70: 189-197. 10.1016/j.plefa.2003.04.007.PubMed
99.
go back to reference Rossato M, Pagano C, Vettor R: The cannabinoid system and male reproductive functions. J Neuroendocrinol. 2008, 20 (Suppl 1): 90-93.PubMed Rossato M, Pagano C, Vettor R: The cannabinoid system and male reproductive functions. J Neuroendocrinol. 2008, 20 (Suppl 1): 90-93.PubMed
100.
go back to reference Gold MS, Miller NS: Cocaine and crack: Neurobiology. Substance Abuse: A Comprehensive Textbook: Third Edition. 1997, Baltimore, Maryland: Williams & Wilkins, 195-218. Gold MS, Miller NS: Cocaine and crack: Neurobiology. Substance Abuse: A Comprehensive Textbook: Third Edition. 1997, Baltimore, Maryland: Williams & Wilkins, 195-218.
101.
go back to reference Gold MS: Cocaine and crack: Clinical aspects. Substance Abuse: A Comprehensive Textbook: Third Edition. 1997, Baltimore, Maryland: Williams & Wilkins, 218-263. Gold MS: Cocaine and crack: Clinical aspects. Substance Abuse: A Comprehensive Textbook: Third Edition. 1997, Baltimore, Maryland: Williams & Wilkins, 218-263.
102.
go back to reference George VK, Li H, Teloken C, Grignon DJ, Lawrence WD, Dhabuwala CB: Effects of long-term cocaine exposure on spermatogenesis and fertility in peripubertal male rats. J Urol. 1996, 155: 327-331. 10.1016/S0022-5347(01)66654-0.PubMed George VK, Li H, Teloken C, Grignon DJ, Lawrence WD, Dhabuwala CB: Effects of long-term cocaine exposure on spermatogenesis and fertility in peripubertal male rats. J Urol. 1996, 155: 327-331. 10.1016/S0022-5347(01)66654-0.PubMed
103.
go back to reference Ragni G, de Lauretis L, Bestetti O, Sghedoni D, Aro VGA: Gonadal function in male heroin and methadone addicts. Int J Androl. 1988, 11: 93-100. 10.1111/j.1365-2605.1988.tb00984.x.PubMed Ragni G, de Lauretis L, Bestetti O, Sghedoni D, Aro VGA: Gonadal function in male heroin and methadone addicts. Int J Androl. 1988, 11: 93-100. 10.1111/j.1365-2605.1988.tb00984.x.PubMed
104.
go back to reference Peugh J, Belenko S: Alcohol, drugs and sexual function: A review. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2001, 33: 223-232. 10.1080/02791072.2001.10400569.PubMed Peugh J, Belenko S: Alcohol, drugs and sexual function: A review. J Psychoactive Drugs. 2001, 33: 223-232. 10.1080/02791072.2001.10400569.PubMed
105.
go back to reference Thyer AC, King TS, Moreno AC, Eddy CA, Siler-Khodr TM, Schenken RS: Cocaine impairs ovarian response to exogenous gonadotropins in nonhuman primates. J Soc Gynecol Investig. 2001, 8: 358-362. 10.1016/S1071-5576(01)00133-2.PubMed Thyer AC, King TS, Moreno AC, Eddy CA, Siler-Khodr TM, Schenken RS: Cocaine impairs ovarian response to exogenous gonadotropins in nonhuman primates. J Soc Gynecol Investig. 2001, 8: 358-362. 10.1016/S1071-5576(01)00133-2.PubMed
106.
go back to reference Richardson GA, Day NL, McGauhey PJ: The impact of prenatal marijuana and cocaine use on the infant and child. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 1993, 36: 302-318. 10.1097/00003081-199306000-00010.PubMed Richardson GA, Day NL, McGauhey PJ: The impact of prenatal marijuana and cocaine use on the infant and child. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 1993, 36: 302-318. 10.1097/00003081-199306000-00010.PubMed
107.
go back to reference Hulse GK, Milne E, English DR, Holman CD: Assessing the relationship between maternal opiate use and neonatal mortality. Addiction. 1998, 93: 1033-1042. 10.1046/j.1360-0443.1998.93710338.x.PubMed Hulse GK, Milne E, English DR, Holman CD: Assessing the relationship between maternal opiate use and neonatal mortality. Addiction. 1998, 93: 1033-1042. 10.1046/j.1360-0443.1998.93710338.x.PubMed
108.
go back to reference Wang C, Chan V, Yeung RT: The effect of heroin addiction on pituitary-testicular function. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1978, 9: 455-461. 10.1111/j.1365-2265.1978.tb03585.x. Wang C, Chan V, Yeung RT: The effect of heroin addiction on pituitary-testicular function. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1978, 9: 455-461. 10.1111/j.1365-2265.1978.tb03585.x.
