Spina bifida (SB) is a group of congenital disorders caused by the incomplete closure of the developing neural tube. Myelomeningocele (MMC), the most common type of SB lesion, is defined by extrusion of the spinal cord outside of the canal.

Urodynamic studies (UDS) facilitate the anatomic and physiologic study of the lower urinary tract (LUT) during the two phases of the micturition cycle [ 1 ]. UDS represents a suite of sophisticated diagnostic procedures including, uroflowmetry …

Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) can occur following prostate surgery, whether for benign prostatic enlargement or prostate cancer if the underlying external urethral sphincter complex is damaged [ 1 ••, 2 , 3 ]. The prevalence of prostatectomy …

Interstitial cystitis/bladder pain syndrome (IC/BPS) is a chronic disease that causes severe pelvic pain and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) such as urinary frequency, urgency, and nocturia [ 1 •], which leads to chronic stress, sleep …

Over the last 30 years, interest in providing surgical training in low- and lower-middle-income countries (LLMICs; Fig. 1 [ 1 ]) has become a priority of the global surgery family as evidenced by an almost tenfold increase in published literature …

Transition urology is a fairly recent urological discipline. In the past, children with congenital conditions of the genitourinary tract were almost exclusively managed by paediatric clinicians. With advances in medicine and a better understanding …

Neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction (NLUTD), commonly called neurogenic bladder, is still one of the most challenging problems in urology. The “neurogenic bladder” is not a homogeneous entity since a wide array of disorders or injuries may …

Neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction (NLUTD), commonly called neurogenic bladder, is still one of the most challenging problems in urology. The “neurogenic bladder” is not a homogeneous entity since a wide array of disorders or injuries may …

Neurogenic sphincter deficiency stress urinary incontinence (NSUI) arises from a disruption in the neural control of the urethral sphincter. Intact sacral spinal centers and somatic and autonomic pathways typically ensure sphincter contraction …

The main management goals of neurogenic bladder (NGB) are to prevent urinary tract infection (UTI), prevent upper and lower urinary tract damage, preserve kidney function, and optimize quality of life issues surrounding treatment of lower urinary …

The surgical treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) or benign prostatic obstruction (BPO) has benefitted from rapid development and uptake of novel techniques and devices over the past decade. Urologists now have at their disposal …

Granulomatous prostatitis (GP) is a rare inflammatory disease of the prostate. It is an important confusing disease because it mimics prostate cancer (PCa), given its similar clinical, biochemical, and radiological presentation [ 1 ]. Although a …

Micturition is a complex process driven by both mechanical and physiological mechanisms. Under standard conditions, the central nervous system (CNS) coordinates a variety of neural activities to guarantee the appropriate function of the urinary …

OAB is defined by the International Continence Society as a symptom syndrome characterized by urinary urgency, with or without urgency urinary incontinence, usually with frequency and nocturia [ 1 ]. In 2013, the prevalence of OAB in the United …

Neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction (NLUTD) describes a constellation of urinary symptoms and chronic bladder conditions that result from neurologic conditions of the central and peripheral nervous system, both acquired and congenital. It …

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is a histologic diagnosis defined as proliferation of glandular epithelial tissue as well as smooth muscle and connective tissue within the prostatic transition zone [ 1 ]. Although BPH, in and of itself, does not …

Functional somatic syndromes or medically unexplained clinical conditions lack a known physical or biological etiology. Therefore, they are a diagnosis of exclusion. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and UCPPS fall into this group, among others.

An enterovesical fistula (EVF) refers to an abnormal communication between the intestine and the bladder. This condition was first documented by Rufus of Ephesus in AD 200 and later reported in medical literature by Cripps in 1888 [ 1 ], estimating …

The artificial urinary sphincter (AUS) is the preferred treatment option for men with severe stress urinary incontinence (SUI) and for men with SUI who are status post radiation treatment for prostate cancer [ 1 ••]. The AUS consists of a …