Skip to main content
Top
Published in: CNS Drugs 7/2010

01-07-2010 | Therapy in Practice

Lafora disease

Epidemiology, pathophysiology and management

Authors: Thomas S. Monaghan, Dr Norman Delanty

Published in: CNS Drugs | Issue 7/2010

Login to get access

Abstract

Lafora disease is a rare, fatal, autosomal recessive, progressive myoclonic epilepsy. It may also be considered as a disorder of carbohydrate metabolism because of the formation of polyglucosan inclusion bodies in neural and other tissues due to abnormalities of the proteins laforin or malin. The condition is characterized by epilepsy, myoclonus and dementia. Diagnostic findings on MRI and neurophysiological testing are not definitive and biopsy or genetic studies may be required. Therapy in Lafora disease is currently limited to symptomatic management of the epilepsy, myoclonus and intercurrent complications. With a greater understanding of the pathophysiological processes involved, there is justified hope for future therapies.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Shahwan A, Farrell M, Delanty N. Progressive myoclonic epilepsies: a review of genetic and therapeutic aspects. Lancet Neurol 2005 Apr; 4(4): 239–48PubMedCrossRef Shahwan A, Farrell M, Delanty N. Progressive myoclonic epilepsies: a review of genetic and therapeutic aspects. Lancet Neurol 2005 Apr; 4(4): 239–48PubMedCrossRef
2.
go back to reference Nanduri AS, Kaushal N, Clusmann H, et al. The maestro don Gonzalo Rodriguez-Lafora. Epilepsia 2008 Jun; 49(6): 943–7PubMedCrossRef Nanduri AS, Kaushal N, Clusmann H, et al. The maestro don Gonzalo Rodriguez-Lafora. Epilepsia 2008 Jun; 49(6): 943–7PubMedCrossRef
3.
go back to reference Lafora G, Glueck B. Beitrag zur histopathologie der myoklonischen epelepsie. Z Gesante Neurol Psychiatr 1911; 6: 1–14CrossRef Lafora G, Glueck B. Beitrag zur histopathologie der myoklonischen epelepsie. Z Gesante Neurol Psychiatr 1911; 6: 1–14CrossRef
4.
go back to reference Franceschetti S, Gambardella A, Canafoglia L, et al. Clinical and genetic findings in 26 Italian patients with Lafora disease. Epilepsia 2006 Mar; 47(3): 640–3PubMedCrossRef Franceschetti S, Gambardella A, Canafoglia L, et al. Clinical and genetic findings in 26 Italian patients with Lafora disease. Epilepsia 2006 Mar; 47(3): 640–3PubMedCrossRef
5.
go back to reference Singh S, Suzuki T, Uchiyama A, et al. Mutations in the NHLRC1 gene are the common cause for Lafora disease in the Japanese population. J Human Genet 2005; 50(7): 347–52CrossRef Singh S, Suzuki T, Uchiyama A, et al. Mutations in the NHLRC1 gene are the common cause for Lafora disease in the Japanese population. J Human Genet 2005; 50(7): 347–52CrossRef
6.
go back to reference Acharya JN, Satischandra P, Asha T, et al. Lafora’s disease in south India: a clinical, electrophysiologic, and pathologic study. Epilepsia 1993 May–Jun; 34(3): 476–87PubMedCrossRef Acharya JN, Satischandra P, Asha T, et al. Lafora’s disease in south India: a clinical, electrophysiologic, and pathologic study. Epilepsia 1993 May–Jun; 34(3): 476–87PubMedCrossRef
7.
go back to reference Gomez-Abad C, Afawi Z, Korczyn AD, et al. Founder ffect with variable age at onset in Arab families with Lafora disease and EPM2A mutation. Epilepsia 2007 May; 48(5): 1011–4PubMedCrossRef Gomez-Abad C, Afawi Z, Korczyn AD, et al. Founder ffect with variable age at onset in Arab families with Lafora disease and EPM2A mutation. Epilepsia 2007 May; 48(5): 1011–4PubMedCrossRef
8.
go back to reference Solis MV. [Lafora disease and founder effect in a small neotropical locality]. Rev Biol Trop 2000 Jun–Sep; 48(2–3): 703–6PubMed Solis MV. [Lafora disease and founder effect in a small neotropical locality]. Rev Biol Trop 2000 Jun–Sep; 48(2–3): 703–6PubMed
9.
go back to reference Baykan B, Striano P, Gianotti S, et al. Late-onset and slow-progressing Lafora disease in four siblings with EPM2B mutation. Epilepsia 2005 Oct; 46(10): 1695–7PubMedCrossRef Baykan B, Striano P, Gianotti S, et al. Late-onset and slow-progressing Lafora disease in four siblings with EPM2B mutation. Epilepsia 2005 Oct; 46(10): 1695–7PubMedCrossRef
10.
go back to reference Messouak O, Yahyaoui M, Benabdeljalil M, et al. [Late discovery of Lafora disease: a family study]. Rev Neurol 2002 Jan; 158(1): 74–6PubMed Messouak O, Yahyaoui M, Benabdeljalil M, et al. [Late discovery of Lafora disease: a family study]. Rev Neurol 2002 Jan; 158(1): 74–6PubMed
11.
go back to reference Footitt DR, Quinn N, Kocen RS, et al. Familial Lafora body disease of late onset: report of four cases in one family and a review of the literature. J Neurol 1997 Jan; 244(1): 40–4PubMedCrossRef Footitt DR, Quinn N, Kocen RS, et al. Familial Lafora body disease of late onset: report of four cases in one family and a review of the literature. J Neurol 1997 Jan; 244(1): 40–4PubMedCrossRef
12.
go back to reference Kaufman MA, Dwork AJ, Willson NJ, et al. Late-onset Lafora’s disease with typical intraneuronal inclusions. Neurology 1993 Jun; 43(6): 1246–8PubMedCrossRef Kaufman MA, Dwork AJ, Willson NJ, et al. Late-onset Lafora’s disease with typical intraneuronal inclusions. Neurology 1993 Jun; 43(6): 1246–8PubMedCrossRef
13.
go back to reference Mouren MC, Roger J. Recent data on Lafora disease: apropos of 17 cases. Arch Fr Pediatr 1979 Mar; 36(3): 268–77PubMed Mouren MC, Roger J. Recent data on Lafora disease: apropos of 17 cases. Arch Fr Pediatr 1979 Mar; 36(3): 268–77PubMed
14.
go back to reference Lopez-Meza EG, Cerda-Tellez F, Alanis-Guevara IM, et al. Non-convulsive epileptic status associated with Lafora disease: two case reports. Rev Neurol 2003 Nov 16–30; 37(10): 945–7PubMed Lopez-Meza EG, Cerda-Tellez F, Alanis-Guevara IM, et al. Non-convulsive epileptic status associated with Lafora disease: two case reports. Rev Neurol 2003 Nov 16–30; 37(10): 945–7PubMed
15.
go back to reference Ramachandran N, Girard JM, Turnbull J, et al. The autosomal recessively inherited progressive myoclonus epilepsies and their genes. Epilepsia 2009 May; 50 Suppl. 5: 29–36CrossRef Ramachandran N, Girard JM, Turnbull J, et al. The autosomal recessively inherited progressive myoclonus epilepsies and their genes. Epilepsia 2009 May; 50 Suppl. 5: 29–36CrossRef
16.