109.
go back to reference Ragni G, De Lauretis L, Gambaro V, Di Pietro R, Bestetti O, Recalcati F, Papetti C: Semen evaluation in heroin and methadone addicts. Acta Eur Fertil. 1985, 16: 245-249.PubMed Ragni G, De Lauretis L, Gambaro V, Di Pietro R, Bestetti O, Recalcati F, Papetti C: Semen evaluation in heroin and methadone addicts. Acta Eur Fertil. 1985, 16: 245-249.PubMed
110.
go back to reference Hayashi T, Miyata A, Yamada T: The impact of commonly prescribed drugs on male fertility. Hum Fertil (Camb). 2008, 11: 191-196. 10.1080/14647270701739566. Hayashi T, Miyata A, Yamada T: The impact of commonly prescribed drugs on male fertility. Hum Fertil (Camb). 2008, 11: 191-196. 10.1080/14647270701739566.
111.
go back to reference Muthusami KR, Chinnaswamy P: Effect of chronic alcoholism on male fertility hormones and semen quality. Fertil Steril. 2005, 84: 919-924. 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.04.025.PubMed Muthusami KR, Chinnaswamy P: Effect of chronic alcoholism on male fertility hormones and semen quality. Fertil Steril. 2005, 84: 919-924. 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2005.04.025.PubMed
112.
go back to reference Donnelly GP, McClure N, Kennedy MS, Lewis SE: Direct effect of alcohol on the motility and morphology of human spermatozoa. Andrologia. 1999, 31: 43-47.PubMed Donnelly GP, McClure N, Kennedy MS, Lewis SE: Direct effect of alcohol on the motility and morphology of human spermatozoa. Andrologia. 1999, 31: 43-47.PubMed
113.
go back to reference Olsen J, Bolumar F, Boldsen J, Bisanti L: Does moderate alcohol intake reduce fecundability? A european multicenter study on infertility and subfecundity. european study group on infertility and subfecundity. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1997, 21: 206-212. 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1997.tb03751.x.PubMed Olsen J, Bolumar F, Boldsen J, Bisanti L: Does moderate alcohol intake reduce fecundability? A european multicenter study on infertility and subfecundity. european study group on infertility and subfecundity. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1997, 21: 206-212. 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1997.tb03751.x.PubMed
114.
go back to reference Koch OR, Pani G, Borrello S, Colavitti R, Cravero A, Farrè S, Galeotti T: Oxidative stress and antioxidant defenses in ethanol-induced cell injury. Mol Aspects Med. 2004, 25: 191-198. 10.1016/j.mam.2004.02.019.PubMed Koch OR, Pani G, Borrello S, Colavitti R, Cravero A, Farrè S, Galeotti T: Oxidative stress and antioxidant defenses in ethanol-induced cell injury. Mol Aspects Med. 2004, 25: 191-198. 10.1016/j.mam.2004.02.019.PubMed
115.
go back to reference Cederbaum AI, Lu Y, Wu D: Role of oxidative stress in alcohol-induced liver injury. Arch Toxicol. 2009, 83: 519-548. 10.1007/s00204-009-0432-0.PubMed Cederbaum AI, Lu Y, Wu D: Role of oxidative stress in alcohol-induced liver injury. Arch Toxicol. 2009, 83: 519-548. 10.1007/s00204-009-0432-0.PubMed
116.
go back to reference Eggert J, Theobald H, Engfeldt P: Effects of alcohol consumption on female fertility during an 18-year period. Fertil Steril. 2004, 81: 379-383. 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2003.06.018.PubMed Eggert J, Theobald H, Engfeldt P: Effects of alcohol consumption on female fertility during an 18-year period. Fertil Steril. 2004, 81: 379-383. 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2003.06.018.PubMed
117.
go back to reference Revonta M, Raitanen J, Sihvo S, Koponen P, Klemetti R, Mannisto S, Luoto R: Health and life style among infertile men and women. Sex Reprod Healthc. 2010, 1: 91-198. 10.1016/j.srhc.2010.06.002.PubMed Revonta M, Raitanen J, Sihvo S, Koponen P, Klemetti R, Mannisto S, Luoto R: Health and life style among infertile men and women. Sex Reprod Healthc. 2010, 1: 91-198. 10.1016/j.srhc.2010.06.002.PubMed
118.
