Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

LIVE: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)
Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies
Published in: BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies 1/2014

Open Access 01-12-2014 | Research article

In vitro protection of biological macromolecules against oxidative stress and in vivo toxicity evaluation of Acacia nilotica (L.) and ethyl gallate in rats

Authors: Shalini Mohan, Kalaivani Thiagarajan, Rajasekaran Chandrasekaran, Joseph Arul

Published in: BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies | Issue 1/2014

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

Recently, enormous research has been focused on natural bioactive compounds possessing potential antioxidant and anticancer properties using cell lines and animal models. Acacia nilotica (L.) is widely distributed in Asia, Africa, Australia and Kenya. The plant is traditionally used to treat mouth, ear and bone cancer. However, reports on Acacia nilotica (L.) Wild. Ex. Delile subsp. indica (Benth.) Brenan regarding its toxicity profile is limited. Hence in this study, we investigated the antioxidant capacity and acute toxicity of ethyl gallate, a phenolic antioxidant present in the A. nilotica (L.) leaf extract.

Methods

The antioxidant activity of ethyl gallate against Fenton’s system (Fe3+/H2O2/ascorbic acid) generated oxidative damage to pBR322 DNA and BSA was investigated. We also studied the interaction of ethyl gallate to CT-DNA by wave scan and FTIR analysis. The amount of ethyl gallate present in the A. nilotica (L.) leaf extract was calculated using HPLC and represented in gram equivalence of ethyl gallate. The acute toxicity profile of ethyl gallate in the A. nilotica (L.) leaf extract was analyzed in albino Wistar rats. Measurement of liver and kidney function markers, total proteins and glucose were determined in the serum. Statistical analysis was done using statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) tool version 16.0.

Results

Ethyl gallate was found to be effective at 100 μg/mL concentration by inhibiting the free radical mediated damage to BSA and pBR322 DNA. We also found that the interaction of ethyl gallate and A. nilotica (L.) leaf extract to CT-DNA occurs through intercalation. One gram of A. nilotica (L.) leaf extract was found to be equivalent to 20 mg of ethyl gallate through HPLC analysis. Based on the acute toxicity results, A. nilotica (L.) leaf extract and ethyl gallate as well was found to be non-toxic and safe.

