Top

European Journal of Medical Research

Published in:

Open Access 01-12-2023 | Insulins | Research

Exploring the association between triglyceride-glucose index and thyroid function

Authors: Hui Cheng, Yanyan Hu, Haoran Zhao, Guowei Zhou, Gaoyuan Wang, Chaoqun Ma, Yan Xu

Published in: European Journal of Medical Research | Issue 1/2023

Abstract

Background

Thyroid dysfunction is associated with abnormal glucose-insulin homeostasis, and the triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index has been recommended as a convenient surrogate of insulin resistance (IR). This study aimed to investigate the relationship between TyG and thyroid function in the US population.

Methods

We analyzed data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) conducted from 2007 to 2012 in a cross-sectional manner. Aside from conventional thyroid parameters, our study evaluated the central sensitivity to thyroid hormones (THs) using the thyroid feedback quantile-based index (TFQI), thyrotropin resistance index (TT4RI), and thyrotropin index (TSHI). To evaluate peripheral sensitivity to THs, we calculated the ratio of free triiodothyronine (FT3) to free thyroxine (FT4) and the sum activity of peripheral deiodinases (SPINA-GD). In the 1848 adults, multivariable linear regression, subgroup, and interaction analyses were employed to estimate the association between TyG and thyroid parameters. The nonlinear relationship was addressed by smooth curve fittings and generalized additive models.

Results

After adjusting covariates, we demonstrated a significant negative association between TyG and FT4 (β = − 0.57, p < 0.001), and a positive relationship between TyG and thyroid-stimulating hormone (β = 0.34, p = 0.037), as well as TgAb (β = 17.06, p = 0.005). Subgroup analysis indicated that the association between TyG and TgAb was more pronounced in the female subjects (β = 32.39, p < 0.001, p for interaction = 0.021). We also confirmed an inverse correlation between TyG and central sensitivity to THs, as assessed by TSHI and TT4RI (βTSHI = 0.12, p < 0.001; βTT4RI = 2.54, p = 0.023). In terms of peripheral sensitivity to THs, we found a significant positive correlation between TyG and FT3/FT4 (β = 0.03, p = 0.004), and SPINA-GD (β = 2.93, p = 0.004).

Conclusion

The present study established a noteworthy association between TyG and thyroid parameters, indicating a strong link between IR and thyroid dysfunction. Further investigations are warranted to validate these results.

Available only for authorised users

Ormazabal V, Nair S, Elfeky O, Aguayo C, Salomon C, Zuniga FA. Association between insulin resistance and the development of cardiovascular disease. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2018;17(1):122. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-018-0762-4.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Lee JW, Gu HO, Jung Y, Jung Y, Seo SY, Hong JH, Hong IS, Lee DH, Kim OH, Oh BC. Candesartan, an angiotensin-II receptor blocker, ameliorates insulin resistance and hepatosteatosis by reducing intracellular calcium overload and lipid accumulation. Exp Mol Med. 2023. https://doi.org/10.1038/s12276-023-00982-6.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Kakoly NS, Khomami MB, Joham AE, Cooray SD, Misso ML, Norman RJ, Harrison CL, Ranasinha S, Teede HJ, Moran LJ. Ethnicity, obesity and the prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes in PCOS: a systematic review and meta-regression. Hum Reprod Update. 2018;24(4):455–67. https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmy007.CrossRefPubMed

Ausk KJ, Boyko EJ, Ioannou GN. Insulin resistance predicts mortality in nondiabetic individuals in the US. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(6):1179–85. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc09-2110.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Muniyappa R, Lee S, Chen H, Quon MJ. Current approaches for assessing insulin sensitivity and resistance in vivo: advantages, limitations, and appropriate usage. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2008;294(1):E15-26. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00645.2007.CrossRefPubMed