go back to reference Hakim RB, Gray RH, Zacur H: Alcohol and caffeine consumption and decreased fertility. Fertil Steril. 1998, 70: 632-637. 10.1016/S0015-0282(98)00257-X.PubMed Hakim RB, Gray RH, Zacur H: Alcohol and caffeine consumption and decreased fertility. Fertil Steril. 1998, 70: 632-637. 10.1016/S0015-0282(98)00257-X.PubMed
119.
go back to reference Rasch V: Cigarette, alcohol, and caffeine consumption: Risk factors for spontaneous abortion. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2003, 82: 182-188. 10.1034/j.1600-0412.2003.00078.x.PubMed Rasch V: Cigarette, alcohol, and caffeine consumption: Risk factors for spontaneous abortion. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2003, 82: 182-188. 10.1034/j.1600-0412.2003.00078.x.PubMed
120.
go back to reference Windham GC, Fenster L, Swan SH: Moderate maternal and paternal alcohol consumption and the risk of spontaneous abortion. Epidemiology. 1992, 3: 364-370. 10.1097/00001648-199207000-00012.PubMed Windham GC, Fenster L, Swan SH: Moderate maternal and paternal alcohol consumption and the risk of spontaneous abortion. Epidemiology. 1992, 3: 364-370. 10.1097/00001648-199207000-00012.PubMed
121.
go back to reference Gill J: The effects of moderate alcohol consumption on female hormone levels and reproductive function. Alcohol Alcohol. 2000, 35: 417-423. 10.1093/alcalc/35.5.417.PubMed Gill J: The effects of moderate alcohol consumption on female hormone levels and reproductive function. Alcohol Alcohol. 2000, 35: 417-423. 10.1093/alcalc/35.5.417.PubMed
124.
go back to reference Bolúmar F, Olsen J, Rebagliato M, Bisanti L: European Study Group on Infertility and Subfecundity. Caffeine intake and delayed conception: A european multicenter study on infertility and subfecundity. Am J Epidemiol. 1997, 145: 324-334. 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009109.PubMed Bolúmar F, Olsen J, Rebagliato M, Bisanti L: European Study Group on Infertility and Subfecundity. Caffeine intake and delayed conception: A european multicenter study on infertility and subfecundity. Am J Epidemiol. 1997, 145: 324-334. 10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009109.PubMed
125.
go back to reference Stefanidou EM, Caramellino L, Patriarca A, Menato G: Maternal caffeine consumption and sine causa recurrent miscarriage. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2011, 158: 220-224. 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2011.04.024.PubMed Stefanidou EM, Caramellino L, Patriarca A, Menato G: Maternal caffeine consumption and sine causa recurrent miscarriage. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2011, 158: 220-224. 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2011.04.024.PubMed
126.
go back to reference Cnattingius S, Signorello LB, Anneren G, Clausson B, Ekbom A, Ljunger E, Blot WJ, McLaughlin JK, Petersson G, Rane A, et al: Caffeine intake and the risk of first-trimester spontaneous abortion. N Engl J Med. 2000, 343: 1839-1845. 10.1056/NEJM200012213432503.PubMed Cnattingius S, Signorello LB, Anneren G, Clausson B, Ekbom A, Ljunger E, Blot WJ, McLaughlin JK, Petersson G, Rane A, et al: Caffeine intake and the risk of first-trimester spontaneous abortion. N Engl J Med. 2000, 343: 1839-1845. 10.1056/NEJM200012213432503.PubMed
127.
go back to reference Tolstrup JS, Kjaer SK, Munk C, Madsen LB, Ottesen B, Bergholt T, Gronbaek M: Does caffeine and alcohol intake before pregnancy predict the occurrence of spontaneous abortion?. Hum Reprod. 2003, 18: 2704-2710. 10.1093/humrep/deg480.PubMed Tolstrup JS, Kjaer SK, Munk C, Madsen LB, Ottesen B, Bergholt T, Gronbaek M: Does caffeine and alcohol intake before pregnancy predict the occurrence of spontaneous abortion?. Hum Reprod. 2003, 18: 2704-2710. 10.1093/humrep/deg480.PubMed
128.