go back to reference Pichiecchio A, Veggiotti P, Cardinali S, et al. Lafora disease: spectroscopy study correlated with neuropsychological findings. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2008 Jul; 12(4): 342–7PubMedCrossRef Pichiecchio A, Veggiotti P, Cardinali S, et al. Lafora disease: spectroscopy study correlated with neuropsychological findings. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2008 Jul; 12(4): 342–7PubMedCrossRef
17.
go back to reference Villanueva V, Alvarez-Linera J, Gomez-Garre P, et al. MRI volumetry and proton MR spectroscopy of the brain in Lafora disease. Epilepsia 2006 Apr; 47(4): 788–92PubMedCrossRef Villanueva V, Alvarez-Linera J, Gomez-Garre P, et al. MRI volumetry and proton MR spectroscopy of the brain in Lafora disease. Epilepsia 2006 Apr; 47(4): 788–92PubMedCrossRef
18.
go back to reference Cukiert A, Vilela MM, Scapolan HB, et al. Mental deterioration in Lafora’s disease. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 1990 Jun; 48(2): 236–40PubMed Cukiert A, Vilela MM, Scapolan HB, et al. Mental deterioration in Lafora’s disease. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 1990 Jun; 48(2): 236–40PubMed
19.
go back to reference Kumada S, Kubota M, Hayashi M, et al. Fixation-sensitive myoclonus in Lafora disease. Neurology 2006 May 23; 66(10): 1574–6PubMedCrossRef Kumada S, Kubota M, Hayashi M, et al. Fixation-sensitive myoclonus in Lafora disease. Neurology 2006 May 23; 66(10): 1574–6PubMedCrossRef
20.
go back to reference Andrade DM, del Campo JM, Moro E, et al. Nonepileptic visual hallucinations in Lafora disease. Neurology 2005 Apr 12; 64(7): 1311–2PubMedCrossRef Andrade DM, del Campo JM, Moro E, et al. Nonepileptic visual hallucinations in Lafora disease. Neurology 2005 Apr 12; 64(7): 1311–2PubMedCrossRef
21.
go back to reference Rustam H, Hamdi T, Witri S. Progressive familial myoclonus epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1975 Sep; 38(9): 845–8PubMedCrossRef Rustam H, Hamdi T, Witri S. Progressive familial myoclonus epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1975 Sep; 38(9): 845–8PubMedCrossRef
22.
go back to reference de Graaf AS, Ancker E, Rutherfoord GS, et al. Lafora-body disease with optic atrophy, macular degeneration and cardiac failure. J Neurol Sci 1989 Oct; 93(1): 69–84PubMedCrossRef de Graaf AS, Ancker E, Rutherfoord GS, et al. Lafora-body disease with optic atrophy, macular degeneration and cardiac failure. J Neurol Sci 1989 Oct; 93(1): 69–84PubMedCrossRef
23.
go back to reference Gomez-Garre P, Gutierrez-Delicado E, Gomez-Abad C, et al. Hepatic disease as the first manifestation of progressive myoclonus epilepsy of Lafora. Neurology 2007 Apr 24; 68(17): 1369–73PubMedCrossRef Gomez-Garre P, Gutierrez-Delicado E, Gomez-Abad C, et al. Hepatic disease as the first manifestation of progressive myoclonus epilepsy of Lafora. Neurology 2007 Apr 24; 68(17): 1369–73PubMedCrossRef
24.
go back to reference Elliott EJ, Talbot IC, Pye IF, et al. Lafora disease: a progressive myoclonus epilepsy. J Pediatr Child Health 1992 Dec; 28(6): 455–8CrossRef Elliott EJ, Talbot IC, Pye IF, et al. Lafora disease: a progressive myoclonus epilepsy. J Pediatr Child Health 1992 Dec; 28(6): 455–8CrossRef
25.
go back to reference Oksel F, Tekgul H, Genc S, et al. A case of Lafora’s disease associated with cardiac arrhythmia. J Child Neurol 1999 Nov; 14(11): 745–6PubMedCrossRef Oksel F, Tekgul H, Genc S, et al. A case of Lafora’s disease associated with cardiac arrhythmia. J Child Neurol 1999 Nov; 14(11): 745–6PubMedCrossRef
26.
go back to reference Tinuper P, Plazzi G, Monari L, et al. Arylsulfatase A pseudodeficiency and Lafora bodies in a patient with progressive myoclonic epilepsy. Epilepsia 1994 Mar–Apr; 35(2): 332–5PubMedCrossRef Tinuper P, Plazzi G, Monari L, et al. Arylsulfatase A pseudodeficiency and Lafora bodies in a patient with progressive myoclonic epilepsy. Epilepsia 1994 Mar–Apr; 35(2): 332–5PubMedCrossRef
27.
go back to reference Bertagnolio B, Girotti F, Pelucchetti D, et al. Myoclonic epilepsy of Lafora and arylsulphatase A deficiency in the same patient. J Inherit Metab Dis 1989; 12(4): 458–66PubMedCrossRef Bertagnolio B, Girotti F, Pelucchetti D, et al. Myoclonic epilepsy of Lafora and arylsulphatase A deficiency in the same patient. J Inherit Metab Dis 1989; 12(4): 458–66PubMedCrossRef
28.
go back to reference Wick R, Byard RW. Mechanisms of unexpected and/or sudden death in Lafora disease. Forensic Sci Int 2006 Nov 10; 163(1–2): 144–7PubMedCrossRef Wick R, Byard RW. Mechanisms of unexpected and/or sudden death in Lafora disease. Forensic Sci Int 2006 Nov 10; 163(1–2): 144–7PubMedCrossRef
29.
go back to reference Scelsi R, Mazzella GL, Lombardi M. Myoclonus epilepsy with cerebellar Lafora bodies: report of a case. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1976 Apr; 39(4): 357–61PubMedCrossRef Scelsi R, Mazzella GL, Lombardi M. Myoclonus epilepsy with cerebellar Lafora bodies: report of a case. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1976 Apr; 39(4): 357–61PubMedCrossRef
30.
go back to reference Tagliabracci VS, Turnbull J, Wang W, et al. Laforin is a glycogen phosphatase, deficiency of which leads to elevated phosphorylation of glycogen in vivo. Proc Nat Acad Sci U S A 2007 Dec 4; 104(49): 19262–6CrossRef Tagliabracci VS, Turnbull J, Wang W, et al. Laforin is a glycogen phosphatase, deficiency of which leads to elevated phosphorylation of glycogen in vivo. Proc Nat Acad Sci U S A 2007 Dec 4; 104(49): 19262–6CrossRef
31.
go back to reference Lohi H, Ianzano L, Zhao XC, et al. Novel glycogen synthase kinase 3 and ubiquitination pathways in progressive myoclonus epilepsy. Hum Mol Genet 2005 Sep 15; 14(18): 2727–36PubMedCrossRef Lohi H, Ianzano L, Zhao XC, et al. Novel glycogen synthase kinase 3 and ubiquitination pathways in progressive myoclonus epilepsy. Hum Mol Genet 2005 Sep 15; 14(18): 2727–36PubMedCrossRef
32.