Li M, Zhan A, Huang X, Hu L, Zhou W, Wang T, Zhu L, Bao H, Cheng X. Positive association between triglyceride glucose index and arterial stiffness in hypertensive patients: the China H-type Hypertension Registry Study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2020;19(1):139. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-020-01124-2.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Wallace TM, Levy JC, Matthews DR. Use and abuse of HOMA modeling. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(6):1487–95. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.27.6.1487.CrossRefPubMed

Bello-Chavolla OY, Almeda-Valdes P, Gomez-Velasco D, Viveros-Ruiz T, Cruz-Bautista I, Romo-Romo A, Sanchez-Lazaro D, Meza-Oviedo D, Vargas-Vazquez A, Campos OA, Sevilla-Gonzalez M, Martagon AJ, Hernandez LM, Mehta R, Caballeros-Barragan CR, Aguilar-Salinas CA. METS-IR, a novel score to evaluate insulin sensitivity, is predictive of visceral adiposity and incident type 2 diabetes. Eur J Endocrinol. 2018;178(5):533–44. https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-17-0883.CrossRefPubMed

Matsuda M, DeFronzo RA. Insulin sensitivity indices obtained from oral glucose tolerance testing: comparison with the euglycemic insulin clamp. Diabetes Care. 1999;22(9):1462–70. https://doi.org/10.2337/diacare.22.9.1462.CrossRefPubMed

10.

Li Z, He Y, Wang S, Li L, Yang R, Liu Y, Cheng Q, Yu L, Zheng Y, Zheng H, Gao S, Yu C. Association between triglyceride glucose index and carotid artery plaque in different glucose metabolic states in patients with coronary heart disease: a RCSCD-TCM study in China. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2022;21(1):38. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-022-01470-3.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

11.

Yan F, Yan S, Wang J, Cui Y, Chen F, Fang F, Cui W. Association between triglyceride glucose index and risk of cerebrovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2022;21(1):226. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-022-01664-9.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

12.

Huang R, Wang Z, Chen J, Bao X, Xu N, Guo S, Gu R, Wang W, Wei Z, Wang L. Prognostic value of triglyceride glucose (TyG) index in patients with acute decompensated heart failure. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2022;21(1):88. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-022-01507-7.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

13.

Park B, Lee HS, Lee YJ. Triglyceride glucose (TyG) index as a predictor of incident type 2 diabetes among nonobese adults: a 12-year longitudinal study of the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study cohort. Transl Res. 2021;228:42–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trsl.2020.08.003.CrossRefPubMed

14.

Gao JW, Hao QY, Gao M, Zhang K, Li XZ, Wang JF, Vuitton DA, Zhang SL, Liu PM. Triglyceride-glucose index in the development of peripheral artery disease: findings from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2021;20(1):126. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-021-01319-1.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

15.

van den Beld AW, Kaufman JM, Zillikens MC, Lamberts S, Egan JM, van der Lely AJ. The physiology of endocrine systems with ageing. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2018;6(8):647–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(18)30026-3.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

16.

Martinez B, Ortiz RM. Thyroid Hormone Regulation and Insulin Resistance: Insights From Animals Naturally Adapted to Fasting. Physiology (Bethesda). 2017;32(2):141–51. https://doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00018.2016.CrossRefPubMed

17.

Hage M, Zantout MS, Azar ST. Thyroid disorders and diabetes mellitus. J Thyroid Res. 2011;2011: 439463. https://doi.org/10.4061/2011/439463.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

18.

Kalra S, Aggarwal S, Khandelwal D. Thyroid Dysfunction and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Screening Strategies and Implications for Management. Diabetes Ther. 2019;10(6):2035–44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13300-019-00700-4.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

19.

Vyakaranam S, Vanaparthy S, Nori S, Palarapu S, Bhongir AV. Study of Insulin Resistance in Subclinical Hypothyroidism. Int J Health Sci Res. 2014;4(9):147–53.PubMedPubMedCentral

20.