go back to reference Greenwood DC, Alwan N, Boylan S, Cade JE, Charvill J, Chipps KC, Cooke MS, Dolby VA, Hay AW, Kassam S, et al: Caffeine intake during pregnancy, late miscarriage and stillbirth. Eur J Epidemiol. 2010, 25: 275-280. 10.1007/s10654-010-9443-7.PubMed Greenwood DC, Alwan N, Boylan S, Cade JE, Charvill J, Chipps KC, Cooke MS, Dolby VA, Hay AW, Kassam S, et al: Caffeine intake during pregnancy, late miscarriage and stillbirth. Eur J Epidemiol. 2010, 25: 275-280. 10.1007/s10654-010-9443-7.PubMed
129.
go back to reference Wisborg K, Kesmodel U, Bech BH, Hedegaard M, Henriksen TB: Maternal consumption of coffee during pregnancy and stillbirth and infant death in first year of life: Prospective study. BMJ. 2003, 326: 420-10.1136/bmj.326.7386.420.PubMedCentralPubMed Wisborg K, Kesmodel U, Bech BH, Hedegaard M, Henriksen TB: Maternal consumption of coffee during pregnancy and stillbirth and infant death in first year of life: Prospective study. BMJ. 2003, 326: 420-10.1136/bmj.326.7386.420.PubMedCentralPubMed
130.
go back to reference Bech BH, Nohr EA, Vaeth M, Henriksen TB, Olsen J: Coffee and fetal death: A cohort study with prospective data. Am J Epidemiol. 2005, 162: 983-990. 10.1093/aje/kwi317.PubMed Bech BH, Nohr EA, Vaeth M, Henriksen TB, Olsen J: Coffee and fetal death: A cohort study with prospective data. Am J Epidemiol. 2005, 162: 983-990. 10.1093/aje/kwi317.PubMed
131.
go back to reference Smedley J, Dick F, Sadhra S: Oxford handbook of occupational health. 2007, New York: Oxford University Press Smedley J, Dick F, Sadhra S: Oxford handbook of occupational health. 2007, New York: Oxford University Press
132.
go back to reference Chalupka S, Chalupka AN: The impact of environmental and occupational exposures on reproductive health. JOGNN. 2010, 39: 84-102. 10.1111/j.1552-6909.2009.01091.x.PubMed Chalupka S, Chalupka AN: The impact of environmental and occupational exposures on reproductive health. JOGNN. 2010, 39: 84-102. 10.1111/j.1552-6909.2009.01091.x.PubMed
133.
go back to reference Jurewicz J, Hanke W, Radwan M, Bonde JP: Environmental factors and semen quality. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2009, 22: 305-329.PubMed Jurewicz J, Hanke W, Radwan M, Bonde JP: Environmental factors and semen quality. Int J Occup Med Environ Health. 2009, 22: 305-329.PubMed
134.
go back to reference Selevan SG, Borkovec L, Slott VL, Zudova Z, Rubes J, Evenson DP, Perreault SD: Semen quality and reproductive health of young czech men exposed to seasonal air pollution. Environ Health Perspect. 2000, 108: 887-894. 10.1289/ehp.00108887.PubMedCentralPubMed Selevan SG, Borkovec L, Slott VL, Zudova Z, Rubes J, Evenson DP, Perreault SD: Semen quality and reproductive health of young czech men exposed to seasonal air pollution. Environ Health Perspect. 2000, 108: 887-894. 10.1289/ehp.00108887.PubMedCentralPubMed
135.
go back to reference Rubes J, Selevan SG, Evenson DP, Zudova D, Vozdova M, Zudova Z, Robbins WA, Perreault SD: Episodic air pollution is associated with increased DNA fragmentation in human sperm without other changes in semen quality. Hum Reprod. 2005, 20: 2776-2783. 10.1093/humrep/dei122.PubMed Rubes J, Selevan SG, Evenson DP, Zudova D, Vozdova M, Zudova Z, Robbins WA, Perreault SD: Episodic air pollution is associated with increased DNA fragmentation in human sperm without other changes in semen quality. Hum Reprod. 2005, 20: 2776-2783. 10.1093/humrep/dei122.PubMed
136.
go back to reference Sokol RZ, Kraft P, Fowler IM, Mamet R, Kim E, Berhane KT: Exposure to environmental ozone alters semen quality. Environ Health Perspect. 2006, 114: 360-365. 10.1289/ehp.114-a360.PubMedCentralPubMed Sokol RZ, Kraft P, Fowler IM, Mamet R, Kim E, Berhane KT: Exposure to environmental ozone alters semen quality. Environ Health Perspect. 2006, 114: 360-365. 10.1289/ehp.114-a360.PubMedCentralPubMed
137.