go back to reference Garyali P, Siwach P, Singh PK, et al. The malin-laforin complex suppresses the cellular toxicity of misfolded proteins by promoting their degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Hum Mol Genet 2009 Feb 15; 18(4): 688–700PubMedCrossRef Garyali P, Siwach P, Singh PK, et al. The malin-laforin complex suppresses the cellular toxicity of misfolded proteins by promoting their degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Hum Mol Genet 2009 Feb 15; 18(4): 688–700PubMedCrossRef
33.
go back to reference Nikaido T, Austin J, Stukenbrok H. Studies in myoclonus epilepsy: 3. The effects of amylolytic enzymes on the ultrastructure of Lafora bodies. J Histochem Cytochem 1971 Jun; 19(6): 382–5CrossRef Nikaido T, Austin J, Stukenbrok H. Studies in myoclonus epilepsy: 3. The effects of amylolytic enzymes on the ultrastructure of Lafora bodies. J Histochem Cytochem 1971 Jun; 19(6): 382–5CrossRef
34.
go back to reference Busard HL, Renier WO, Gabreels FJ, et al. Lafora disease: a quantitative morphological and biochemical study of the cerebral cortex. Clin Neuropathol 1987 Jan–Feb; 6(1): 1–6PubMed Busard HL, Renier WO, Gabreels FJ, et al. Lafora disease: a quantitative morphological and biochemical study of the cerebral cortex. Clin Neuropathol 1987 Jan–Feb; 6(1): 1–6PubMed
35.
go back to reference Canafoglia L, Ciano C, Panzica F, et al. Sensorimotor cortex excitability in Unverricht-Lundborg disease and Lafora body disease. Neurology 2004 Dec 28; 63(12): 2309–15PubMedCrossRef Canafoglia L, Ciano C, Panzica F, et al. Sensorimotor cortex excitability in Unverricht-Lundborg disease and Lafora body disease. Neurology 2004 Dec 28; 63(12): 2309–15PubMedCrossRef
36.
go back to reference Tsuda H, Katsumi Y, Nakamura M, et al. Cerebral blood flow and metabolism in Lafora disease. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 1995 Feb; 35(2): 175–9PubMed Tsuda H, Katsumi Y, Nakamura M, et al. Cerebral blood flow and metabolism in Lafora disease. Rinsho Shinkeigaku 1995 Feb; 35(2): 175–9PubMed
37.
go back to reference Minassian BA, Lee JR, Herbrick JA, et al. Mutations in a gene encoding a novel protein tyrosine phosphatase cause progressive myoclonus epilepsy. Nat Genet 1998 Oct; 20(2): 171–4PubMedCrossRef Minassian BA, Lee JR, Herbrick JA, et al. Mutations in a gene encoding a novel protein tyrosine phosphatase cause progressive myoclonus epilepsy. Nat Genet 1998 Oct; 20(2): 171–4PubMedCrossRef
38.
go back to reference Serratosa JM, Delgado-Escueta AV, Posada I, et al. The gene for progressive myoclonus epilepsy of the Lafora type maps to chromosome 6q. Hum Mol Genet 1995 Sep; 4(9): 1657–63PubMedCrossRef Serratosa JM, Delgado-Escueta AV, Posada I, et al. The gene for progressive myoclonus epilepsy of the Lafora type maps to chromosome 6q. Hum Mol Genet 1995 Sep; 4(9): 1657–63PubMedCrossRef
39.
go back to reference Lehesjoki AE, Koskiniemi M, Sistonen P, et al. Localization of a gene for progressive myoclonus epilepsy to chromosome 21q22. Proc Nat Acad Sci U S A 1991 May 1; 88(9): 3696–9CrossRef Lehesjoki AE, Koskiniemi M, Sistonen P, et al. Localization of a gene for progressive myoclonus epilepsy to chromosome 21q22. Proc Nat Acad Sci U S A 1991 May 1; 88(9): 3696–9CrossRef
40.
go back to reference Ganesh S, Agarwala KL, Amano K, et al. Regional and developmental expression of Epm2a gene and its evolutionary conservation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001 May 25; 283(5): 1046–53PubMedCrossRef Ganesh S, Agarwala KL, Amano K, et al. Regional and developmental expression of Epm2a gene and its evolutionary conservation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001 May 25; 283(5): 1046–53PubMedCrossRef
41.
go back to reference Minassian BA, Ianzano L, Delgado-Escueta AV, et al. Identification of new and common mutations in the EPM2A gene in Lafora disease. Neurology 2000 Jan 25; 54(2): 488–90PubMedCrossRef Minassian BA, Ianzano L, Delgado-Escueta AV, et al. Identification of new and common mutations in the EPM2A gene in Lafora disease. Neurology 2000 Jan 25; 54(2): 488–90PubMedCrossRef
42.
go back to reference Singh S, Ganesh S. Lafora progressive myoclonus epilepsy: a meta-analysis of reported mutations in the first decade following the discovery of the EPM2A and NHLRC1 genes. Hum Mutat 2009 May; 30(5): 715–23PubMedCrossRef Singh S, Ganesh S. Lafora progressive myoclonus epilepsy: a meta-analysis of reported mutations in the first decade following the discovery of the EPM2A and NHLRC1 genes. Hum Mutat 2009 May; 30(5): 715–23PubMedCrossRef
43.
go back to reference Gomez-Garre P, Sanz Y, Rodriguez De Cordoba SR, et al. Mutational spectrum of the EPM2A gene in progressive myoclonus epilepsy of Lafora: high degree of allelic heterogeneity and prevalence of deletions. Eur J Hum Genet 2000 Dec; 8(12): 946–54PubMedCrossRef Gomez-Garre P, Sanz Y, Rodriguez De Cordoba SR, et al. Mutational spectrum of the EPM2A gene in progressive myoclonus epilepsy of Lafora: high degree of allelic heterogeneity and prevalence of deletions. Eur J Hum Genet 2000 Dec; 8(12): 946–54PubMedCrossRef
44.
go back to reference Ganesh S, Tsurutani N, Suzuki T, et al. The carbohydrate-binding domain of Lafora disease protein targets Lafora polyglucosan bodies. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004 Jan 23; 313(4): 1101–9PubMedCrossRef Ganesh S, Tsurutani N, Suzuki T, et al. The carbohydrate-binding domain of Lafora disease protein targets Lafora polyglucosan bodies. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004 Jan 23; 313(4): 1101–9PubMedCrossRef
45.
go back to reference Dubey D, Ganesh S. Modulation of functional properties of laforin phosphatase by alternative splicing reveals a novel mechanism for the EPM2A gene in Lafora progressive myoclonus epilepsy. Hum Mol Genet 2008 Oct 1; 17(19): 3010–20PubMedCrossRef Dubey D, Ganesh S. Modulation of functional properties of laforin phosphatase by alternative splicing reveals a novel mechanism for the EPM2A gene in Lafora progressive myoclonus epilepsy. Hum Mol Genet 2008 Oct 1; 17(19): 3010–20PubMedCrossRef
46.
