Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Breast Cancer 3/2012

01-07-2012 | Special Feature

Improvement of survival and prospect of cure in patients with metastatic breast cancer

Authors: Yee Chung Cheng, Naoto T. Ueno

Published in: Breast Cancer | Issue 3/2012

Login to get access

Abstract

Patients with metastatic breast cancer have traditionally been considered incurable with conventional treatment. However, 5–10% of those patients survive more than 5 years, and 2–5% survive more than 10 years. Recent studies suggest that the survival of patients with metastatic breast cancer has been slowly improving. In this review, we examine the possible curative approach for a certain group of patients with metastatic breast cancer. We identify that patients most likely to benefit from such an aggressive approach are young and have good performance status, adequate body functional reserve, long disease-free interval before recurrence, oligometastatic disease, and low systemic tumor load. An aggressive multidisciplinary approach including both local treatment of macroscopic disease and systemic treatment of microscopic disease can result in prolonged disease control in certain patients with metastatic breast cancer. Whether patients with prolonged disease control are “cured” remains controversial.
Literature
2.
go back to reference Falkson G, Gelman RS, Leone L, Falkson CI. Survival of premenopausal women with metastatic breast cancer. Long-term follow-up of Eastern Cooperative Group and Cancer and Leukemia Group B studies. Cancer. 1990;66:1621–9.PubMedCrossRef Falkson G, Gelman RS, Leone L, Falkson CI. Survival of premenopausal women with metastatic breast cancer. Long-term follow-up of Eastern Cooperative Group and Cancer and Leukemia Group B studies. Cancer. 1990;66:1621–9.PubMedCrossRef
3.
go back to reference Greenberg PA, Hortobagyi GN, Smith TL, Ziegler LD, Frye DK, Buzdar AU. Long-term follow-up of patients with complete remission following combination chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 1996;14:2197–205.PubMed Greenberg PA, Hortobagyi GN, Smith TL, Ziegler LD, Frye DK, Buzdar AU. Long-term follow-up of patients with complete remission following combination chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 1996;14:2197–205.PubMed
4.
go back to reference Giordano SH, Buzdar AU, Smith TL, Kau SW, Yang Y, Hortobagyi GN. Is breast cancer survival improving? Cancer. 2004;100:44–52.PubMedCrossRef Giordano SH, Buzdar AU, Smith TL, Kau SW, Yang Y, Hortobagyi GN. Is breast cancer survival improving? Cancer. 2004;100:44–52.PubMedCrossRef
5.
go back to reference Chia SK, Speers CH, D’Yachkova Y, Kang A, Malfair-Taylor S, Barnett J, et al. The impact of new chemotherapeutic and hormone agents on survival in a population-based cohort of women with metastatic breast cancer. Cancer. 2007;110:973–9.PubMedCrossRef Chia SK, Speers CH, D’Yachkova Y, Kang A, Malfair-Taylor S, Barnett J, et al. The impact of new chemotherapeutic and hormone agents on survival in a population-based cohort of women with metastatic breast cancer. Cancer. 2007;110:973–9.PubMedCrossRef
6.
go back to reference Haybittle JL. Curability of breast cancer. Br Med Bull. 1991;47:319–23.PubMed Haybittle JL. Curability of breast cancer. Br Med Bull. 1991;47:319–23.PubMed
7.
go back to reference Friedel G, Linder A, Toomes H. The significance of prognostic factors for the resection of pulmonary metastases of breast cancer. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1994;42:71–5.PubMedCrossRef Friedel G, Linder A, Toomes H. The significance of prognostic factors for the resection of pulmonary metastases of breast cancer. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1994;42:71–5.PubMedCrossRef
8.
go back to reference Planchard D, Soria JC, Michiels S, Grunenwald D, Validire P, Caliandro R, et al. Uncertain benefit from surgery in patients with lung metastases from breast carcinoma. Cancer. 2004;100:28–35.PubMedCrossRef Planchard D, Soria JC, Michiels S, Grunenwald D, Validire P, Caliandro R, et al. Uncertain benefit from surgery in patients with lung metastases from breast carcinoma. Cancer. 2004;100:28–35.PubMedCrossRef
9.
go back to reference Staren ED, Salerno C, Rongione A, Witt TR, Faber LP. Pulmonary resection for metastatic breast cancer. Arch Surg. 1992;127:1282–4.PubMedCrossRef Staren ED, Salerno C, Rongione A, Witt TR, Faber LP. Pulmonary resection for metastatic breast cancer. Arch Surg. 1992;127:1282–4.PubMedCrossRef
10.
go back to reference Lanza LA, Natarajan G, Roth JA, Putnam JB, Putnam JB Jr. Long-term survival after resection of pulmonary metastases from carcinoma of the breast. Ann Thorac Surg. 1992;54:244–7. (discussion 248).PubMedCrossRef Lanza LA, Natarajan G, Roth JA, Putnam JB, Putnam JB Jr. Long-term survival after resection of pulmonary metastases from carcinoma of the breast. Ann Thorac Surg. 1992;54:244–7. (discussion 248).PubMedCrossRef
11.
go back to reference McDonald ML, Deschamps C, Ilstrup DM, Allen MS, Trastek VF, Pairolero PC. Pulmonary resection for metastatic breast cancer. Ann Thorac Surg. 1994;58:1599–602.PubMedCrossRef McDonald ML, Deschamps C, Ilstrup DM, Allen MS, Trastek VF, Pairolero PC. Pulmonary resection for metastatic breast cancer. Ann Thorac Surg. 1994;58:1599–602.PubMedCrossRef
12.