go back to reference Ritz B, Wilhelm M, Hoggatt KJ, Ghosh JK: Ambient air pollution and preterm birth in the environment and pregnancy outcomes study at the university of california, los angeles. Am J Epidemiol. 2007, 166: 1045-1052. 10.1093/aje/kwm181.PubMed Ritz B, Wilhelm M, Hoggatt KJ, Ghosh JK: Ambient air pollution and preterm birth in the environment and pregnancy outcomes study at the university of california, los angeles. Am J Epidemiol. 2007, 166: 1045-1052. 10.1093/aje/kwm181.PubMed
138.
go back to reference Sikka SC, Wang R: Endocrine disruptors and estrogenic effects on male reproductive axis. Asian J Androl. 2008, 10: 134-145. 10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008.00370.x.PubMed Sikka SC, Wang R: Endocrine disruptors and estrogenic effects on male reproductive axis. Asian J Androl. 2008, 10: 134-145. 10.1111/j.1745-7262.2008.00370.x.PubMed
139.
go back to reference King LM, Anderson MB, Sikka SC, George WJ: Murine strain differences and the effects of zinc on cadmium concentrations in tissues after acute cadmium exposure. Arch Toxicol. 1998, 72: 650-655. 10.1007/s002040050556.PubMed King LM, Anderson MB, Sikka SC, George WJ: Murine strain differences and the effects of zinc on cadmium concentrations in tissues after acute cadmium exposure. Arch Toxicol. 1998, 72: 650-655. 10.1007/s002040050556.PubMed
140.
go back to reference Meeker JD, Ehrlich S, Toth TL, Wright DL, Calafat AM, Trisini AT, Ye X, Hauser R: Semen quality and sperm DNA damage in relation to urinary bisphenol A among men from an infertility clinic. Reprod Toxicol. 2010, 30: 532-539. 10.1016/j.reprotox.2010.07.005.PubMedCentralPubMed Meeker JD, Ehrlich S, Toth TL, Wright DL, Calafat AM, Trisini AT, Ye X, Hauser R: Semen quality and sperm DNA damage in relation to urinary bisphenol A among men from an infertility clinic. Reprod Toxicol. 2010, 30: 532-539. 10.1016/j.reprotox.2010.07.005.PubMedCentralPubMed
141.
go back to reference Linder RE, Klinefelter GR, Strader LF, Narotsky MG, Suarez JD, Roberts NL, Perreault SD: Dibromoacetic acid affects reproductive competence and sperm quality in the male rat. Fundam Appl Toxicol. 1995, 28: 9-17. 10.1006/faat.1995.1140.PubMed Linder RE, Klinefelter GR, Strader LF, Narotsky MG, Suarez JD, Roberts NL, Perreault SD: Dibromoacetic acid affects reproductive competence and sperm quality in the male rat. Fundam Appl Toxicol. 1995, 28: 9-17. 10.1006/faat.1995.1140.PubMed
142.
go back to reference Messaros BM, Rossano MG, Liu G, Diamond MP, Friderici K, Nummy-Jernigan K, Daly D, Puscheck E, Paneth N, Wirth JJ: Negative effects of serum p, p’-DDE on sperm on sperm parameters and modification by genetic polymorphisms. Environ Res. 2009, 109: 457-464. 10.1016/j.envres.2009.02.009.PubMed Messaros BM, Rossano MG, Liu G, Diamond MP, Friderici K, Nummy-Jernigan K, Daly D, Puscheck E, Paneth N, Wirth JJ: Negative effects of serum p, p’-DDE on sperm on sperm parameters and modification by genetic polymorphisms. Environ Res. 2009, 109: 457-464. 10.1016/j.envres.2009.02.009.PubMed
143.
go back to reference Phillips KP, Tanphaichitr N: Human exposure to endocrine disrupters and semen quality. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev. 2008 Mar, 11 (3–4): 188-220. Phillips KP, Tanphaichitr N: Human exposure to endocrine disrupters and semen quality. J Toxicol Environ Health B Crit Rev. 2008 Mar, 11 (3–4): 188-220.