go back to reference Ianzano L, Young EJ, Zhao XC, et al. Loss of function of the cytoplasmic isoform of the protein laforin (EPM2A) causes Lafora progressive myoclonus epilepsy. Hum Mutat 2004 Feb; 23(2): 170–6PubMedCrossRef Ianzano L, Young EJ, Zhao XC, et al. Loss of function of the cytoplasmic isoform of the protein laforin (EPM2A) causes Lafora progressive myoclonus epilepsy. Hum Mutat 2004 Feb; 23(2): 170–6PubMedCrossRef
47.
go back to reference Liu Y, Wang Y, Wu C, et al. Dimerization of Laforin is required for its optimal phosphatase activity, regulation of GSK3beta phosphorylation, and Wnt signaling. J Biol Chem 2006 Nov 17; 281(46): 34768–74PubMedCrossRef Liu Y, Wang Y, Wu C, et al. Dimerization of Laforin is required for its optimal phosphatase activity, regulation of GSK3beta phosphorylation, and Wnt signaling. J Biol Chem 2006 Nov 17; 281(46): 34768–74PubMedCrossRef
48.
go back to reference Ganesh S, Delgado-Escueta AV, Suzuki T, et al. Genotype-phenotype correlations for EPM2A mutations in Lafora’s progressive myoclonus epilepsy: exon 1 mutations associate with an early-onset cognitive deficit subphenotype. Hum Mol Genet 2002 May 15; 11(11): 1263–71PubMedCrossRef Ganesh S, Delgado-Escueta AV, Suzuki T, et al. Genotype-phenotype correlations for EPM2A mutations in Lafora’s progressive myoclonus epilepsy: exon 1 mutations associate with an early-onset cognitive deficit subphenotype. Hum Mol Genet 2002 May 15; 11(11): 1263–71PubMedCrossRef
49.
go back to reference Annesi G, Sofia V, Gambardella A, et al. A novel exon 1 mutation in a patient with atypical Lafora progressive myoclonus epilepsy seen as childhood-onset cognitive deficit. Epilepsia 2004 Mar; 45(3): 294–5PubMedCrossRef Annesi G, Sofia V, Gambardella A, et al. A novel exon 1 mutation in a patient with atypical Lafora progressive myoclonus epilepsy seen as childhood-onset cognitive deficit. Epilepsia 2004 Mar; 45(3): 294–5PubMedCrossRef
50.
go back to reference Chan EM, Omer S, Ahmed M, et al. Progressive myoclonus epilepsy with polyglucosans (Lafora disease): evidence for a third locus. Neurology 2004 Aug 10; 63(3): 565–7PubMedCrossRef Chan EM, Omer S, Ahmed M, et al. Progressive myoclonus epilepsy with polyglucosans (Lafora disease): evidence for a third locus. Neurology 2004 Aug 10; 63(3): 565–7PubMedCrossRef
51.
go back to reference Delgado-Escueta AV. Advances in lafora progressive myoclonus epilepsy. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2007 Sep; 7(5): 428–33PubMedCrossRef Delgado-Escueta AV. Advances in lafora progressive myoclonus epilepsy. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2007 Sep; 7(5): 428–33PubMedCrossRef
52.
go back to reference Fernandez-Sanchez ME, Criado-Garcia O, Heath KE, et al. Laforin, the dual-phosphatase responsible for Lafora disease, interacts with R5 (PTG), a regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase-1 that enhances glycogen accumulation. Hum Mol Genet 2003 Dec 1; 12(23): 3161–71PubMedCrossRef Fernandez-Sanchez ME, Criado-Garcia O, Heath KE, et al. Laforin, the dual-phosphatase responsible for Lafora disease, interacts with R5 (PTG), a regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase-1 that enhances glycogen accumulation. Hum Mol Genet 2003 Dec 1; 12(23): 3161–71PubMedCrossRef
53.
go back to reference Wang W, Lohi H, Skurat AV, et al. Glycogen metabolism in tissues from a mouse model of Lafora disease. Arch Biochem Biophys 2007 Jan 15; 457(2): 264–9PubMedCrossRef Wang W, Lohi H, Skurat AV, et al. Glycogen metabolism in tissues from a mouse model of Lafora disease. Arch Biochem Biophys 2007 Jan 15; 457(2): 264–9PubMedCrossRef
54.
go back to reference Chan EM, Bulman DE, Paterson AD, et al. Genetic mapping of a new Lafora progressive myoclonus epilepsy locus (EPM2B) on 6p22. J Med Genet 2003 Sep; 40(9): 671–5PubMedCrossRef Chan EM, Bulman DE, Paterson AD, et al. Genetic mapping of a new Lafora progressive myoclonus epilepsy locus (EPM2B) on 6p22. J Med Genet 2003 Sep; 40(9): 671–5PubMedCrossRef
55.
go back to reference Chan EM, Young EJ, Ianzano L, et al. Mutations in NHLRC1 cause progressive myoclonus epilepsy. Nat Genet 2003 Oct; 35(2): 125–7PubMedCrossRef Chan EM, Young EJ, Ianzano L, et al. Mutations in NHLRC1 cause progressive myoclonus epilepsy. Nat Genet 2003 Oct; 35(2): 125–7PubMedCrossRef
56.
go back to reference Gentry MS, Worby CA, Dixon JE. Insights into Lafora disease: malin is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that ubiquitinates and promotes the degradation of laforin. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 2005 Jun 14; 102(24): 8501–6PubMedCrossRef Gentry MS, Worby CA, Dixon JE. Insights into Lafora disease: malin is an E3 ubiquitin ligase that ubiquitinates and promotes the degradation of laforin. Proc Nat Acad Sci USA 2005 Jun 14; 102(24): 8501–6PubMedCrossRef
57.
go back to reference Gomez-Abad C, Gomez-Garre P, Gutierrez-Delicado E, et al. Lafora disease due to EPM2B mutations: a clinical and genetic study. Neurology 2005 Mar 22; 64(6): 982–6PubMedCrossRef Gomez-Abad C, Gomez-Garre P, Gutierrez-Delicado E, et al. Lafora disease due to EPM2B mutations: a clinical and genetic study. Neurology 2005 Mar 22; 64(6): 982–6PubMedCrossRef
58.
go back to reference Singh S, Sethi I, Francheschetti S, et al. Novel NHLRC1 mutations and genotype-phenotype correlations in patients with Lafora’s progressive myoclonic epilepsy. J Med Genet 2006 Sep; 43(9): e48PubMedCrossRef Singh S, Sethi I, Francheschetti S, et al. Novel NHLRC1 mutations and genotype-phenotype correlations in patients with Lafora’s progressive myoclonic epilepsy. J Med Genet 2006 Sep; 43(9): e48PubMedCrossRef
59.
go back to reference Traore M, Landoure G, Motley W, et al. Novel mutation in the NHLRC1 gene in a Malian family with a severe phenotype of Lafora disease. Neurogenetics 2009 Oct; 10(4): 319–23PubMedCrossRef Traore M, Landoure G, Motley W, et al. Novel mutation in the NHLRC1 gene in a Malian family with a severe phenotype of Lafora disease. Neurogenetics 2009 Oct; 10(4): 319–23PubMedCrossRef
60.