Roos A, Bakker SJ, Links TP, Gans RO, Wolffenbuttel BH. Thyroid function is associated with components of the metabolic syndrome in euthyroid subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92(2):491–6. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2006-1718.CrossRefPubMed

21.

Garduno-Garcia JJ, Alvirde-Garcia U, Lopez-Carrasco G, Padilla MM, Mehta R, Arellano-Campos O, Choza R, Sauque L, Garay-Sevilla ME, Malacara JM, Gomez-Perez FJ, Aguilar-Salinas CA. TSH and free thyroxine concentrations are associated with differing metabolic markers in euthyroid subjects. Eur J Endocrinol. 2010;163(2):273–8. https://doi.org/10.1530/EJE-10-0312.CrossRefPubMed

22.

Choi YM, Kim MK, Kwak MK, Kim D, Hong EG. Association between thyroid hormones and insulin resistance indices based on the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):21738. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-01101-z.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

23.

Choi W, Park JY, Hong AR, Yoon JH, Kim HK, Kang HC. Association between triglyceride-glucose index and thyroid function in euthyroid adults: The Korea National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey 2015. PLoS ONE. 2021;16(7): e0254630. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0254630.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

24.

Yang S, Lai S, Wang Z, Liu A, Wang W, Guan H. Thyroid Feedback Quantile-based Index correlates strongly to renal function in euthyroid individuals. Ann Med. 2021;53(1):1945–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/07853890.2021.1993324.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

25.

F. Guerrero-Romero, L. E. Simental-Mendia, M. Gonzalez-Ortiz, E. Martinez-Abundis, M. G. Ramos-Zavala, S. O. Hernandez-Gonzalez, O. Jacques-Camarena and M. Rodriguez-Moran: The product of triglycerides and glucose, a simple measure of insulin sensitivity. Comparison with the euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 95(7), 3347–51 (2010) doi:https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2010-0288

26.

Liu N, Ma F, Feng Y, Ma X. The Association between the Dietary Inflammatory Index and Thyroid Function in US Adult Males. Nutrients. 2021. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13103330.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

27.

Jostel A, Ryder WD, Shalet SM. The use of thyroid function tests in the diagnosis of hypopituitarism: definition and evaluation of the TSH Index. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2009;71(4):529–34. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2009.03534.x.CrossRefPubMed

28.

Yagi H, Pohlenz J, Hayashi Y, Sakurai A, Refetoff S. Resistance to thyroid hormone caused by two mutant thyroid hormone receptors beta, R243Q and R243W, with marked impairment of function that cannot be explained by altered in vitro 3,5,3’-triiodothyroinine binding affinity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1997;82(5):1608–14. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.82.5.3945.CrossRefPubMed

29.

Laclaustra M, Moreno-Franco B, Lou-Bonafonte JM, Mateo-Gallego R, Casasnovas JA, Guallar-Castillon P, Cenarro A, Civeira F. Impaired sensitivity to thyroid hormones is associated with diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Diabetes Care. 2019;42(2):303–10. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc18-1410.CrossRefPubMed

30.

Nie X, Ma X, Xu Y, Shen Y, Wang Y, Bao Y. Increased serum adipocyte fatty acid-binding protein levels are associated with decreased sensitivity to thyroid hormones in the euthyroid population. Thyroid. 2020;30(12):1718–23. https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2020.0011.CrossRefPubMed

31.

Dietrich JW, Landgrafe-Mende G, Wiora E, Chatzitomaris A, Klein HH, Midgley JE, Hoermann R. Calculated Parameters of Thyroid Homeostasis: Emerging Tools for Differential Diagnosis and Clinical Research. Front Endocrinol Lausanne. 2016;7:57. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2016.00057.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

32.

Yehuda M, Wang CH, Pak Y, Chiu KC, Gianoukakis AG. Parity and Risk of Thyroid Autoimmunity Based on the NHANES (2001-2002, 2007-2008, 2009-2010, and 2011-2012). J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2017;102(9):3437–42. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2017-00290.CrossRefPubMed

33.