144.
go back to reference Luccio-Camelo DC, Prins GS: Disruption of androgen receptor signaling in males by environmental chemicals. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2011, 127: 74-82. 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2011.04.004.PubMedCentralPubMed Luccio-Camelo DC, Prins GS: Disruption of androgen receptor signaling in males by environmental chemicals. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2011, 127: 74-82. 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2011.04.004.PubMedCentralPubMed
145.
go back to reference Swan SH, Kruse RL, Liu F, Barr DB, Drobnis EZ, Redmon JB, Wang C, Brazil C, Overstreet JW, The Study for Future Families Research Group: Semen quality in relation to biomarkers of pesticide exposure. Environ Health Perspect. 2003, 111: 1478-1484. 10.1289/ehp.6417.PubMedCentralPubMed Swan SH, Kruse RL, Liu F, Barr DB, Drobnis EZ, Redmon JB, Wang C, Brazil C, Overstreet JW, The Study for Future Families Research Group: Semen quality in relation to biomarkers of pesticide exposure. Environ Health Perspect. 2003, 111: 1478-1484. 10.1289/ehp.6417.PubMedCentralPubMed
146.
go back to reference Swan SH: Semen quality in fertile US men in relation to geographical area and pesticide exposure. Int J Androl. 2006, 29: 62,8-discussion 105–108 Swan SH: Semen quality in fertile US men in relation to geographical area and pesticide exposure. Int J Androl. 2006, 29: 62,8-discussion 105–108
147.
go back to reference Oliva A, Spira A, Multigner L: Contribution of environmental factors to the risk of male infertility. Hum Reprod. 2001, 16: 1768-1776. 10.1093/humrep/16.8.1768.PubMed Oliva A, Spira A, Multigner L: Contribution of environmental factors to the risk of male infertility. Hum Reprod. 2001, 16: 1768-1776. 10.1093/humrep/16.8.1768.PubMed
148.
go back to reference Abell A, Ernst E, Bonde JP: Semen quality and sexual hormones in greenhouse workers. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2000, 26: 492-500. 10.5271/sjweh.573.PubMed Abell A, Ernst E, Bonde JP: Semen quality and sexual hormones in greenhouse workers. Scand J Work Environ Health. 2000, 26: 492-500. 10.5271/sjweh.573.PubMed
149.
go back to reference Tielemans E, van Kooij R, Looman C, Burdorf A, te Velde E, Heederik D: Paternal occupational exposures and embryo implantation rates after IVF. Fertil Steril. 2000, 74: 690-695. 10.1016/S0015-0282(00)00720-2.PubMed Tielemans E, van Kooij R, Looman C, Burdorf A, te Velde E, Heederik D: Paternal occupational exposures and embryo implantation rates after IVF. Fertil Steril. 2000, 74: 690-695. 10.1016/S0015-0282(00)00720-2.PubMed
150.
go back to reference De Fleurian G, Perrin J, Ecochard R, Dantony E, Lanteaume A, Achard V, Grillo J, Guichaoua M, Botta A, Sari-Minodier I: Occupational exposures obtained by questionnaire in clinical practice and their association with semen quality. J Androl. 2009, 30: 566-579. 10.2164/jandrol.108.005918.PubMed De Fleurian G, Perrin J, Ecochard R, Dantony E, Lanteaume A, Achard V, Grillo J, Guichaoua M, Botta A, Sari-Minodier I: Occupational exposures obtained by questionnaire in clinical practice and their association with semen quality. J Androl. 2009, 30: 566-579. 10.2164/jandrol.108.005918.PubMed
151.
go back to reference Lancranjan I, Popescu HI, GAvanescu O, Klepsch I, Serbanescu M: Reproductive ability of workmen occupationally exposed to lead. Arch Environ Health. 1975, 30: 396-401. 10.1080/00039896.1975.10666733.PubMed Lancranjan I, Popescu HI, GAvanescu O, Klepsch I, Serbanescu M: Reproductive ability of workmen occupationally exposed to lead. Arch Environ Health. 1975, 30: 396-401. 10.1080/00039896.1975.10666733.PubMed
152.
go back to reference Meirow D, Biederman H, Anderson RA, Wallace WH: Toxicity of chemotherapy and radiation on female reproduction. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2010, 53: 727-739. 10.1097/GRF.0b013e3181f96b54.PubMed Meirow D, Biederman H, Anderson RA, Wallace WH: Toxicity of chemotherapy and radiation on female reproduction. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2010, 53: 727-739. 10.1097/GRF.0b013e3181f96b54.PubMed
153.
go back to reference Agarwal A, Deepinder F, Sharma RK, Ranga G, Li J: Effect of cell phone usage on semen analysis in men attending infertility clinic: An observational study. Fertil Steril. 2008, 89: 124-128. 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.01.166.PubMed Agarwal A, Deepinder F, Sharma RK, Ranga G, Li J: Effect of cell phone usage on semen analysis in men attending infertility clinic: An observational study. Fertil Steril. 2008, 89: 124-128. 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.01.166.PubMed
154.