Conclusions

Results revealed no mortality or abnormal biochemical changes in vivo and the protective effect of A. nilotica (L.) leaf extract and ethyl gallate on DNA and protein against oxidative stress in vitro. Hence, A. nilotica (L.) leaf extract or ethyl gallate could be used as potential antioxidants with safe therapeutic application in cancer chemotherapy.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
Donne DI, Rossi R, Colombo R, Giustarini D, Milzani A: Biomarkers of oxidative damage in human disease. Clin Chem. 2006, 52: 601-623.CrossRef
2.
Oboh G: Antioxidant properties of some commonly consumed and underutilized tropical legumes. Eur Food Res Tech. 2006, 224: 61-65.CrossRef
3.
Silva BM, Andrade PB, Valentaoo P, Ferreres F, Seabra RM, Ferreira MA: Quince (Cydonia oblonga Miller) fruit (pulp, peel and seed) and jam: antioxidant activity. J Agric Food Chem. 2004, 52: 4705-4712.CrossRefPubMed
4.
Kalaivani T, Mathew L: Free radical scavenging activity from leaves of Acacia nilotica (L.) Wild. ex Delile, an Indian medicinal tree. Food Chem Toxicol. 2010, 48: 298-305.CrossRefPubMed
5.
Hooda A, Rathee M, Singh J: Chewing sticks in the era of toothbrush: a review. Internet J Fam Pract. 2009, 9: 1-
6.
Jansen PCM, Cardon D: Dyes and tannins. Plant Resources of Tropical Africa 3. PROTA Foundation. 2005, Wageningen, Netherlands: Backhuys Publishers, 19-25.
7.
Ambasta SP: The Wealth of India. A dictionary of Indian raw materials and industrial products. 1986, New Delhi: The useful plants of India, CSIR, 13: 198-
8.
Ali A, Akhtar N, Khan BA, Khan MA, Rasul A, Zaman SU, Khalid N, Waseem K, Mahmood T, Ali L: Acacia nilotica: a plant of multipurpose medicinal uses. J Med Plants Res. 2012, 6: 1492-1496.
9.
Seigler DS: Phytochemistry of Acacia-sensu lato. Biochem Syst Ecol. 2003, 31: 845-873.CrossRef
10.
Kalaivani T, Rajasekaran C, Mathew L: Free radical scavenging, cytotoxic, and hemolytic activities of an active antioxidant compound ethyl gallate from leaves of Acacia nilotica (L.) wild. Ex. Delile subsp. Indica (Benth.) Brenan. J Food Sci. 2011, 76: 144-149.CrossRef
11.
Kalaivani T, Rajasekaran C, Suthindhiran K, Mathew L: Free radical scavenging, cytotoxic and haemolytic activities from leaves of Acacia nilotica (L.) Wild. ex. Delile subsp. indica (Benth.) Brenan. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2010, 2010: 1-8.
12.
Kim WH, Song HO, Choi HJ, Bang HI, Choi DY, Park H: Ethyl gallate induces apoptosis of HL-60 cells by promoting the expression of caspases-8,-9,-3, apoptosis-inducing factor and endonuclease G. Int J Mol Sci. 2012, 13: 11912-11922.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
13.
Gotes J, Kasian K, Jacobs H, Cheng ZQ, Mink SN: Benefits of ethyl gallate versus norepinephrine in the treatment of cardiovascular collapse in Pseudomonas aeruginosa septic shock in dogs. Crit Care Med. 2012, 40: 560-572.CrossRefPubMed
14.
Gao S, Zhan Q, Li J, Yang Q, Li X, Chen W, Sun L: LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous determination of ethyl gallate and its major metabolite in rat plasma. Biomed Chromatogr. 2010, 24: 472-478.PubMed
15.
Wang BS, Lin SS, Hsiao WC, Fan JJ, Fuh LF, Duh PD: Protective effects of aqueous extract of Welsh onion green leaves on oxidative damage of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Food Chem. 2006, 98: 149-157.CrossRef
16.
LaemmLi UK: Cleavage of structural proteins during the assembly of the head of bacteriophage T4. Nature. 1970, 227: 680-685.CrossRefPubMed
17.
Lee JC, Kim HR, Kim J, Jang YS: Antioxidant property of an ethanol extract of the stem of Opuntia ficus-indica var. Saboten. J Agri Food Chem. 2002, 50: 6490-6496.CrossRef
18.
Ghosh P, Devi PG, Priya R, Amrita A, Sivaramakrishna A, Babu S, Siva R: Spectroscopic and in silico evaluation of interaction of DNA with six anthraquinone derivatives. Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2013, 170: 1127-1137.CrossRefPubMed
19.
Armed Forces Institute of Pathology: laboratory methods in Histotechnology. Edited by: Prophet EB, Mills B, Arrington JB, Sobin LH. 1992, Washington DC: American Registry of Pathology, 25-53.
20.
Sharma P, Shankar S, Agarwal A, Singh R: Variation in serum lipids and liver function markers in lindane exposed female wistar rats: attenuating effect of curcumin, vitamin C and vitamin E. Asian J Exp Biol Sci. 2010, 1: 440-444.
21.
Prakash D, Singh BN, Upadhyay G: Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of phenols from onion. Food Chem. 2007, 102: 1389-1393.CrossRef
22.
Singh BN, Singh BR, Singh RL, Prakash D, Sarma BK, Singh HB: Antioxidant and anti-quorum sensing activities of green pod of Acacia nilotica L. Food Chem Toxicol. 2009, 47: 778-786.CrossRefPubMed
23.
Teel RW: Ellagic acid binding to DNA as a possible mechanism for its antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic action. Can Lett. 1986, 30: 329-336.CrossRef
24.
Boubaker J, Mansour HB, Ghedira K, Ghedira LC: Polar extracts from (Tunisian) Acacia salicina Lindl. Study of the antimicrobial and antigenotoxic activities. BMC Complemen Altern Med. 2012, 12: 37-CrossRef
25.
Ghomi M, Letellier R, Liquier J, Taillandier E: Interpretation of DNA vibrational spectra by normal coordinate analysis. Int J Biochem. 1990, 22: 691-699.CrossRefPubMed