go back to reference Ianzano L, Zhang J, Chan EM, et al. Lafora progressive myoclonus epilepsy mutation database: EPM2A and NHLRC1 (EPM2B) genes. Hum Mutat 2005 Oct; 26(4): 397PubMedCrossRef Ianzano L, Zhang J, Chan EM, et al. Lafora progressive myoclonus epilepsy mutation database: EPM2A and NHLRC1 (EPM2B) genes. Hum Mutat 2005 Oct; 26(4): 397PubMedCrossRef
61.
go back to reference Boccella P, Striano P, Zara F, et al. Bioptically demonstrated Lafora disease without EPM2A mutation: a clinical and neurophysiological study of two sisters. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2003 Dec; 106(1): 55–9PubMedCrossRef Boccella P, Striano P, Zara F, et al. Bioptically demonstrated Lafora disease without EPM2A mutation: a clinical and neurophysiological study of two sisters. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2003 Dec; 106(1): 55–9PubMedCrossRef
62.
go back to reference Minassian BA. Lafora’s disease: towards a clinical, pathologic, and molecular synthesis. Pediatr Neurol 2001 Jul; 25(1): 21–9PubMedCrossRef Minassian BA. Lafora’s disease: towards a clinical, pathologic, and molecular synthesis. Pediatr Neurol 2001 Jul; 25(1): 21–9PubMedCrossRef
63.
go back to reference Ponsford S, Pye IF, Elliot EJ. Posterior paroxysmal discharge: an aid to early diagnosis in Lafora disease. J Royal Soc Med 1993 Oct; 86(10): 597–9 Ponsford S, Pye IF, Elliot EJ. Posterior paroxysmal discharge: an aid to early diagnosis in Lafora disease. J Royal Soc Med 1993 Oct; 86(10): 597–9
64.
go back to reference Yen C, Beydoun A, Drury I. Longitudinal EEG studies in a kindred with Lafora disease. Epilepsia 1991 Nov–Dec; 32(6): 895–9PubMedCrossRef Yen C, Beydoun A, Drury I. Longitudinal EEG studies in a kindred with Lafora disease. Epilepsia 1991 Nov–Dec; 32(6): 895–9PubMedCrossRef
65.
go back to reference Kobayashi K, Iyoda K, Ohtsuka Y, et al. Longitudinal clinicoelectrophysiologic study of a case of Lafora disease proven by skin biopsy. Epilepsia 1990 Mar–Apr; 31(2): 194–201PubMedCrossRef Kobayashi K, Iyoda K, Ohtsuka Y, et al. Longitudinal clinicoelectrophysiologic study of a case of Lafora disease proven by skin biopsy. Epilepsia 1990 Mar–Apr; 31(2): 194–201PubMedCrossRef
66.
go back to reference Panzica F, Canafoglia L, Franceschetti S, et al. Movement-activated myoclonus in genetically defined progressive myoclonic epilepsies: EEG-EMG relationship estimated using autoregressive models. Clin Neurophysiol 2003 Jun; 114(6): 1041–52PubMedCrossRef Panzica F, Canafoglia L, Franceschetti S, et al. Movement-activated myoclonus in genetically defined progressive myoclonic epilepsies: EEG-EMG relationship estimated using autoregressive models. Clin Neurophysiol 2003 Jun; 114(6): 1041–52PubMedCrossRef
67.
go back to reference Orizaola P, Calleja J. Progressive study of EEG and evoked potentials in Lafora disease. Rev Neurol 1998 Jul; 27(155): 81–5PubMed Orizaola P, Calleja J. Progressive study of EEG and evoked potentials in Lafora disease. Rev Neurol 1998 Jul; 27(155): 81–5PubMed
68.
go back to reference Acharya JN, Satishchandra P, Shankar SK. Familial progressive myoclonus epilepsy: clinical and electrophysiologic observations. Epilepsia 1995 May; 36(5): 429–34PubMedCrossRef Acharya JN, Satishchandra P, Shankar SK. Familial progressive myoclonus epilepsy: clinical and electrophysiologic observations. Epilepsia 1995 May; 36(5): 429–34PubMedCrossRef
69.
go back to reference Aguglia U, Farnarier G, Tinuper P, et al. Brainstem auditory evoked responses in Lafora disease. Clin Electroencephalogr 1985 Oct; 16(4): 202–7PubMed Aguglia U, Farnarier G, Tinuper P, et al. Brainstem auditory evoked responses in Lafora disease. Clin Electroencephalogr 1985 Oct; 16(4): 202–7PubMed
70.
go back to reference Tseng CF, Ho CS, Chiu NC, et al. Lafora disease and congenital generalized lipodystrophy: a case report. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2009 Dec; 25(12): 663–8PubMedCrossRef Tseng CF, Ho CS, Chiu NC, et al. Lafora disease and congenital generalized lipodystrophy: a case report. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2009 Dec; 25(12): 663–8PubMedCrossRef
71.
go back to reference Canafoglia L, Ciano C, Visani E, et al. Short and long interval cortical inhibition in patients with Unverricht-Lundborg and Lafora body disease. Epilepsy Res May; 89 (2–3): 232–7 Canafoglia L, Ciano C, Visani E, et al. Short and long interval cortical inhibition in patients with Unverricht-Lundborg and Lafora body disease. Epilepsy Res May; 89 (2–3): 232–7
72.
go back to reference Verrotti A, Salusti B, Trotta D, et al. Epilepsy evaluation by electroencephalography and magnetoencephalography in Lafora-body disease: a case report. Acta Paediatr 2003 Oct; 92(10): 1218–22PubMedCrossRef Verrotti A, Salusti B, Trotta D, et al. Epilepsy evaluation by electroencephalography and magnetoencephalography in Lafora-body disease: a case report. Acta Paediatr 2003 Oct; 92(10): 1218–22PubMedCrossRef
73.
go back to reference Striano P, Ackerley CA, Cervasio M, et al. 22-year-old girl with status epilepticus and progressive neurological symptoms. Brain Pathol 2009 Oct; 19(4): 727–30PubMedCrossRef Striano P, Ackerley CA, Cervasio M, et al. 22-year-old girl with status epilepticus and progressive neurological symptoms. Brain Pathol 2009 Oct; 19(4): 727–30PubMedCrossRef
74.
go back to reference Altindag E, Kara B, Baykan B, et al. MR spectroscopy findings in Lafora disease. J Neuroimaging 2009 Oct; 19(4): 359–65PubMedCrossRef Altindag E, Kara B, Baykan B, et al. MR spectroscopy findings in Lafora disease. J Neuroimaging 2009 Oct; 19(4): 359–65PubMedCrossRef
75.
go back to reference Kato Z, Yasuda K, Ishii K, et al. Glucose metabolism evaluated by positron emission tomography in Lafora disease. Pediatr Int 1999 Dec; 41(6): 689–92PubMed Kato Z, Yasuda K, Ishii K, et al. Glucose metabolism evaluated by positron emission tomography in Lafora disease. Pediatr Int 1999 Dec; 41(6): 689–92PubMed
76.
go back to reference Jennesson M, Milh M, Villeneuve N, et al. Posterior glucose hypometabolism in Lafora disease: early and late FDG-PET assessment. Epilepsia Apr; 51 (4): 708–11 Jennesson M, Milh M, Villeneuve N, et al. Posterior glucose hypometabolism in Lafora disease: early and late FDG-PET assessment. Epilepsia Apr; 51 (4): 708–11
77.
go back to reference Carpenter S, Karpati G. Sweat gland duct cells in Lafora disease: diagnosis by skin biopsy. Neurology 1981 Dec; 31(12): 1564–8PubMedCrossRef Carpenter S, Karpati G. Sweat gland duct cells in Lafora disease: diagnosis by skin biopsy. Neurology 1981 Dec; 31(12): 1564–8PubMedCrossRef
78.
go back to reference Carpenter S, Karpati G, Andermann F, et al. Lafora’s disease: peroxisomal storage in skeletal muscle. Neurology 1974 Jun; 24(6): 531–8PubMedCrossRef Carpenter S, Karpati G, Andermann F, et al. Lafora’s disease: peroxisomal storage in skeletal muscle. Neurology 1974 Jun; 24(6): 531–8PubMedCrossRef
79.
go back to reference Goebel HH. Extracerebral biopsies in neurodegenerative diseases of childhood. Brain Dev 1999 Oct; 21(7): 435–43PubMedCrossRef Goebel HH. Extracerebral biopsies in neurodegenerative diseases of childhood. Brain Dev 1999 Oct; 21(7): 435–43PubMedCrossRef
80.
go back to reference Busard HL, Gabreels-Festen AA, Renier WO, et al. Axilla skin biopsy: a reliable test for the diagnosis of Lafora’s disease. Ann Neurol 1987 Jun; 21(6): 599–601PubMedCrossRef Busard HL, Gabreels-Festen AA, Renier WO, et al. Axilla skin biopsy: a reliable test for the diagnosis of Lafora’s disease. Ann Neurol 1987 Jun; 21(6): 599–601PubMedCrossRef
81.
go back to reference O’Shea AM, Wilson GJ, Ling SC, et al. Lafora-like ground-glass inclusions in hepatocytes of pediatric patients: a report of two cases. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2007 Sep–Oct; 10(5): 351–7PubMedCrossRef O’Shea AM, Wilson GJ, Ling SC, et al. Lafora-like ground-glass inclusions in hepatocytes of pediatric patients: a report of two cases. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2007 Sep–Oct; 10(5): 351–7PubMedCrossRef
82.
go back to reference Andrade DM, Ackerley CA, Minett TS, et al. Skin biopsy in Lafora disease: genotype-phenotype correlations and diagnostic pitfalls. Neurology 2003 Dec 9; 61(11): 1611–4PubMedCrossRef Andrade DM, Ackerley CA, Minett TS, et al. Skin biopsy in Lafora disease: genotype-phenotype correlations and diagnostic pitfalls. Neurology 2003 Dec 9; 61(11): 1611–4PubMedCrossRef
83.
go back to reference Nishimura RN, Ishak KG, Reddick R, et al. Lafora disease: diagnosis by liver biopsy. Ann Neurol 1980 Oct; 8(4): 409–15PubMedCrossRef Nishimura RN, Ishak KG, Reddick R, et al. Lafora disease: diagnosis by liver biopsy. Ann Neurol 1980 Oct; 8(4): 409–15PubMedCrossRef
84.
go back to reference Baumann RJ, Kocoshis SA, Wilson D. Lafora disease: liver histopathology in presymptomatic children. Ann Neurol 1983 Jul; 14(1): 86–9PubMedCrossRef Baumann RJ, Kocoshis SA, Wilson D. Lafora disease: liver histopathology in presymptomatic children. Ann Neurol 1983 Jul; 14(1): 86–9PubMedCrossRef
85.
go back to reference Al Otaibi SF, Minassian BA, Ackerley CA, et al. Unusual presentation of Lafora’s disease. J Child Neurol 2003 Jul; 18(7): 499–501PubMedCrossRef Al Otaibi SF, Minassian BA, Ackerley CA, et al. Unusual presentation of Lafora’s disease. J Child Neurol 2003 Jul; 18(7): 499–501PubMedCrossRef
86.
go back to reference Tuzun E, Gurses C, Baykan B, et al. Lafora body-like inclusions in a case of progressive myoclonic ataxia associated with coeliac disease. Eur Neurol 2001; 46(3): 157–8PubMedCrossRef Tuzun E, Gurses C, Baykan B, et al. Lafora body-like inclusions in a case of progressive myoclonic ataxia associated with coeliac disease. Eur Neurol 2001; 46(3): 157–8PubMedCrossRef
87.
go back to reference Manetto V, Abdul-Karim FW, Perry G, et al. Selective presence of ubiquitin in intracellular inclusions. Am J Pathology 1989 Mar; 134(3): 505–13 Manetto V, Abdul-Karim FW, Perry G, et al. Selective presence of ubiquitin in intracellular inclusions. Am J Pathology 1989 Mar; 134(3): 505–13
88.
go back to reference Madhavan D, Kuzniecky RI. Lafora disease: reviews in neurological diseases. Rev Neurol Dis 2006 Summer; 3(3): 131–5PubMed Madhavan D, Kuzniecky RI. Lafora disease: reviews in neurological diseases. Rev Neurol Dis 2006 Summer; 3(3): 131–5PubMed
89.
go back to reference Corkill RG, Hardie RJ. An unusual case of Lafora body disease. Eur J Neurol 1999 Mar; 6(2): 245–7PubMedCrossRef Corkill RG, Hardie RJ. An unusual case of Lafora body disease. Eur J Neurol 1999 Mar; 6(2): 245–7PubMedCrossRef
90.
go back to reference Yoshimura I, Kaneko S, Yoshimura N, et al. Long-term observations of two siblings with Lafora disease treated with zonisamide. Epilepsy Res 2001 Sep; 46(3): 283–7PubMedCrossRef Yoshimura I, Kaneko S, Yoshimura N, et al. Long-term observations of two siblings with Lafora disease treated with zonisamide. Epilepsy Res 2001 Sep; 46(3): 283–7PubMedCrossRef
91.
go back to reference Kyllerman M, Ben-Menachem E. Zonisamide for progressive myoclonus epilepsy: long-term observations in seven patients. Epilepsy Res 1998 Jan; 29(2): 109–14PubMedCrossRef Kyllerman M, Ben-Menachem E. Zonisamide for progressive myoclonus epilepsy: long-term observations in seven patients. Epilepsy Res 1998 Jan; 29(2): 109–14PubMedCrossRef
92.
go back to reference Genton P, Gelisse P, Crespel A. Lack of efficacy and potential aggravation of myoclonus with lamotrigine in Unverricht-Lundborg disease. Epilepsia 2006 Dec; 47(12): 2083–5PubMedCrossRef Genton P, Gelisse P, Crespel A. Lack of efficacy and potential aggravation of myoclonus with lamotrigine in Unverricht-Lundborg disease. Epilepsia 2006 Dec; 47(12): 2083–5PubMedCrossRef
93.