go back to reference Livartowski A, Chapelier A, Beuzedoc P, Dierick A, Asselain B, Dartevelle P, et al. Surgery of lung metastases of breast cancer: analysis of 40 cases. Bull Cancer. 1998;85:800.PubMed Livartowski A, Chapelier A, Beuzedoc P, Dierick A, Asselain B, Dartevelle P, et al. Surgery of lung metastases of breast cancer: analysis of 40 cases. Bull Cancer. 1998;85:800.PubMed
13.
go back to reference Murabito M, Salat A, Mueller MR. Complete resection of isolated lung metastasis from breast carcinoma results in a strong increase in survival. Minerva Chir. 2000;55:121–7.PubMed Murabito M, Salat A, Mueller MR. Complete resection of isolated lung metastasis from breast carcinoma results in a strong increase in survival. Minerva Chir. 2000;55:121–7.PubMed
14.
go back to reference Friedel G, Pastorino U, Ginsberg RJ, Goldstraw P, Johnston M, Pass H, et al. Results of lung metastasectomy from breast cancer: prognostic criteria on the basis of 467 cases of the International Registry of Lung Metastases. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2002;22:335–44.PubMedCrossRef Friedel G, Pastorino U, Ginsberg RJ, Goldstraw P, Johnston M, Pass H, et al. Results of lung metastasectomy from breast cancer: prognostic criteria on the basis of 467 cases of the International Registry of Lung Metastases. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2002;22:335–44.PubMedCrossRef
15.
go back to reference Ludwig C, Stoelben E, Hasse J. Disease-free survival after resection of lung metastases in patients with breast cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2003;29:532–5.PubMedCrossRef Ludwig C, Stoelben E, Hasse J. Disease-free survival after resection of lung metastases in patients with breast cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2003;29:532–5.PubMedCrossRef
16.
go back to reference Tanaka F, Li M, Hanaoka N, Bando T, Fukuse T, Hasegawa S, et al. Surgery for pulmonary nodules in breast cancer patients. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005;79:1711–4. (discussion 1714–1715).PubMedCrossRef Tanaka F, Li M, Hanaoka N, Bando T, Fukuse T, Hasegawa S, et al. Surgery for pulmonary nodules in breast cancer patients. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005;79:1711–4. (discussion 1714–1715).PubMedCrossRef
17.
go back to reference Rena O, Papalia E, Ruffini E, Filosso PL, Oliaro A, Maggi G, et al. The role of surgery in the management of solitary pulmonary nodule in breast cancer patients. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2007;33:546–50.PubMedCrossRef Rena O, Papalia E, Ruffini E, Filosso PL, Oliaro A, Maggi G, et al. The role of surgery in the management of solitary pulmonary nodule in breast cancer patients. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2007;33:546–50.PubMedCrossRef
18.
go back to reference Yoshimoto M, Tada K, Nishimura S, Makita M, Iwase T, Kasumi F, et al. Favourable long-term results after surgical removal of lung metastases of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2008;110:485–91.PubMedCrossRef Yoshimoto M, Tada K, Nishimura S, Makita M, Iwase T, Kasumi F, et al. Favourable long-term results after surgical removal of lung metastases of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2008;110:485–91.PubMedCrossRef
19.
go back to reference Hoe AL, Royle GT, Taylor I. Breast liver metastases—incidence, diagnosis and outcome. J R Soc Med. 1991;84:714–6.PubMed Hoe AL, Royle GT, Taylor I. Breast liver metastases—incidence, diagnosis and outcome. J R Soc Med. 1991;84:714–6.PubMed
20.
go back to reference Zinser JW, Hortobagyi GN, Buzdar AU, Smith TL, Fraschini G. Clinical course of breast cancer patients with liver metastases. J Clin Oncol. 1987;5:773–82.PubMed Zinser JW, Hortobagyi GN, Buzdar AU, Smith TL, Fraschini G. Clinical course of breast cancer patients with liver metastases. J Clin Oncol. 1987;5:773–82.PubMed
21.
go back to reference Atalay G, Biganzoli L, Renard F, Paridaens R, Cufer T, Coleman R, et al. Clinical outcome of breast cancer patients with liver metastases alone in the anthracycline–taxane era: a retrospective analysis of two prospective, randomised metastatic breast cancer trials. Eur J Cancer. 2003;39:2439–49.PubMedCrossRef Atalay G, Biganzoli L, Renard F, Paridaens R, Cufer T, Coleman R, et al. Clinical outcome of breast cancer patients with liver metastases alone in the anthracycline–taxane era: a retrospective analysis of two prospective, randomised metastatic breast cancer trials. Eur J Cancer. 2003;39:2439–49.PubMedCrossRef
22.
go back to reference Schneebaum S, Walker MJ, Young D, Farrar WB, Minton JP. The regional treatment of liver metastases from breast cancer. J Surg Oncol. 1994;55:26–31. (discussion 32).PubMedCrossRef Schneebaum S, Walker MJ, Young D, Farrar WB, Minton JP. The regional treatment of liver metastases from breast cancer. J Surg Oncol. 1994;55:26–31. (discussion 32).PubMedCrossRef
23.
go back to reference Lorenz M, Wiesner J, Staib-Sebler E, Encke A. Regional therapy breast cancer liver metastases. Zentralbl Chir. 1995;120:786–90.PubMed Lorenz M, Wiesner J, Staib-Sebler E, Encke A. Regional therapy breast cancer liver metastases. Zentralbl Chir. 1995;120:786–90.PubMed
24.
