Progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) is a neurodegenerative disorder resulting from the deposition of misfolded and neurotoxic forms of tau protein in specific areas of the midbrain, basal ganglia, and cortex. It is one of the most representative …
Authors:
Elise E. Dunning, Boris Decourt, Nasser H. Zawia, Holly A. Shill, Marwan N. Sabbagh
Open Access
10-05-2024 | Amyloidosis | ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis (hATTR) is caused by mutations in the transthyretin (TTR) gene, encoding an unstable protein that triggers the multisystemic deposition of amyloid aggregates. The extracellular deposition of amyloid in the …
Authors:
Velina Nedkova-Hristova, Laura Donadeu, Carmen Baliellas, José González-Costello, Laura Lladó, Emma González-Vilatarsana, Valentina Vélez-Santamaría, Miosés Morales de la Prida, Oriol Bestard, Carlos Casasnovas
Etizolam is a thienodiazepine derivative which produces an anxiolytic effect similar to benzodiazepines such as alprazolam (Xanax). Like classic benzodiazepines, etizolam has a high affinity towards the GABAA receptor, and allosterically …
Authors:
Alan D. Kaye, Joseph P. Tassin, William C. Upshaw, Camille M. Robichaux, Mark V. Frolov, Mark M. Dupaquier, Julia E. Fox, Jeffrey Sterritt, Jibin Mathew, Sahar Shekoohi, Adam M. Kaye, Amber N. Edinoff
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is a complement-mediated autoimmune disease affecting the central nervous system [ 1 , 2 ]. This rare, severely disabling disease primarily affects the optic nerves and spinal cord and causes …
Authors:
Stacey L. Clardy, Sean J. Pittock, Orhan Aktas, Jin Nakahara, Noriko Isobe, Diego Centonze, Sami Fam, Adrian Kielhorn, Jeffrey C. Yu, Jeroen Jansen, Ina Zhang
Dravet Syndrome (DS) [ 1 ] is a rare and severe Developmental and Epileptic Encephalopathy (DEE). Patients typically have highly pharmaco-resistant convulsive seizures from the first year of life, mostly generalized clonic or tonic–clonic seizures …
Authors:
Renzo Guerrini, Laurent Chancharme, Benjamin Serraz, Catherine Chiron
This pragmatic review synthesises the current understanding of prodromal dementia with Lewy bodies (pDLB) and prodromal Alzheimer’s disease (pAD), including clinical presentations, neuropsychological profiles, neuropsychiatric symptoms …
Authors:
Kathryn A. Wyman-Chick, Parichita Chaudhury, Ece Bayram, Carla Abdelnour, Elie Matar, Shannon Y. Chiu, Daniel Ferreira, Calum A. Hamilton, Paul C. Donaghy, Federico Rodriguez-Porcel, Jon B. Toledo, Annegret Habich, Matthew J. Barrett, Bhavana Patel, Alberto Jaramillo-Jimenez, Gregory D. Scott, Joseph P. M. Kane
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) represents a principal non-invasive approach to post-stroke rehabilitation. rTMS has been shown to improve motor impairments, swallowing difficulties, cognitive impairments, and other …
The International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) has outlined six categories of epilepsy aetiology in the 2017 ILAE classification of epilepsies: structural, genetic, infectious, metabolic, immune, and unknown [ 1 ]. The ILAE emphasises that all …
Authors:
Adam Strzelczyk, Marta Maschio, Max C. Pensel, Antonietta Coppola, Satoru Takahashi, Shuichi Izumoto, Eugen Trinka, Sheri Cappucci, Ricardo Sainz-Fuertes, Vicente Villanueva
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a chronic disease mediated by autoantibodies to important proteins, such as acetylcholine receptors and muscle-specific tyrosine kinase in the postsynaptic region of the neuromuscular junction, leading to ocular, bulbar …
Over the past few years, anti-CD20 therapies have seen an increase in interest in the treatment of neurological autoimmune disorders such as multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD), or resistant forms of …
Authors:
Hélène Bartak, Tasnim Fareh, Nouha Ben Othman, Delphine Viard, Mikael Cohen, Fanny Rocher, Elliot Ewig, Milou-Daniel Drici, Christine Lebrun-Frenay
Open Access
25-04-2024 | Hypersomnia | ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Narcolepsy and idiopathic hypersomnia are unique chronic sleep disorders with the common symptom of excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) [ 1 ]. Narcolepsy is also associated with cataplexy (narcolepsy type 1 only), disrupted nighttime sleep, sleep …
Authors:
Anne Marie Morse, Richard K. Bogan, Asim Roy, Michael J. Thorpy
Open Access
20-04-2024 | Amphotericin B | ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Cryptococcal meningitis (CM) is an infectious disease of the central nervous system (CNS) caused by the fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans . The disease has a very high mortality rate of 83.30–90.00% [ 1 – 3 ]. C. neoformans first invades the …
Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is a critical medical condition characterized by the sudden interruption of blood supply to a segment of the brain, leading to insufficient oxygen and nutrients delivery to the affected cerebral tissue and subsequent …
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is the most common motor neuron disease and mainly involves the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord, the motor nuclei of the brain stem, and the pyramidal tract [ 1 , 2 ]. It is characterized by simultaneous …
Authors:
Lu Chen, Shan Ye, Davan Murphy, Jieying Wu, Hui Zhang, Hong Liu, Boliang Zou, Guanghao Hou, Nan Zhang, Tielun Yin, Richard A. Smith, Dongsheng Fan
Open Access
15-04-2024 | Stroke | ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Methotrexate, the most common disease-modifying antirheumatic drug, is the cornerstone of therapy for many autoimmune diseases and is commonly used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), osteoarthritis, and psoriasis [ 1 – 3 ]. Several …
The number of ageing people with relapsing multiple sclerosis (RMS) is increasing. The efficacy of disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) for RMS declines with age. Also, older persons with MS may be more susceptible to infections, hospitalisations …
Authors:
Jerome de Seze, Dominique Dive, Xavier Ayrignac, Giovanni Castelnovo, Marianne Payet, Amel Rayah, Claudio Gobbi, Patrick Vermersch, Chiara Zecca
Open Access
06-04-2024 | Galcanezumab | ORIGINAL RESEARCH
Migraine is a debilitating chronic neurological condition, characterized by pulsating or pounding headaches and associated symptoms including nausea, photophobia, and phonophobia [ 1 ]. Pharmacological treatment of migraine includes both acute …
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease that is usually first recognized clinically by the onset of cognitive impairment [ 1 ]. Although the molecular mechanisms underlying AD are complex, the formation of extracellular …
Authors:
Shoichiro Sato, Naohisa Hatakeyama, Shinji Fujikoshi, Sadao Katayama, Hideaki Katagiri, John R. Sims
Tardive dyskinesia (TD) and Huntington disease (HD) are hyperkinetic movement disorders that negatively impact quality of life and can be socially stigmatizing [ 1 – 3 ]. TD is caused by dopamine receptor antagonists (DRAs). The estimated frequency …
Authors:
Samuel Frank, Karen E. Anderson, Hubert H. Fernandez, Robert A. Hauser, Daniel O. Claassen, David Stamler, Stewart A. Factor, Joohi Jimenez-Shahed, Hadas Barkay, Amanda Wilhelm, Jessica K. Alexander, Nayla Chaijale, Steve Barash, Juha-Matti Savola, Mark Forrest Gordon, Maria Chen