Rattan P, Penrice DD, Ahn JC, Ferrer A, Patnaik M, Shah VH, Kamath PS, Mangaonkar AA, Simonetto DA. Inverse Association of Telomere Length With Liver Disease and Mortality in the US Population. Hepatol Commun. 2022;6(2):399–410. https://doi.org/10.1002/hep4.1803.CrossRefPubMed

34.

Bawadi H, Abouwatfa M, Alsaeed S, Kerkadi A, Shi Z. Body Shape Index Is a Stronger Predictor of Diabetes. Nutrients. 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11051018.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

35.

Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Daniels SR, Donato KA, Eckel RH, Franklin BA, Gordon DJ, Krauss RM, Savage PJ, Smith SJ, Spertus JA, Costa F. Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement. Circulation. 2005;112(17):2735–52. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.169404.CrossRefPubMed

36.

Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, Cushman WC, Green LA, Izzo JJ, Jones DW, Materson BJ, Oparil S, Wright JJ, Roccella EJ. The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure: the JNC 7 report. JAMA. 2003;289(19):2560–72. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.289.19.2560.CrossRefPubMed

37.

Lau E, Neves JS, Ferreira-Magalhaes M, Carvalho D, Freitas P. Probiotic Ingestion, Obesity, and Metabolic-Related Disorders: Results from NHANES, 1999–2014. Nutrients. 2019. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11071482.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

38.

Liu X, Gao W, Yang J, Mao G, Lu H, Xing W. Association between probiotic, prebiotic, and yogurt consumption and chronic kidney disease: The NHANES 2010–2020. Front Nutr. 2022;9:1058238. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.1058238.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

39.

Zimmermann MB, Boelaert K. Iodine deficiency and thyroid disorders. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2015;3(4):286–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(14)70225-6.CrossRefPubMed

40.

Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Daniels SR, Donato KA, Eckel RH, Franklin BA, Gordon DJ, Krauss RM, Savage PJ, Smith SJ, Spertus JA, Fernando C. Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute scientific statement: Executive Summary. Crit Pathw Cardiol. 2005;4(4):198–203. https://doi.org/10.1097/00132577-200512000-00018.CrossRefPubMed

41.

Fernandez-Real JM, Lopez-Bermejo A, Castro A, Casamitjana R, Ricart W. Thyroid function is intrinsically linked to insulin sensitivity and endothelium-dependent vasodilation in healthy euthyroid subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91(9):3337–43. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2006-0841.CrossRefPubMed

42.

Amouzegar A, Kazemian E, Gharibzadeh S, Mehran L, Tohidi M, Azizi F. Association between thyroid hormones, thyroid antibodies and insulin resistance in euthyroid individuals: a population-based cohort. Diabetes Metab. 2015;41(6):480–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.diabet.2015.04.004.CrossRefPubMed

43.

Shin JA, Mo EY, Kim ES, Moon SD, Han JH. Association between lower normal free thyroxine concentrations and obesity phenotype in healthy euthyroid subjects. Int J Endocrinol. 2014;2014: 104318. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/104318.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

44.

Davis PJ, Leonard JL, Davis FB. Mechanisms of nongenomic actions of thyroid hormone. Front Neuroendocrinol. 2008;29(2):211–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yfrne.2007.09.003.CrossRefPubMed

45.

Brent GA. Mechanisms of thyroid hormone action. J Clin Invest. 2012;122(9):3035–43. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI60047.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

46.

Ruhla S, Weickert MO, Arafat AM, Osterhoff M, Isken F, Spranger J, Schofl C, Pfeiffer AF, Mohlig M. A high normal TSH is associated with the metabolic syndrome. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2010;72(5):696–701. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2009.03698.x.CrossRefPubMed

47.