go back to reference Elias D, Lasser PH, Montrucolli D, Bonvallot S, Spielmann M. Hepatectomy for liver metastases from breast cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol. 1995;21:510–3.PubMedCrossRef Elias D, Lasser PH, Montrucolli D, Bonvallot S, Spielmann M. Hepatectomy for liver metastases from breast cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol. 1995;21:510–3.PubMedCrossRef
25.
go back to reference Pocard M, Salmon RJ. Hepatic resection for breast cancer metastasis. The concept of adjuvant surgery. Bull Cancer. 1997;84:47–50.PubMed Pocard M, Salmon RJ. Hepatic resection for breast cancer metastasis. The concept of adjuvant surgery. Bull Cancer. 1997;84:47–50.PubMed
26.
go back to reference Raab R, Nussbaum KT, Behrend M, Weimann A. Liver metastases of breast cancer: results of liver resection. Anticancer Res. 1998;18:2231–3.PubMed Raab R, Nussbaum KT, Behrend M, Weimann A. Liver metastases of breast cancer: results of liver resection. Anticancer Res. 1998;18:2231–3.PubMed
27.
go back to reference Seifert JK, Weigel TF, Gonner U, Bottger TC, Junginger T. Liver resection for breast cancer metastases. Hepatogastroenterology. 1999;46:2935–40.PubMed Seifert JK, Weigel TF, Gonner U, Bottger TC, Junginger T. Liver resection for breast cancer metastases. Hepatogastroenterology. 1999;46:2935–40.PubMed
28.
go back to reference Kondo S, Katoh H, Omi M, Hirano S, Ambo Y, Tanaka E, et al. Hepatectomy for metastases from breast cancer offers the survival benefit similar to that in hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer. Hepatogastroenterology. 2000;47:1501–3.PubMed Kondo S, Katoh H, Omi M, Hirano S, Ambo Y, Tanaka E, et al. Hepatectomy for metastases from breast cancer offers the survival benefit similar to that in hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer. Hepatogastroenterology. 2000;47:1501–3.PubMed
29.
go back to reference Yoshimoto M, Tada T, Saito M, Takahashi K, Uchida Y, Kasumi F. Surgical treatment of hepatic metastases from breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2000;59:177–84.PubMedCrossRef Yoshimoto M, Tada T, Saito M, Takahashi K, Uchida Y, Kasumi F. Surgical treatment of hepatic metastases from breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2000;59:177–84.PubMedCrossRef
30.
go back to reference Selzner M, Morse MA, Vredenburgh JJ, Meyers WC, Clavien PA. Liver metastases from breast cancer: long-term survival after curative resection. Surgery. 2000;127:383–9.PubMedCrossRef Selzner M, Morse MA, Vredenburgh JJ, Meyers WC, Clavien PA. Liver metastases from breast cancer: long-term survival after curative resection. Surgery. 2000;127:383–9.PubMedCrossRef
31.
go back to reference Maksan SM, Lehnert T, Bastert G, Herfarth C. Curative liver resection for metastatic breast cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2000;26:209–12.PubMedCrossRef Maksan SM, Lehnert T, Bastert G, Herfarth C. Curative liver resection for metastatic breast cancer. Eur J Surg Oncol. 2000;26:209–12.PubMedCrossRef
32.
go back to reference Pocard M, Pouillart P, Asselain B, Falcou MC, Salmon RJ. Hepatic resection for breast cancer metastases: results and prognosis (65 cases). Ann Chir. 2001;126:413–20.PubMedCrossRef Pocard M, Pouillart P, Asselain B, Falcou MC, Salmon RJ. Hepatic resection for breast cancer metastases: results and prognosis (65 cases). Ann Chir. 2001;126:413–20.PubMedCrossRef
33.
go back to reference Carlini M, Lonardo MT, Carboni F, Petric M, Vitucci C, Santoro R, et al. Liver metastases from breast cancer. Results of surgical resection. Hepatogastroenterology. 2002;49:1597–601.PubMed Carlini M, Lonardo MT, Carboni F, Petric M, Vitucci C, Santoro R, et al. Liver metastases from breast cancer. Results of surgical resection. Hepatogastroenterology. 2002;49:1597–601.PubMed
34.
go back to reference Singletary SE, Walsh G, Vauthey JN, Curley S, Sawaya R, Weber KL, et al. A role for curative surgery in the treatment of selected patients with metastatic breast cancer. Oncologist. 2003;8:241–51.PubMedCrossRef Singletary SE, Walsh G, Vauthey JN, Curley S, Sawaya R, Weber KL, et al. A role for curative surgery in the treatment of selected patients with metastatic breast cancer. Oncologist. 2003;8:241–51.PubMedCrossRef
35.
go back to reference Elias D, Maisonnette F, Druet-Cabanac M, Ouellet JF, Guinebretiere JM, Spielmann M, et al. An attempt to clarify indications for hepatectomy for liver metastases from breast cancer. Am J Surg. 2003;185:158–64.PubMedCrossRef Elias D, Maisonnette F, Druet-Cabanac M, Ouellet JF, Guinebretiere JM, Spielmann M, et al. An attempt to clarify indications for hepatectomy for liver metastases from breast cancer. Am J Surg. 2003;185:158–64.PubMedCrossRef
36.