go back to reference Agarwal A, Desai NR, Makker K, Varghese A, Mouradi R, Sabanegh E, Sharma R: Effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves (RF-EMW) from cellular phones on human ejaculated semen: An in vitro pilot study. Fertil Steril. 2009, 92: 1318-1325. 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.08.022.PubMed Agarwal A, Desai NR, Makker K, Varghese A, Mouradi R, Sabanegh E, Sharma R: Effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic waves (RF-EMW) from cellular phones on human ejaculated semen: An in vitro pilot study. Fertil Steril. 2009, 92: 1318-1325. 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.08.022.PubMed
155.
go back to reference Kilgallon SJ, Simmons LW: Image content influences men's semen quality. Biol Lett. 2005, 1: 253-255. 10.1098/rsbl.2005.0324.PubMedCentralPubMed Kilgallon SJ, Simmons LW: Image content influences men's semen quality. Biol Lett. 2005, 1: 253-255. 10.1098/rsbl.2005.0324.PubMedCentralPubMed
156.
go back to reference Falzone N, Huyser C, Becker P, Leszczynski D, Franken DR: The effect of pulsed 900-MHz GSM mobile phone radiation on the acrosome reaction, head morphometry and zona binding of human spermatozoa. Int J Androl. 2011, 34: 20-26. 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2010.01054.x.PubMed Falzone N, Huyser C, Becker P, Leszczynski D, Franken DR: The effect of pulsed 900-MHz GSM mobile phone radiation on the acrosome reaction, head morphometry and zona binding of human spermatozoa. Int J Androl. 2011, 34: 20-26. 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2010.01054.x.PubMed
157.
go back to reference Agarwal A, Singh A, Hamada A, Kesari K: Cell phones and male infertility: A review of recent innovations in technology and consequences. Int Braz J Urol. 2011, 37: 432-454. 10.1590/S1677-55382011000400002.PubMed Agarwal A, Singh A, Hamada A, Kesari K: Cell phones and male infertility: A review of recent innovations in technology and consequences. Int Braz J Urol. 2011, 37: 432-454. 10.1590/S1677-55382011000400002.PubMed
158.
go back to reference Deepinder F, Makker K, Agarwal A: Cell phones and male infertility: Dissecting the relationship. Reprod Biomed Online. 2007, 15: 266-270. 10.1016/S1472-6483(10)60338-0.PubMed Deepinder F, Makker K, Agarwal A: Cell phones and male infertility: Dissecting the relationship. Reprod Biomed Online. 2007, 15: 266-270. 10.1016/S1472-6483(10)60338-0.PubMed
159.
go back to reference Merhi ZO: Challenging cell phone impact on reproduction: A review. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2012, 29: 293-297. 10.1007/s10815-012-9722-1.PubMedCentralPubMed Merhi ZO: Challenging cell phone impact on reproduction: A review. J Assist Reprod Genet. 2012, 29: 293-297. 10.1007/s10815-012-9722-1.PubMedCentralPubMed
160.
go back to reference Kelly-Weeder S, Cox CL: The impact of lifestyle risk factors on female infertility. Women Health. 2006, 44: 1-23. 10.1300/J013v44n01_01.PubMed Kelly-Weeder S, Cox CL: The impact of lifestyle risk factors on female infertility. Women Health. 2006, 44: 1-23. 10.1300/J013v44n01_01.PubMed
161.
go back to reference Mercer CH, Fenton KA, Johnson AM, Wellings K, Macdowall W, McManus S, Nanchahal K, Erens B: Sexual function problems and help seeking behaviour in Britain: National probability sample survey. BMJ. 2003, 327: 426-427. 10.1136/bmj.327.7412.426.PubMedCentralPubMed Mercer CH, Fenton KA, Johnson AM, Wellings K, Macdowall W, McManus S, Nanchahal K, Erens B: Sexual function problems and help seeking behaviour in Britain: National probability sample survey. BMJ. 2003, 327: 426-427. 10.1136/bmj.327.7412.426.PubMedCentralPubMed
162.
go back to reference Jung A, Schuppe HC: Influence of genital heat stress on semen quality in humans. Andrologia. 2007, 39: 203-215. 10.1111/j.1439-0272.2007.00794.x.PubMed Jung A, Schuppe HC: Influence of genital heat stress on semen quality in humans. Andrologia. 2007, 39: 203-215. 10.1111/j.1439-0272.2007.00794.x.PubMed
163.