Zhu P, Liu X, Mao X. Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Levels Are Positively Associated with Insulin Resistance. Med Sci Monit. 2018;24:342–7. https://doi.org/10.12659/msm.905774.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

48.

Ambrosi B, Masserini B, Iorio L, Delnevo A, Malavazos AE, Morricone L, Sburlati LF, Orsi E. Relationship of thyroid function with body mass index and insulin-resistance in euthyroid obese subjects. J Endocrinol Invest. 2010;33(9):640–3. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03346663.CrossRefPubMed

49.

Nam KW, Kwon HM, Jeong HY, Park JH, Kwon H, Jeong SM. High triglyceride-glucose index is associated with subclinical cerebral small vessel disease in a healthy population: a cross-sectional study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2020;19(1):53. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12933-020-01031-6.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

50.

Muscogiuri G, Sorice GP, Mezza T, Prioletta A, Lassandro AP, Pirronti T, Della CS, Pontecorvi A, Giaccari A. High-normal TSH values in obesity: is it insulin resistance or adipose tissue’s guilt? Obesity (Silver Spring). 2013;21(1):101–6. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.20240.CrossRefPubMed

51.

Gourmelon R, Donadio-Andrei S, Chikh K, Rabilloud M, Kuczewski E, Gauchez AS, Charrie A, Brard PY, Andreani R, Bourre JC, Waterlot C, Guedel D, Mayer A, Disse E, Thivolet C, Boullay HD, Falandry C, Gilbert T, Francois-Joubert A, Vignoles A, Ronin C, Bonnefoy M. Subclinical hypothyroidism: is it really subclinical with aging? Aging Dis. 2019;10(3):520–9. https://doi.org/10.14336/AD.2018.0817.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

52.

Mitrou P, Raptis SA, Dimitriadis G. Insulin action in hyperthyroidism: a focus on muscle and adipose tissue. Endocr Rev. 2010;31(5):663–79. https://doi.org/10.1210/er.2009-0046.CrossRefPubMed

53.

Stanicka S, Vondra K, Pelikanova T, Vlcek P, Hill M, Zamrazil V. Insulin sensitivity and counter-regulatory hormones in hypothyroidism and during thyroid hormone replacement therapy. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2005;43(7):715–20. https://doi.org/10.1515/CCLM.2005.121.CrossRefPubMed

54.

Daher R, Yazbeck T, Jaoude JB, Abboud B. Consequences of dysthyroidism on the digestive tract and viscera. World J Gastroenterol. 2009;15(23):2834–8. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.15.2834.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

55.

Cavallo-Perin P, Bruno A, Boine L, Cassader M, Lenti G, Pagano G. Insulin resistance in Graves’ disease: a quantitative in-vivo evaluation. Eur J Clin Invest. 1988;18(6):607–13. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2362.1988.tb01275.x.CrossRefPubMed

56.

Mokuno T, Uchimura K, Hayashi R, Hayakawa N, Makino M, Nagata M, Kakizawa H, Sawai Y, Kotake M, Oda N, Nakai A, Nagasaka A, Itoh M. Glucose transporter 2 concentrations in hyper- and hypothyroid rat livers. J Endocrinol. 1999;160(2):285–9. https://doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1600285.CrossRefPubMed

57.

Weinstein SP, O’Boyle E, Fisher M, Haber RS. Regulation of GLUT2 glucose transporter expression in liver by thyroid hormone: evidence for hormonal regulation of the hepatic glucose transport system. Endocrinology. 1994;135(2):649–54. https://doi.org/10.1210/endo.135.2.8033812.CrossRefPubMed

58.

Frederiksen L, Brodbaek K, Fenger M, Jorgensen T, Borch-Johnsen K, Madsbad S, Urhammer SA. Comment: studies of the Pro12Ala polymorphism of the PPAR-gamma gene in the Danish MONICA cohort: homozygosity of the Ala allele confers a decreased risk of the insulin resistance syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87(8):3989–92. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.87.8.8732.CrossRefPubMed

59.