go back to reference Arena E, Ferrero S. Surgical treatment of liver metastases from breast cancer. Minerva Chir. 2004;59:7–15.PubMed Arena E, Ferrero S. Surgical treatment of liver metastases from breast cancer. Minerva Chir. 2004;59:7–15.PubMed
37.
go back to reference Vlastos G, Smith DL, Singletary SE, Mirza NQ, Tuttle TM, Popat RJ, et al. Long-term survival after an aggressive surgical approach in patients with breast cancer hepatic metastases. Ann Surg Oncol. 2004;11:869–74.PubMedCrossRef Vlastos G, Smith DL, Singletary SE, Mirza NQ, Tuttle TM, Popat RJ, et al. Long-term survival after an aggressive surgical approach in patients with breast cancer hepatic metastases. Ann Surg Oncol. 2004;11:869–74.PubMedCrossRef
38.
go back to reference d’Annibale M, Piovanello P, Cerasoli V, Campioni N. Liver metastases from breast cancer: the role of surgical treatment. Hepatogastroenterology. 2005;52:1858–62.PubMed d’Annibale M, Piovanello P, Cerasoli V, Campioni N. Liver metastases from breast cancer: the role of surgical treatment. Hepatogastroenterology. 2005;52:1858–62.PubMed
39.
go back to reference Ercolani G, Grazi GL, Ravaioli M, Ramacciato G, Cescon M, Varotti G, et al. The role of liver resections for noncolorectal, nonneuroendocrine metastases: experience with 142 observed cases. Ann Surg Oncol. 2005;12:459–66.PubMedCrossRef Ercolani G, Grazi GL, Ravaioli M, Ramacciato G, Cescon M, Varotti G, et al. The role of liver resections for noncolorectal, nonneuroendocrine metastases: experience with 142 observed cases. Ann Surg Oncol. 2005;12:459–66.PubMedCrossRef
40.
go back to reference Okaro AC, Durkin DJ, Layer GT, Kissin MW, Karanjia ND. Hepatic resection for breast cancer metastases. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2005;87:167–70.PubMedCrossRef Okaro AC, Durkin DJ, Layer GT, Kissin MW, Karanjia ND. Hepatic resection for breast cancer metastases. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2005;87:167–70.PubMedCrossRef
41.
go back to reference Sakamoto Y, Yamamoto J, Yoshimoto M, Kasumi F, Kosuge T, Kokudo N, et al. Hepatic resection for metastatic breast cancer: prognostic analysis of 34 patients. World J Surg. 2005;29:524–7.PubMedCrossRef Sakamoto Y, Yamamoto J, Yoshimoto M, Kasumi F, Kosuge T, Kokudo N, et al. Hepatic resection for metastatic breast cancer: prognostic analysis of 34 patients. World J Surg. 2005;29:524–7.PubMedCrossRef
42.
go back to reference Adam R, Aloia T, Krissat J, Bralet MP, Paule B, Giacchetti S, et al. Is liver resection justified for patients with hepatic metastases from breast cancer? Ann Surg. 2006;244:897–907. (discussion 907–898).PubMedCrossRef Adam R, Aloia T, Krissat J, Bralet MP, Paule B, Giacchetti S, et al. Is liver resection justified for patients with hepatic metastases from breast cancer? Ann Surg. 2006;244:897–907. (discussion 907–898).PubMedCrossRef
43.
go back to reference Martinez SR, Young SE, Giuliano AE, Bilchik AJ. The utility of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and Her-2/neu status to predict survival in patients undergoing hepatic resection for breast cancer metastases. Am J Surg. 2006;191:281–3.PubMedCrossRef Martinez SR, Young SE, Giuliano AE, Bilchik AJ. The utility of estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and Her-2/neu status to predict survival in patients undergoing hepatic resection for breast cancer metastases. Am J Surg. 2006;191:281–3.PubMedCrossRef
44.
go back to reference Thelen A, Benckert C, Jonas S, Lopez-Hanninen E, Sehouli J, Neumann U, et al. Liver resection for metastases from breast cancer. J Surg Oncol. 2008;97:25–9.PubMedCrossRef Thelen A, Benckert C, Jonas S, Lopez-Hanninen E, Sehouli J, Neumann U, et al. Liver resection for metastases from breast cancer. J Surg Oncol. 2008;97:25–9.PubMedCrossRef
45.
go back to reference Caralt M, Bilbao I, Cortes J, Escartin A, Lazaro JL, Dopazo C, et al. Hepatic resection for liver metastases as part of the “oncosurgical” treatment of metastatic breast cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 2008;15:2804–10.PubMedCrossRef Caralt M, Bilbao I, Cortes J, Escartin A, Lazaro JL, Dopazo C, et al. Hepatic resection for liver metastases as part of the “oncosurgical” treatment of metastatic breast cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 2008;15:2804–10.PubMedCrossRef
46.
go back to reference Livraghi T, Goldberg SN, Solbiati L, Meloni F, Ierace T, Gazelle GS. Percutaneous radio-frequency ablation of liver metastases from breast cancer: initial experience in 24 patients. Radiology. 2001;220:145–9.PubMed Livraghi T, Goldberg SN, Solbiati L, Meloni F, Ierace T, Gazelle GS. Percutaneous radio-frequency ablation of liver metastases from breast cancer: initial experience in 24 patients. Radiology. 2001;220:145–9.PubMed
47.