26.
Tyagi G, Jangir DK, Singh P, Mehrotra R: DNA interaction studies of an anticancer plant alkaloid, vincristine, using fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. DNA and Cell Biol. 2010, 29: 693-699.CrossRef
27.
Dedon PC: Determination of binding mode: intercalation. Curr Protoc Nucleic Acid Chem. 2001, 8: 1-13.PubMed
28.
Kanakis CD, Tarantilis PD, Pappas C, Bariyanga J, Tajmir-Riahi HA, Polissiou MG: An overview of structural features of DNA and RNA complexes with saffron compounds: models and antioxidant activity. J Photochem Photobiol. 2009, 95: 204-212.CrossRef
29.
Clarke EGC, Clarke ML: Veterinary Toxicology. Edited by: Cassel , Collier . 1997, London: Macmillan publishers, 268-277.
30.
Wakte PS, Sachin BS, Patil AA, Shinde DB: Hepatoprotective activity of Acacia nilotica flowers. Med Chem Drug Discovery. 2012, 3: 152-159.
31.
Guta M, Urga K, Assefa A, Lemma H, Addis G, Gemeda N, Yirsaw k, Mudi K, Melaku D: Antibacterial and acute toxicity study of Acacia nilotica. Ethiop J Biol Sci. 2007, 6: 43-49.
32.
El-Hadiyah TM, Abdulhadi NH, Badico EEM, Mohammed EYG: Toxic potential of ethanolic extract of Acacia nilotica (Garad) in rats. Sudan J Med Sci. 2011, 6: 1-6.
33.
Raza M, Al-Shabanah OA, El-Hadiyah TM, Al-Majed AA: Effect of prolonged vigabatrin treatment on haematological and biochemical parameters in plasma, liver and kidney of Swiss albino mice. Sci Pharm. 2002, 70: 135-145.
34.
Teo S, Stirling D, Thomas S, Hoberman A, Kiorpes A, Khetani V: A 90-day oral gavage toxicity study of d-methylphenidate and d I-methylphenidate in Sprague-Dawley rats. Toxicol. 2002, 179: 183-196.CrossRef
35.
Al-Mustafa ZH, Dafallah AA: A study on the toxicology of Acacia nilotica. Am J Chin Med. 2000, 28: 123-CrossRefPubMed
36.
Rodostits OM, Gay CC, Blood DC, Hinchcliff KW: Clinica Veterinaria. 2002, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil: Guanabara Koogan, Rio de Janeiro, 1737-9
37.
Wolford ST, Schroer RA, Gohs FX, Gallo PP, Brodeck M, Falk HB, Ruhren R: Reference range data base for serum chemistry and hematology values in laboratory animals. J Toxicol Environ Health. 1986, 18: 161-188.CrossRefPubMed
38.
Johnson-Delaney C: Small mammals. Exotic animal companion medicine handbook for veterinarians. Edited by: Hudelson KS. 1996, Florida: Zoological Education Network, 1-62.
39.
Asad M, Munir TA, Afzal N: Acacia nilotica leaf extract and glyburide: comparison of fasting blood glucose, serum insulin, beta-thromboglobulin levels and platelet aggregation in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. J Pak Med Assoc. 2011, 61: 247-251.PubMed
40.
Corns CM: Herbal remedies and clinical biochemistry. Annals of Clin Biochem. 2003, 40: 489-507.CrossRef
41.
Hilaly J, El Israili ZH, Lyoussi B: Acute and chronic toxicological studies of Ajuga iva in experimental animals. J Ethnopharmacol. 2004, 91: 43-50.CrossRefPubMed
42.
Isnard BC, Deray G, Baumelou M, Le Quintree M, Vanherweghem JL: Herbs and the kidney. Am J Kidney Disease. 2004, 44: 1-11.CrossRef
43.
44.
Tolman KG, Rej R: Liver function. Tietz Textbook of clinical chemistry. Edited by: Burtis CA, Ashwood ER. 1999, Philadelphia Pennsylvania: Saunders Company, 1125-1177. 3
45.
Mitruka BM, Rawnsley HM: Clinical, Biochemical and Hematology reference values in normal and experimental animals. Clinical, biochemical and hematological reference values in normal experimental animals. Edited by: Mitruka BM, Rawnsley HM. 1981, USA: Masson publishing, 134-135. 2
46.
Kannan N, Sakthivel KM, Guruvayoorappan C: Protective effect of Acacia nilotica (L.) against acetaminophen-induced hepatocellular damage in wistar rats. Adv Pharmacol Sci. 2013, 2013: 1-9.CrossRef
Metadata
Title
In vitro protection of biological macromolecules against oxidative stress and in vivo toxicity evaluation of Acacia nilotica (L.) and ethyl gallate in rats
Authors
Shalini Mohan
Kalaivani Thiagarajan
Rajasekaran Chandrasekaran
Joseph Arul
Publication date
01-12-2014
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies / Issue 1/2014
Electronic ISSN: 2662-7671
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-14-257

Other articles of this Issue 1/2014

BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies 1/2014 Go to the issue

Research article

Preventive effects of Chlorella on skeletal muscle atrophy in muscle-specific mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 activity-deficient mice

Research article

The process of care in integrative health care settings – a qualitative study of US practices

Study protocol

Effect of electroacupuncture versus pelvic floor muscle training plus solifenacin for moderate and severe mixed urinary incontinence in women: a study protocol

Research article

Characteristics of randomized controlled trials of yoga: a bibliometric analysis

Research article

Optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction of flavonoid compounds and their pharmaceutical activity from curry leaf (Murraya koenigii L.) using response surface methodology

Research article

Preconditioning somatothermal stimulation on Qimen (LR14) reduces hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats