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Published in: Current Sexual Health Reports 4/2020

01-12-2020 | Labioplasty | Sociocultural Issues and Epidemiology (J Abdulcadir & D Bader, Section Editors)

Different Cultures but Similar Requests: Adolescents’ Demands for Non-therapeutic Genital Modifications

Authors: Omar Abdulcadir, Dina Bader, Jasmine Abdulcadir, Lucrezia Catania

Published in: Current Sexual Health Reports | Issue 4/2020

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Abstract

Purpose of Review

It is supposed that adolescent’s needs might be different in different cultures. However, adolescents often want some same things such as being like their peers, being accepted in a group, and corresponding to norms and ideals of beauty accepted in their community.

Recent Findings

This paper talks about three young girls coming from different parts of the world, with different cultures and believes, each of them asking for a modification of her genitalia because their shape does not correspond to an ideal requested in the culture of belonging and desire to be like other girls of their same group. Sara from Italy, supported by her mother, wants a labiaplasty. Asha from Somalia believes she must have a modification of her genitalia; she does not want to be infibulated like previous generations and asks for a ritual pricking. Jeannette from Rwanda asks for the reduction of her labia minora, made hypertrophic by the traditional practice of elongation.

Summary

This case study encourages analyzing medical, legal, ethics, and sociocultural issues in three situations involving adolescent girls from different cultures requesting the alteration of their genitalia for non-medical reasons.
Footnotes
1
Case reported in Catania [1].
 
2
Labiaplasty consists of the partial or total removal of the labia minora for cosmetic reasons. It corresponds to the WHO’s description of type IIa FGM.
 
3
Case reported by L. Catania and O. Abdulcadir in the followings meetings: “Corso di Perfezionamento in Medicina Tropicale e Cooperazione Sanitaria,” Master in Scienze Ostetriche, Università degli Studi Firenze, 2016; Congresso “Il dermatologo ed. il pediatra: condividere l’esperienza,” Florence, 2016; Corso di Formazione “L’adolescenza multietnica,” Florence, 2015; “La ginecologia della adolescenza: educazione, prevenzione e cura,” Florence, 2015; Congresso Nazionale Agico “Consultorio multietnico,” Rome, 2015.
 
4
Infibulation consists of the total removal of labia minora and/or majora and the sewing closed of the vaginal opening, with or without the excision of the clitoral glans. It is type III in the WHO’s classification of FGM and the most severe form of this bodily practice.
 
5
Pricking consists of the prick of the clitoral glans with or without getting a few blood drops. It is type IV in the WHO’s classification of FGM and considered a symbolic type of FGM since no genital tissue is removed.
 
6
Case reported in Catania [1].
 
7
Type II FGM: Partial or total removal of the clitoris and the labia minora, with or without excision of the labia majora [2].
 
Literature
1.
go back to reference Catania L. Ipertrofia delle piccole labbra in Occidente. In: Grassivaro Gallo P, Catania L, editors. Modificazioni espansive dei genitali femminili, tra eredità e ambiente: Africa: passaggi di età attraverso il rito. Edizioni Altravista; Collana Amigdala 2015. p. 220–33. ISBN: 8895458850 Catania L. Ipertrofia delle piccole labbra in Occidente. In: Grassivaro Gallo P, Catania L, editors. Modificazioni espansive dei genitali femminili, tra eredità e ambiente: Africa: passaggi di età attraverso il rito. Edizioni Altravista; Collana Amigdala 2015. p. 220–33. ISBN: 8895458850
2.
go back to reference WHO. Eliminating Female genital mutilation. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008. WHO. Eliminating Female genital mutilation. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008.
3.
go back to reference Alter GJ. Aesthetic labia minora and clitoral hood reduction using extended central wedge resection. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2008;122(6):1780–9.CrossRef Alter GJ. Aesthetic labia minora and clitoral hood reduction using extended central wedge resection. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2008;122(6):1780–9.CrossRef
4.
go back to reference Laufer M, Galvin W. Labial hypertrophy: a new surgical approach. Adolescent and Pediatric Gynecology. 1995;8(1):39–41. Laufer M, Galvin W. Labial hypertrophy: a new surgical approach. Adolescent and Pediatric Gynecology. 1995;8(1):39–41.
5.
go back to reference Munhoz AM, Filassi JR, Ricci MD, Aldrighi C, Correia LD, Aldrighi JM, et al. Aesthetic labia minora reduction with inferior wedge resection and superior pedicle flap reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006;118(5):1237–47.CrossRef Munhoz AM, Filassi JR, Ricci MD, Aldrighi C, Correia LD, Aldrighi JM, et al. Aesthetic labia minora reduction with inferior wedge resection and superior pedicle flap reconstruction. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2006;118(5):1237–47.CrossRef
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go back to reference Bramwell R, Morland C, Garden AS. Expectations and experience of labial reduction: a qualitative study. BJOG Int J Obstet Gynaecol. 2007;114(12):1493–9.CrossRef Bramwell R, Morland C, Garden AS. Expectations and experience of labial reduction: a qualitative study. BJOG Int J Obstet Gynaecol. 2007;114(12):1493–9.CrossRef
7.
go back to reference Wahlberg A, Johnsdotter S, Selling KE, Källestål C, Essén B. Factors associated with the support of pricking (female genital cutting type IV) among Somali immigrants – a cross-sectional study in Sweden. Reprod Health. 2017;14(1):92.CrossRef Wahlberg A, Johnsdotter S, Selling KE, Källestål C, Essén B. Factors associated with the support of pricking (female genital cutting type IV) among Somali immigrants – a cross-sectional study in Sweden. Reprod Health. 2017;14(1):92.CrossRef
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go back to reference Essén B, Johnsdotter S. Female genital mutilation in the west: traditional circumcision versus genital cosmetic surgery. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2004;83(7):611–3.PubMed Essén B, Johnsdotter S. Female genital mutilation in the west: traditional circumcision versus genital cosmetic surgery. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2004;83(7):611–3.PubMed
Metadata
Title
Different Cultures but Similar Requests: Adolescents’ Demands for Non-therapeutic Genital Modifications
Authors
Omar Abdulcadir
Dina Bader
Jasmine Abdulcadir
Lucrezia Catania
Publication date
01-12-2020
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Current Sexual Health Reports / Issue 4/2020
Print ISSN: 1548-3584
Electronic ISSN: 1548-3592
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11930-020-00279-z

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