go back to reference Lawes D, Chopada A, Gillams A, Lees W, Taylor I. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) as a cytoreductive strategy for hepatic metastasis from breast cancer. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2006;88:639–42.PubMedCrossRef Lawes D, Chopada A, Gillams A, Lees W, Taylor I. Radiofrequency ablation (RFA) as a cytoreductive strategy for hepatic metastasis from breast cancer. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2006;88:639–42.PubMedCrossRef
48.
go back to reference Gunabushanam G, Sharma S, Thulkar S, Srivastava DN, Rath GK, Julka PK, et al. Radiofrequency ablation of liver metastases from breast cancer: results in 14 patients. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2007;18:67–72.PubMedCrossRef Gunabushanam G, Sharma S, Thulkar S, Srivastava DN, Rath GK, Julka PK, et al. Radiofrequency ablation of liver metastases from breast cancer: results in 14 patients. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2007;18:67–72.PubMedCrossRef
49.
go back to reference Sofocleous CT, Nascimento RG, Gonen M, Theodoulou M, Covey AM, Brody LA, et al. Radiofrequency ablation in the management of liver metastases from breast cancer. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;189:883–9.PubMedCrossRef Sofocleous CT, Nascimento RG, Gonen M, Theodoulou M, Covey AM, Brody LA, et al. Radiofrequency ablation in the management of liver metastases from breast cancer. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2007;189:883–9.PubMedCrossRef
50.
go back to reference Mack MG, Straub R, Eichler K, Sollner O, Lehnert T, Vogl TJ. Breast cancer metastases in liver: laser-induced interstitial thermotherapy—local tumor control rate and survival data. Radiology. 2004;233:400–9.PubMedCrossRef Mack MG, Straub R, Eichler K, Sollner O, Lehnert T, Vogl TJ. Breast cancer metastases in liver: laser-induced interstitial thermotherapy—local tumor control rate and survival data. Radiology. 2004;233:400–9.PubMedCrossRef
51.
go back to reference Fraschini G, Fleishman G, Yap HY, Carrasco CH, Charnsangavej C, Patt YZ, et al. Percutaneous hepatic arterial infusion of cisplatin for metastatic breast cancer. Cancer Treat Rep. 1987;71:313–5.PubMed Fraschini G, Fleishman G, Yap HY, Carrasco CH, Charnsangavej C, Patt YZ, et al. Percutaneous hepatic arterial infusion of cisplatin for metastatic breast cancer. Cancer Treat Rep. 1987;71:313–5.PubMed
52.
go back to reference Arai Y, Sone Y, Inaba Y, Ariyoshi Y, Kido C. Hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy for liver metastases from breast cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1994;33(Suppl):S142–4.PubMedCrossRef Arai Y, Sone Y, Inaba Y, Ariyoshi Y, Kido C. Hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy for liver metastases from breast cancer. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol. 1994;33(Suppl):S142–4.PubMedCrossRef
53.
go back to reference Yayoi E, Furukawa J, Sekimoto M, Kinuta M, Tateishi H, Maruyama H, et al. A comparison of intra-arterial chemoembolization and infusion chemotherapy for liver metastases of breast cancer. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1995;22:1519–22.PubMed Yayoi E, Furukawa J, Sekimoto M, Kinuta M, Tateishi H, Maruyama H, et al. A comparison of intra-arterial chemoembolization and infusion chemotherapy for liver metastases of breast cancer. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 1995;22:1519–22.PubMed
54.
go back to reference Ikeda T, Adachi I, Takashima S, Ogita M, Aoyama H, Sano M, et al. A phase I/II study of continuous intra-arterial chemotherapy using an implantable reservoir for the treatment of liver metastases from breast cancer: a Japan Clinical Oncology Group (JCOG) study 9113. JCOG Breast Cancer Study Group. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 1999;29:23–7.PubMedCrossRef Ikeda T, Adachi I, Takashima S, Ogita M, Aoyama H, Sano M, et al. A phase I/II study of continuous intra-arterial chemotherapy using an implantable reservoir for the treatment of liver metastases from breast cancer: a Japan Clinical Oncology Group (JCOG) study 9113. JCOG Breast Cancer Study Group. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 1999;29:23–7.PubMedCrossRef
55.
go back to reference Gofuku J, Yayoi E, Ikeda N, Nishi T, Yagyu T, Kawasaki K. Long-term survivors with liver metastasis from breast cancer who were received intra-arterial chemotherapy. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 2004;31:1828–31.PubMed Gofuku J, Yayoi E, Ikeda N, Nishi T, Yagyu T, Kawasaki K. Long-term survivors with liver metastasis from breast cancer who were received intra-arterial chemotherapy. Gan To Kagaku Ryoho. 2004;31:1828–31.PubMed
56.
go back to reference Giroux MF, Baum RA, Soulen MC. Chemoembolization of liver metastasis from breast carcinoma. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2004;15:289–91.PubMedCrossRef Giroux MF, Baum RA, Soulen MC. Chemoembolization of liver metastasis from breast carcinoma. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2004;15:289–91.PubMedCrossRef
57.
go back to reference Li XP, Meng ZQ, Guo WJ, Li J. Treatment for liver metastases from breast cancer: results and prognostic factors. World J Gastroenterol. 2005;11:3782–7.PubMed Li XP, Meng ZQ, Guo WJ, Li J. Treatment for liver metastases from breast cancer: results and prognostic factors. World J Gastroenterol. 2005;11:3782–7.PubMed
58.