Raboudi N, Arem R, Jones RH, Chap Z, Pena J, Chou J, Field JB. Fasting and postabsorptive hepatic glucose and insulin metabolism in hyperthyroidism. Am J Physiol. 1989;256(1 Pt 1):E159–66. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.1989.256.1.E159.CrossRefPubMed

60.

Cettour-Rose P, Theander-Carrillo C, Asensio C, Klein M, Visser TJ, Burger AG, Meier CA, Rohner-Jeanrenaud F. Hypothyroidism in rats decreases peripheral glucose utilisation, a defect partially corrected by central leptin infusion. Diabetologia. 2005;48(4):624–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-005-1696-4.CrossRefPubMed

61.

Clement K, Viguerie N, Diehn M, Alizadeh A, Barbe P, Thalamas C, Storey JD, Brown PO, Barsh GS, Langin D. In vivo regulation of human skeletal muscle gene expression by thyroid hormone. Genome Res. 2002;12(2):281–91. https://doi.org/10.1101/gr.207702.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

62.

Viguerie N, Millet L, Avizou S, Vidal H, Larrouy D, Langin D. Regulation of human adipocyte gene expression by thyroid hormone. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87(2):630–4. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.87.2.8200.CrossRefPubMed

63.

Brenta G. Why can insulin resistance be a natural consequence of thyroid dysfunction? J Thyroid Res. 2011;2011: 152850. https://doi.org/10.4061/2011/152850.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

64.

Liu YY, Schultz JJ, Brent GA. A thyroid hormone receptor alpha gene mutation (P398H) is associated with visceral adiposity and impaired catecholamine-stimulated lipolysis in mice. J Biol Chem. 2003;278(40):38913–20. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M306120200.CrossRefPubMed

65.

Pontikides N, Krassas GE. Basic endocrine products of adipose tissue in states of thyroid dysfunction. Thyroid. 2007;17(5):421–31. https://doi.org/10.1089/thy.2007.0016.CrossRefPubMed

66.

Agbaht K, Erdogan MF, Emral R, Baskal N, Gullu S. Circulating glucagon to ghrelin ratio as a determinant of insulin resistance in hyperthyroidism. Endocrine. 2014;45(1):106–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-013-9951-9.CrossRefPubMed

67.

Zhou Y, Yang Y, Zhou T, Li B, Wang Z. Adiponectin and thyroid cancer: insight into the association between adiponectin and obesity. Aging Dis. 2021;12(2):597–613. https://doi.org/10.14336/AD.2020.0919.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Title: Exploring the association between triglyceride-glucose index and thyroid function
Authors: Hui Cheng
Yanyan Hu
Haoran Zhao
Guowei Zhou
Gaoyuan Wang
Chaoqun Ma
Yan Xu
Publication date: 01-12-2023
Publisher: BioMed Central
Keywords: Insulins
Insulins
Published in: European Journal of Medical Research / Issue 1/2023
Electronic ISSN: 2047-783X
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40001-023-01501-z

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Exploring the association between triglyceride-glucose index and thyroid function

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Background

Methods

Results

Conclusion

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 1/2023

The relationship between the level of NMLR on admission and the prognosis of patients after cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a retrospective observational study

Activating transcription factor (ATF) 6 upregulates cystathionine β synthetase (CBS) expression and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) synthesis to ameliorate liver metabolic damage

Correlation analysis of clinical, pathological, imaging and genetic features of ground-glass nodule featured lung adenocarcinomas between high-risk and non-high-risk individuals

Effects of regorafenib on the mononuclear/phagocyte system and how these contribute to the inhibition of colorectal tumors in mice

Respiratory viruses and postoperative hemodynamics in patients with unrestrictive congenital cardiac communications: a prospective cohort study

Early administration of multiple vasopressors is associated with better survival in patients with sepsis: a propensity score-weighted study