go back to reference de Quadros A, Sa DS, Kowacs PA, et al. Lafora’s disease and movement disorders: report of 2 cases. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2000 Sep; 58(3A): 720–3PubMedCrossRef de Quadros A, Sa DS, Kowacs PA, et al. Lafora’s disease and movement disorders: report of 2 cases. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2000 Sep; 58(3A): 720–3PubMedCrossRef
94.
go back to reference Eldridge R, Iivanainen M, Stern R, et al. “Baltic” myoclonus epilepsy: hereditary disorder of childhood made worse by phenytoin. Lancet 1983 Oct 8; 2(8354): 838–42PubMedCrossRef Eldridge R, Iivanainen M, Stern R, et al. “Baltic” myoclonus epilepsy: hereditary disorder of childhood made worse by phenytoin. Lancet 1983 Oct 8; 2(8354): 838–42PubMedCrossRef
95.
go back to reference Miyahara A, Saito Y, Sugai K, et al. Reassessment of phenytoin for treatment of late stage progressive myoclonus epilepsy complicated with status epilepticus. Epilepsy Res 2009 Mar 4; 84(2–3): 201–9PubMedCrossRef Miyahara A, Saito Y, Sugai K, et al. Reassessment of phenytoin for treatment of late stage progressive myoclonus epilepsy complicated with status epilepticus. Epilepsy Res 2009 Mar 4; 84(2–3): 201–9PubMedCrossRef
96.
go back to reference Pranzatelli MR, Tate E, Huang Y, et al. Neuropharmacology of progressive myoclonus epilepsy: response to 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan. Epilepsia 1995 Aug; 36(8): 783–91PubMedCrossRef Pranzatelli MR, Tate E, Huang Y, et al. Neuropharmacology of progressive myoclonus epilepsy: response to 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan. Epilepsia 1995 Aug; 36(8): 783–91PubMedCrossRef
97.
go back to reference Koskiniemi M, Van Vleymen B, Hakamies L, et al. Piracetam relieves symptoms in progressive myoclonus epilepsy: a multicentre, randomised, double blind, crossover study comparing the efficacy and safety of three dosages of oral piracetam with placebo. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1998 Mar; 64(3): 344–8PubMedCrossRef Koskiniemi M, Van Vleymen B, Hakamies L, et al. Piracetam relieves symptoms in progressive myoclonus epilepsy: a multicentre, randomised, double blind, crossover study comparing the efficacy and safety of three dosages of oral piracetam with placebo. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1998 Mar; 64(3): 344–8PubMedCrossRef
98.
go back to reference Fedi M, Reutens D, Dubeau F, et al. Long-term efficacy and safety of piracetam in the treatment of progressive myoclonus epilepsy. Arch Neurol 2001 May; 58(5): 781–6PubMedCrossRef Fedi M, Reutens D, Dubeau F, et al. Long-term efficacy and safety of piracetam in the treatment of progressive myoclonus epilepsy. Arch Neurol 2001 May; 58(5): 781–6PubMedCrossRef
99.
go back to reference Dias-Tosta E, Vieira LF, Alves A, et al. Lafora’s disease: a possible diagnosis of juvenile dementia. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 1995 Sep; 53(3-A): 455–63PubMedCrossRef Dias-Tosta E, Vieira LF, Alves A, et al. Lafora’s disease: a possible diagnosis of juvenile dementia. Arq Neuropsiquiatr 1995 Sep; 53(3-A): 455–63PubMedCrossRef
100.
go back to reference Delgado-Escueta AV, Bourgeois BF. Debate: does genetic information in humans help us treat patients? PRO — genetic information in humans helps us treat patients. CON — genetic information does not help at all. Epilepsia 2008 Dec; 49 Suppl. 9: 13–24 Delgado-Escueta AV, Bourgeois BF. Debate: does genetic information in humans help us treat patients? PRO — genetic information in humans helps us treat patients. CON — genetic information does not help at all. Epilepsia 2008 Dec; 49 Suppl. 9: 13–24
101.
go back to reference Canal-Sotelo J, Arraras-Torrelles N. Subcutaneous midazolam infusion and Lafora disease. Neurologia 2008 Jul—Aug; 23(6): 396–7PubMed Canal-Sotelo J, Arraras-Torrelles N. Subcutaneous midazolam infusion and Lafora disease. Neurologia 2008 Jul—Aug; 23(6): 396–7PubMed
102.
go back to reference Ben-Menachem E, Kyllerman M, Marklund S. Superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase function in progressive myoclonus epilepsies. Epilepsy Res 2000 Jun; 40(1): 33–9PubMedCrossRef Ben-Menachem E, Kyllerman M, Marklund S. Superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase function in progressive myoclonus epilepsies. Epilepsy Res 2000 Jun; 40(1): 33–9PubMedCrossRef
103.
go back to reference Mervaala E, Andermann F, Quesney LF, et al. Common dopaminergic mechanism for epileptic photosensitivity in progressive myoclonus epilepsies. Neurology 1990 Jan; 40(1): 53–6PubMedCrossRef Mervaala E, Andermann F, Quesney LF, et al. Common dopaminergic mechanism for epileptic photosensitivity in progressive myoclonus epilepsies. Neurology 1990 Jan; 40(1): 53–6PubMedCrossRef
104.
go back to reference Cardinali S, Canafoglia L, Bertoli S, et al. A pilot study of a ketogenic diet in patients with Lafora body disease. Epilepsy Res 2006 May; 69(2): 129–34PubMedCrossRef Cardinali S, Canafoglia L, Bertoli S, et al. A pilot study of a ketogenic diet in patients with Lafora body disease. Epilepsy Res 2006 May; 69(2): 129–34PubMedCrossRef
105.
go back to reference Sugiyama H, Hainfellner JA, Lassmann H, et al. Uncommon types of polyglucosan bodies in the human brain: distribution and relation to disease. Acta Neuropathologica 1993; 86(5): 484–90PubMedCrossRef Sugiyama H, Hainfellner JA, Lassmann H, et al. Uncommon types of polyglucosan bodies in the human brain: distribution and relation to disease. Acta Neuropathologica 1993; 86(5): 484–90PubMedCrossRef
106.
go back to reference Mittal S, Dubey D, Yamakawa K, et al. Lafora disease proteins malin and laforin are recruited to aggresomes in response to proteasomal impairment. Hum Mol Genet 2007 Apr 1; 16(7): 753–62PubMedCrossRef Mittal S, Dubey D, Yamakawa K, et al. Lafora disease proteins malin and laforin are recruited to aggresomes in response to proteasomal impairment. Hum Mol Genet 2007 Apr 1; 16(7): 753–62PubMedCrossRef
107.
go back to reference Vernia S, Rubio T, Heredia M, et al. Increased endoplasmic reticulum stress and decreased proteasomal function in lafora disease models lacking the phosphatase laforin. PLoS One 2009; 4(6): e5907PubMedCrossRef Vernia S, Rubio T, Heredia M, et al. Increased endoplasmic reticulum stress and decreased proteasomal function in lafora disease models lacking the phosphatase laforin. PLoS One 2009; 4(6): e5907PubMedCrossRef
108.