go back to reference Camacho LH, Kurzrock R, Cheung A, Barber DF, Gupta S, Madoff DC, et al. Pilot study of regional, hepatic intra-arterial paclitaxel in patients with breast carcinoma metastatic to the liver. Cancer. 2007;109:2190–6.PubMedCrossRef Camacho LH, Kurzrock R, Cheung A, Barber DF, Gupta S, Madoff DC, et al. Pilot study of regional, hepatic intra-arterial paclitaxel in patients with breast carcinoma metastatic to the liver. Cancer. 2007;109:2190–6.PubMedCrossRef
59.
go back to reference Buijs M, Kamel IR, Vossen JA, Georgiades CS, Hong K, Geschwind JF. Assessment of metastatic breast cancer response to chemoembolization with contrast agent enhanced and diffusion-weighted MR imaging. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2007;18:957–63.PubMedCrossRef Buijs M, Kamel IR, Vossen JA, Georgiades CS, Hong K, Geschwind JF. Assessment of metastatic breast cancer response to chemoembolization with contrast agent enhanced and diffusion-weighted MR imaging. J Vasc Interv Radiol. 2007;18:957–63.PubMedCrossRef
60.
go back to reference DiStefano A, Yong Yap Y, Hortobagyi GN, Blumenschein GR. The natural history of breast cancer patients with brain metastases. Cancer. 1979;44:1913–8.PubMedCrossRef DiStefano A, Yong Yap Y, Hortobagyi GN, Blumenschein GR. The natural history of breast cancer patients with brain metastases. Cancer. 1979;44:1913–8.PubMedCrossRef
61.
go back to reference Tsukada Y, Fouad A, Pickren JW, Lane WW. Central nervous system metastasis from breast carcinoma. Autopsy study. Cancer. 1983;52:2349–54.PubMedCrossRef Tsukada Y, Fouad A, Pickren JW, Lane WW. Central nervous system metastasis from breast carcinoma. Autopsy study. Cancer. 1983;52:2349–54.PubMedCrossRef
62.
go back to reference Boogerd W, Vos VW, Hart AA, Baris G. Brain metastases in breast cancer; natural history, prognostic factors and outcome. J Neurooncol. 1993;15:165–74.PubMedCrossRef Boogerd W, Vos VW, Hart AA, Baris G. Brain metastases in breast cancer; natural history, prognostic factors and outcome. J Neurooncol. 1993;15:165–74.PubMedCrossRef
63.
go back to reference Altundag K, Bondy ML, Mirza NQ, Kau SW, Broglio K, Hortobagyi GN, et al. Clinicopathologic characteristics and prognostic factors in 420 metastatic breast cancer patients with central nervous system metastasis. Cancer. 2007;110:2640–7.PubMedCrossRef Altundag K, Bondy ML, Mirza NQ, Kau SW, Broglio K, Hortobagyi GN, et al. Clinicopathologic characteristics and prognostic factors in 420 metastatic breast cancer patients with central nervous system metastasis. Cancer. 2007;110:2640–7.PubMedCrossRef
64.
go back to reference Salvati M, Capoccia G, Orlando ER, Fiorenza F, Gagliardi FM. Single brain metastases from breast cancer: remarks on clinical pattern and treatment. Tumori. 1992;78:115–7.PubMed Salvati M, Capoccia G, Orlando ER, Fiorenza F, Gagliardi FM. Single brain metastases from breast cancer: remarks on clinical pattern and treatment. Tumori. 1992;78:115–7.PubMed
65.
go back to reference Wronski M, Arbit E, McCormick B. Surgical treatment of 70 patients with brain metastases from breast carcinoma. Cancer. 1997;80:1746–54.PubMedCrossRef Wronski M, Arbit E, McCormick B. Surgical treatment of 70 patients with brain metastases from breast carcinoma. Cancer. 1997;80:1746–54.PubMedCrossRef
66.
go back to reference Boogerd W, Hart AA, Tjahja IS. Treatment and outcome of brain metastasis as first site of distant metastasis from breast cancer. J Neurooncol. 1997;35:161–7.PubMedCrossRef Boogerd W, Hart AA, Tjahja IS. Treatment and outcome of brain metastasis as first site of distant metastasis from breast cancer. J Neurooncol. 1997;35:161–7.PubMedCrossRef
67.
go back to reference Pieper DR, Hess KR, Sawaya RE. Role of surgery in the treatment of brain metastases in patients with breast cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 1997;4:481–90.PubMedCrossRef Pieper DR, Hess KR, Sawaya RE. Role of surgery in the treatment of brain metastases in patients with breast cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 1997;4:481–90.PubMedCrossRef
68.
go back to reference Firlik KS, Kondziolka D, Flickinger JC, Lunsford LD. Stereotactic radiosurgery for brain metastases from breast cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 2000;7:333–8.PubMedCrossRef Firlik KS, Kondziolka D, Flickinger JC, Lunsford LD. Stereotactic radiosurgery for brain metastases from breast cancer. Ann Surg Oncol. 2000;7:333–8.PubMedCrossRef
69.
go back to reference Amendola BE, Wolf AL, Coy SR, Amendola M, Bloch L. Gamma knife radiosurgery in the treatment of patients with single and multiple brain metastases from carcinoma of the breast. Cancer J. 2000;6:88–92.PubMed Amendola BE, Wolf AL, Coy SR, Amendola M, Bloch L. Gamma knife radiosurgery in the treatment of patients with single and multiple brain metastases from carcinoma of the breast. Cancer J. 2000;6:88–92.PubMed
70.
