Influence of the route of exposure and the matrix on the sensitisation potency of a major cows’ milk allergen

Allergic sensitisation to food may occur through non-gastrointestinal routes such as via skin or lung. We recently demonstrated in mice that cutaneous or respiratory pre-exposures to peanut proteins on intact epithelia induce a Th2 priming and allow subsequent oral sensitization without the use of adjuvant. We then aimed to assess the impact of a similar pattern of exposure to another relevant food allergen, cows’ milk.

The humoral and cellular immune response induced in BALB/cJ mice after repeated cutaneous applications on intact skin or after intranasal administration of cows’ milk proteins was analysed. In order to assess the potential effect of the food matrix, we used either a purified major cows’ milk allergen, β-lactoglobulin (BLG), or whole cows’ milk containing the same amount of BLG. We then studied the impact of these pre-exposures on a subsequent oral exposure to milk in the presence or absence of the mucosal Th2 adjuvant, Cholera toxin (CT). Cutaneous applications of milk induced production of BLG-specific IgE and IgG1 in 5 and 8 mice out of 20 respectively, whereas purified BLG alone did not. Intranasal exposure to milk, but not to BLG, led to BLG-specific IgG1 production in 8 out of 20 mice. Notably, cutaneous pre-exposure to milk favours further oral sensitisation without CT, while intra-nasal pre-exposure to BLG prevents further experimental sensitisation.

Altogether, our results thus demonstrated that the immune response induced after non-gastrointestinal exposure to food depends on the allergen, the matrix and the route of exposure.