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Open Access 01-12-2022 | Research article

Lead contamination of public drinking water and academic achievements among children in Massachusetts: a panel study

Authors: Wenxin Lu, Ronnie Levin, Joel Schwartz

Published in: BMC Public Health | Issue 1/2022

Abstract

Background

Public drinking water can be an important source exposure to lead, which can affect children’s cognitive development and academic performance. Few studies have looked at the impact of lead exposures from community water supplies or their impact on school achievements. We examined the association between annual community water lead levels (WLLs) and children’s academic performances at the school district level.

Methods

We matched the 90th percentile WLLs with the grade 3–8 standardized test scores from the Stanford Education Data Archive on Geographic School Districts by geographic location and year. We used multivariate linear regression and adjusted for urbanicity, race, socioeconomic characteristics, school district, grade, and year. We also explored potential effect measure modifications and lag effects.

Results

After adjusting for potential confounders, a 5 μg/L increase in 90th percentile WLLs in a GSD was associated with a 0.00684 [0.00021, 0.01348] standard deviation decrease in the average math test score in the same year. No association was found for English Language Arts.

Conclusions

We found an association between the annual fluctuation of WLLs and math test scores in Massachusetts school districts, after adjusting for confounding by urbanicity, race, socioeconomic factors, school district, grade, and year. The implications of a detectable effect of WLLs on academic performance even at the modest levels evident in MA are significant and timely. Persistent efforts should be made to further reduce lead in drinking water.

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Title: Lead contamination of public drinking water and academic achievements among children in Massachusetts: a panel study
Authors: Wenxin Lu
Ronnie Levin
Joel Schwartz
Publication date: 01-12-2022
Publisher: BioMed Central
Published in: BMC Public Health / Issue 1/2022
Electronic ISSN: 1471-2458
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-12474-1

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Lead contamination of public drinking water and academic achievements among children in Massachusetts: a panel study

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusions

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Abstract

Background

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Results

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