go back to reference Lederman G, Wronski M, Fine M. Fractionated radiosurgery for brain metastases in 43 patients with breast carcinoma. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2001;65:145–54.PubMedCrossRef Lederman G, Wronski M, Fine M. Fractionated radiosurgery for brain metastases in 43 patients with breast carcinoma. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2001;65:145–54.PubMedCrossRef
71.
go back to reference Combs SE, Schulz-Ertner D, Thilmann C, Edler L, Debus J. Treatment of cerebral metastases from breast cancer with stereotactic radiosurgery. Strahlenther Onkol. 2004;180:590–6.PubMedCrossRef Combs SE, Schulz-Ertner D, Thilmann C, Edler L, Debus J. Treatment of cerebral metastases from breast cancer with stereotactic radiosurgery. Strahlenther Onkol. 2004;180:590–6.PubMedCrossRef
72.
go back to reference Goyal S, Prasad D, Harrell F Jr, Matsumoto J, Rich T, Steiner L. Gamma knife surgery for the treatment of intracranial metastases from breast cancer. J Neurosurg. 2005;103:218–23.PubMedCrossRef Goyal S, Prasad D, Harrell F Jr, Matsumoto J, Rich T, Steiner L. Gamma knife surgery for the treatment of intracranial metastases from breast cancer. J Neurosurg. 2005;103:218–23.PubMedCrossRef
73.
go back to reference Akyurek S, Chang EL, Mahajan A, Hassenbusch SJ, Allen PK, Mathews LA, et al. Stereotactic radiosurgical treatment of cerebral metastases arising from breast cancer. Am J Clin Oncol. 2007;30:310–4.PubMedCrossRef Akyurek S, Chang EL, Mahajan A, Hassenbusch SJ, Allen PK, Mathews LA, et al. Stereotactic radiosurgical treatment of cerebral metastases arising from breast cancer. Am J Clin Oncol. 2007;30:310–4.PubMedCrossRef
74.
go back to reference Sherry MM, Greco FA, Johnson DH, Hainsworth JD. Metastatic breast cancer confined to the skeletal system. An indolent disease. Am J Med. 1986;81:381–6.PubMedCrossRef Sherry MM, Greco FA, Johnson DH, Hainsworth JD. Metastatic breast cancer confined to the skeletal system. An indolent disease. Am J Med. 1986;81:381–6.PubMedCrossRef
75.
go back to reference Briasoulis E, Karavasilis V, Kostadima L, Ignatiadis M, Fountzilas G, Pavlidis N. Metastatic breast carcinoma confined to bone: portrait of a clinical entity. Cancer. 2004;101:1524–8.PubMedCrossRef Briasoulis E, Karavasilis V, Kostadima L, Ignatiadis M, Fountzilas G, Pavlidis N. Metastatic breast carcinoma confined to bone: portrait of a clinical entity. Cancer. 2004;101:1524–8.PubMedCrossRef
76.
go back to reference Boxer DI, Todd CE, Coleman R, Fogelman I. Bone secondaries in breast cancer: the solitary metastasis. J Nucl Med. 1989;30:1318–20.PubMed Boxer DI, Todd CE, Coleman R, Fogelman I. Bone secondaries in breast cancer: the solitary metastasis. J Nucl Med. 1989;30:1318–20.PubMed
77.
go back to reference Noguchi S, Miyauchi K, Nishizawa Y, Imaoka S, Koyama H, Iwanaga T. Results of surgical treatment for sternal metastasis of breast cancer. Cancer. 1988;62:1397–401.PubMedCrossRef Noguchi S, Miyauchi K, Nishizawa Y, Imaoka S, Koyama H, Iwanaga T. Results of surgical treatment for sternal metastasis of breast cancer. Cancer. 1988;62:1397–401.PubMedCrossRef
78.
go back to reference Incarbone M, Nava M, Lequaglie C, Ravasi G, Pastorino U. Sternal resection for primary or secondary tumors. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1997;114:93–9.PubMedCrossRef Incarbone M, Nava M, Lequaglie C, Ravasi G, Pastorino U. Sternal resection for primary or secondary tumors. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1997;114:93–9.PubMedCrossRef
79.
go back to reference Lequaglie C, Massone PB, Giudice G, Conti B. Gold standard for sternectomies and plastic reconstructions after resections for primary or secondary sternal neoplasms. Ann Surg Oncol. 2002;9:472–9.PubMedCrossRef Lequaglie C, Massone PB, Giudice G, Conti B. Gold standard for sternectomies and plastic reconstructions after resections for primary or secondary sternal neoplasms. Ann Surg Oncol. 2002;9:472–9.PubMedCrossRef
80.
go back to reference Khan SA, Stewart AK, Morrow M. Does aggressive local therapy improve survival in metastatic breast cancer? Surgery. 2002;132:620–6. (discussion 626–627).PubMedCrossRef Khan SA, Stewart AK, Morrow M. Does aggressive local therapy improve survival in metastatic breast cancer? Surgery. 2002;132:620–6. (discussion 626–627).PubMedCrossRef
81.
go back to reference Babiera GV, Rao R, Feng L, Meric-Bernstam F, Kuerer HM, Singletary SE, et al. Effect of primary tumor extirpation in breast cancer patients who present with stage IV disease and an intact primary tumor. Ann Surg Oncol. 2006;13:776–82.PubMedCrossRef Babiera GV, Rao R, Feng L, Meric-Bernstam F, Kuerer HM, Singletary SE, et al. Effect of primary tumor extirpation in breast cancer patients who present with stage IV disease and an intact primary tumor. Ann Surg Oncol. 2006;13:776–82.PubMedCrossRef
82.
go back to reference Khan SA. Does resection of an intact breast primary improve survival in metastatic breast cancer? Oncology (Williston Park). 2007;21:924–31. (discussion 931–922, 934, 942, passim). Khan SA. Does resection of an intact breast primary improve survival in metastatic breast cancer? Oncology (Williston Park). 2007;21:924–31. (discussion 931–922, 934, 942, passim).