go back to reference Castanheira P, Moreira S, Gama M, et al. Escherichia coli expression, refolding and characterization of human laforin. Protein Expr Purif Jun; 71 (2): 195–9 Castanheira P, Moreira S, Gama M, et al. Escherichia coli expression, refolding and characterization of human laforin. Protein Expr Purif Jun; 71 (2): 195–9
109.
go back to reference Gentry MS, Dixon JE, Worby CA. Lafora disease: insights into neurodegeneration from plant metabolism. Trends Biochem Sci 2009 Dec; 34(12): 628–39PubMedCrossRef Gentry MS, Dixon JE, Worby CA. Lafora disease: insights into neurodegeneration from plant metabolism. Trends Biochem Sci 2009 Dec; 34(12): 628–39PubMedCrossRef
110.
go back to reference Ganesh S, Amano K, Delgado-Escueta AV, et al. Isolation and characterization of mouse homologue for the human epilepsy gene, EPM2A. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999 Apr 2; 257(1): 24–8PubMedCrossRef Ganesh S, Amano K, Delgado-Escueta AV, et al. Isolation and characterization of mouse homologue for the human epilepsy gene, EPM2A. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999 Apr 2; 257(1): 24–8PubMedCrossRef
111.
go back to reference Ganesh S, Delgado-Escueta AV, Sakamoto T, et al. Targeted disruption of the Epm2a gene causes formation of Lafora inclusion bodies, neurodegeneration, ataxia, myoclonus epilepsy and impaired behavioral response in mice. Hum Mol Genet 2002 May 15; 11(11): 1251–62PubMedCrossRef Ganesh S, Delgado-Escueta AV, Sakamoto T, et al. Targeted disruption of the Epm2a gene causes formation of Lafora inclusion bodies, neurodegeneration, ataxia, myoclonus epilepsy and impaired behavioral response in mice. Hum Mol Genet 2002 May 15; 11(11): 1251–62PubMedCrossRef
112.
go back to reference Raben N, Danon M, Lu N, et al. Surprises of genetic engineering: a possible model of polyglucosan body disease. Neurology 2001 Jun 26; 56(12): 1739–45PubMedCrossRef Raben N, Danon M, Lu N, et al. Surprises of genetic engineering: a possible model of polyglucosan body disease. Neurology 2001 Jun 26; 56(12): 1739–45PubMedCrossRef
113.
go back to reference Puri R, Suzuki T, Yamakawa K, et al. Hyperphosphorylation and aggregation of Tau in laforin-deficient mice, an animal model for Lafora disease. J Biol Chem 2009 Aug 21; 284(34): 22657–63PubMedCrossRef Puri R, Suzuki T, Yamakawa K, et al. Hyperphosphorylation and aggregation of Tau in laforin-deficient mice, an animal model for Lafora disease. J Biol Chem 2009 Aug 21; 284(34): 22657–63PubMedCrossRef
114.
go back to reference Gredal H, Berendt M, Leifsson PS. Progressive myoclonus epilepsy in a beagle. J Small Anim Pract 2003 Nov; 44(11): 511–4PubMedCrossRef Gredal H, Berendt M, Leifsson PS. Progressive myoclonus epilepsy in a beagle. J Small Anim Pract 2003 Nov; 44(11): 511–4PubMedCrossRef
115.
go back to reference Schoeman T, Williams J, van Wilpe E. Polyglucosan storage disease in a dog resembling Lafora’s disease. J Vet Intern Med 2002 Mar–Apr; 16(2): 201–7PubMed Schoeman T, Williams J, van Wilpe E. Polyglucosan storage disease in a dog resembling Lafora’s disease. J Vet Intern Med 2002 Mar–Apr; 16(2): 201–7PubMed
116.
go back to reference Yamanami S, Ishihara T, Takahashi M, et al. Comparative study of intraneuronal polyglucosan bodies in brains from patients with Lafora disease and aged dogs. Acta Pathol Jpn 1992 Nov; 42(11): 787–92PubMed Yamanami S, Ishihara T, Takahashi M, et al. Comparative study of intraneuronal polyglucosan bodies in brains from patients with Lafora disease and aged dogs. Acta Pathol Jpn 1992 Nov; 42(11): 787–92PubMed
117.
go back to reference Kaiser E, Krauser K, Schwartz-Porsche D. Lafora disease (progressive myoclonic epilepsy) in the Bassett hound: possibility of early diagnosis using muscle biopsy? Tierarztl Prax 1991 Jun; 19(3): 290–5PubMed Kaiser E, Krauser K, Schwartz-Porsche D. Lafora disease (progressive myoclonic epilepsy) in the Bassett hound: possibility of early diagnosis using muscle biopsy? Tierarztl Prax 1991 Jun; 19(3): 290–5PubMed
118.
go back to reference Jian Z, Alley MR, Cayzer J, et al. Lafora’s disease in an epileptic Basset hound. NZ Vet J 1990 Jun; 38(2): 75–9CrossRef Jian Z, Alley MR, Cayzer J, et al. Lafora’s disease in an epileptic Basset hound. NZ Vet J 1990 Jun; 38(2): 75–9CrossRef
119.
go back to reference Webb AA, McMillan C, Cullen CL, et al. Lafora disease as a cause of visually exacerbated myoclonic attacks in a dog. Can Vet J 2009 Sep; 50(9): 963–7PubMed Webb AA, McMillan C, Cullen CL, et al. Lafora disease as a cause of visually exacerbated myoclonic attacks in a dog. Can Vet J 2009 Sep; 50(9): 963–7PubMed
120.
go back to reference Kamiya S, Suzuki Y. Polyglucosan bodies in the brain of the cat. J Comp Pathol 1989 Oct; 101(3): 263–7PubMedCrossRef Kamiya S, Suzuki Y. Polyglucosan bodies in the brain of the cat. J Comp Pathol 1989 Oct; 101(3): 263–7PubMedCrossRef
121.
go back to reference Hall DG, Steffens WL, Lassiter L. Lafora bodies associated with neurologic signs in a cat. Vet Pathol 1998 May; 35(3): 218–20PubMedCrossRef Hall DG, Steffens WL, Lassiter L. Lafora bodies associated with neurologic signs in a cat. Vet Pathol 1998 May; 35(3): 218–20PubMedCrossRef
123.
go back to reference Wright GD, McLellan DL. Absence of clinical or physiological changes during short-term cerebellar stimulation in a patient with Lafora body disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1981 Apr; 44(4): 364–6PubMedCrossRef Wright GD, McLellan DL. Absence of clinical or physiological changes during short-term cerebellar stimulation in a patient with Lafora body disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1981 Apr; 44(4): 364–6PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Lafora disease
Epidemiology, pathophysiology and management
Authors
Thomas S. Monaghan
Dr Norman Delanty
Publication date
01-07-2010
Publisher
Springer International Publishing
Published in
CNS Drugs / Issue 7/2010
Print ISSN: 1172-7047
Electronic ISSN: 1179-1934
DOI
https://doi.org/10.2165/11319250-000000000-00000

Other articles of this Issue 7/2010

CNS Drugs 7/2010 Go to the issue