go back to reference Jung A, Leonhardt F, Schill W, Schuppe H: Influence of the type of undertrousers and physical activity on scrotal temperature. Hum Reprod. 2005, 20: 1022-1027.PubMed Jung A, Leonhardt F, Schill W, Schuppe H: Influence of the type of undertrousers and physical activity on scrotal temperature. Hum Reprod. 2005, 20: 1022-1027.PubMed
164.
go back to reference Mieusset R, Bengoudifa B, Bujan L: Effect of posture and clothing on scrotal temperature in fertile men. J Androl. 2007, 28: 170-175.PubMed Mieusset R, Bengoudifa B, Bujan L: Effect of posture and clothing on scrotal temperature in fertile men. J Androl. 2007, 28: 170-175.PubMed
165.
go back to reference Tiemessen CH, Evers JL, Bots RS: Tight-fitting underwear and sperm quality. Lancet. 1996, 347: 1844-1845.PubMed Tiemessen CH, Evers JL, Bots RS: Tight-fitting underwear and sperm quality. Lancet. 1996, 347: 1844-1845.PubMed
166.
go back to reference Parazzini F, Marchini M, Luchini L, Tozzi L, Mezzopane R, Fedele L: Tight underpants and trousers and risk of dyspermia. Int J Androl. 1995, 18: 137-140. 10.1111/j.1365-2605.1995.tb00400.x.PubMed Parazzini F, Marchini M, Luchini L, Tozzi L, Mezzopane R, Fedele L: Tight underpants and trousers and risk of dyspermia. Int J Androl. 1995, 18: 137-140. 10.1111/j.1365-2605.1995.tb00400.x.PubMed
167.
go back to reference Munkelwitz R, Gilbert BR: Are boxer shorts really better? A critical analysis of the role of underwear type in male subfertility. J Urol. 1998, 160: 1329-1333. 10.1016/S0022-5347(01)62528-X.PubMed Munkelwitz R, Gilbert BR: Are boxer shorts really better? A critical analysis of the role of underwear type in male subfertility. J Urol. 1998, 160: 1329-1333. 10.1016/S0022-5347(01)62528-X.PubMed
168.
go back to reference Hjollund NH, Storgaard L, Ernst E, Bonde JP, Olsen J: The relation between daily activities and scrotal temperature. Reprod Toxicol. 2002, 16: 209-214. 10.1016/S0890-6238(02)00026-6.PubMed Hjollund NH, Storgaard L, Ernst E, Bonde JP, Olsen J: The relation between daily activities and scrotal temperature. Reprod Toxicol. 2002, 16: 209-214. 10.1016/S0890-6238(02)00026-6.PubMed
169.
go back to reference Shefi S, Tarapore PE, Walsh TJ, Croughan M, Turek PJ: Wet heat exposure: a potentially reversible cause of low semen quality in infertile men. Int Braz J Urol. 2007, 33: 50,6-discussion 56–57 Shefi S, Tarapore PE, Walsh TJ, Croughan M, Turek PJ: Wet heat exposure: a potentially reversible cause of low semen quality in infertile men. Int Braz J Urol. 2007, 33: 50,6-discussion 56–57
170.
go back to reference Agarwal A, Deepinder F, Cocuzza M, Short RA, Evenson DP: Effect of vaginal lubricants on sperm motility and chromatin integrity: a prospective comparative study. Fertil Steril. 2008, 89: 375-379. 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.02.050.PubMed Agarwal A, Deepinder F, Cocuzza M, Short RA, Evenson DP: Effect of vaginal lubricants on sperm motility and chromatin integrity: a prospective comparative study. Fertil Steril. 2008, 89: 375-379. 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.02.050.PubMed
171.
go back to reference Ellington JE, Short RA, Prevalence of vaginal dryness in trying to conceive couples: Prevalence of vaginal dryness in trying to conceive couples. Fertil Steril. 2003, 79: 21-22. Ellington JE, Short RA, Prevalence of vaginal dryness in trying to conceive couples: Prevalence of vaginal dryness in trying to conceive couples. Fertil Steril. 2003, 79: 21-22.
Metadata
Title
Lifestyle factors and reproductive health: taking control of your fertility
Authors
Rakesh Sharma
Kelly R Biedenharn
Jennifer M Fedor
Ashok Agarwal
Publication date
01-12-2013
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology / Issue 1/2013
Electronic ISSN: 1477-7827
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7827-11-66

Other articles of this Issue 1/2013

Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology 1/2013 Go to the issue