83.
go back to reference Wood WC. Breast surgery in advanced breast cancer: local control in the presence of metastases. Breast. 2007;16(Suppl 2):S63–6.PubMedCrossRef Wood WC. Breast surgery in advanced breast cancer: local control in the presence of metastases. Breast. 2007;16(Suppl 2):S63–6.PubMedCrossRef
84.
go back to reference Fields RC, Jeffe DB, Trinkaus K, Zhang Q, Arthur C, Aft R, et al. Surgical resection of the primary tumor is associated with increased long-term survival in patients with stage IV breast cancer after controlling for site of metastasis. Ann Surg Oncol. 2007;14:3345–51.PubMedCrossRef Fields RC, Jeffe DB, Trinkaus K, Zhang Q, Arthur C, Aft R, et al. Surgical resection of the primary tumor is associated with increased long-term survival in patients with stage IV breast cancer after controlling for site of metastasis. Ann Surg Oncol. 2007;14:3345–51.PubMedCrossRef
85.
go back to reference Leung AM, Vu HN, Nguyen KA, Thacker LR, Bear HD. Effects of surgical excision on survival of patients with stage IV breast cancer. J Surg Res. 2010;161:83–8.PubMedCrossRef Leung AM, Vu HN, Nguyen KA, Thacker LR, Bear HD. Effects of surgical excision on survival of patients with stage IV breast cancer. J Surg Res. 2010;161:83–8.PubMedCrossRef
86.
go back to reference Sinha P, Clements VK, Miller S, Ostrand-Rosenberg S. Tumor immunity: a balancing act between T cell activation, macrophage activation and tumor-induced immune suppression. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2005;54:1137–42.PubMedCrossRef Sinha P, Clements VK, Miller S, Ostrand-Rosenberg S. Tumor immunity: a balancing act between T cell activation, macrophage activation and tumor-induced immune suppression. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2005;54:1137–42.PubMedCrossRef
87.
go back to reference Gnerlich J, Jeffe DB, Deshpande AD, Beers C, Zander C, Margenthaler JA. Surgical removal of the primary tumor increases overall survival in patients with metastatic breast cancer: analysis of the 1988–2003 SEER data. Ann Surg Oncol. 2007;14:2187–94.PubMedCrossRef Gnerlich J, Jeffe DB, Deshpande AD, Beers C, Zander C, Margenthaler JA. Surgical removal of the primary tumor increases overall survival in patients with metastatic breast cancer: analysis of the 1988–2003 SEER data. Ann Surg Oncol. 2007;14:2187–94.PubMedCrossRef
88.
go back to reference Carmichael AR, Anderson ED, Chetty U, Dixon JM. Does local surgery have a role in the management of stage IV breast cancer? Eur J Surg Oncol. 2003;29:17–9.PubMedCrossRef Carmichael AR, Anderson ED, Chetty U, Dixon JM. Does local surgery have a role in the management of stage IV breast cancer? Eur J Surg Oncol. 2003;29:17–9.PubMedCrossRef
89.
go back to reference Rapiti E, Verkooijen HM, Vlastos G, Fioretta G, Neyroud-Caspar I, Sappino AP, et al. Complete excision of primary breast tumor improves survival of patients with metastatic breast cancer at diagnosis. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:2743–9.PubMedCrossRef Rapiti E, Verkooijen HM, Vlastos G, Fioretta G, Neyroud-Caspar I, Sappino AP, et al. Complete excision of primary breast tumor improves survival of patients with metastatic breast cancer at diagnosis. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24:2743–9.PubMedCrossRef
90.
go back to reference Blanchard DK, Shetty PB, Hilsenbeck SG, Elledge RM. Association of surgery with improved survival in stage IV breast cancer patients. Ann Surg. 2008;247:732–8.PubMedCrossRef Blanchard DK, Shetty PB, Hilsenbeck SG, Elledge RM. Association of surgery with improved survival in stage IV breast cancer patients. Ann Surg. 2008;247:732–8.PubMedCrossRef
91.
go back to reference Rivera E, Holmes FA, Buzdar AU, Asmar L, Kau SW, Fraschini G, et al. Fluorouracil, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide followed by tamoxifen as adjuvant treatment for patients with stage IV breast cancer with no evidence of disease. Breast J. 2002;8:2–9.PubMedCrossRef Rivera E, Holmes FA, Buzdar AU, Asmar L, Kau SW, Fraschini G, et al. Fluorouracil, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide followed by tamoxifen as adjuvant treatment for patients with stage IV breast cancer with no evidence of disease. Breast J. 2002;8:2–9.PubMedCrossRef
92.
go back to reference Stadtmauer EA, O’Neill A, Goldstein LJ, Crilley PA, Mangan KF, Ingle JN, et al. Conventional-dose chemotherapy compared with high-dose chemotherapy plus autologous hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation for metastatic breast cancer. Philadelphia Bone Marrow Transplant Group. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:1069–76.PubMedCrossRef Stadtmauer EA, O’Neill A, Goldstein LJ, Crilley PA, Mangan KF, Ingle JN, et al. Conventional-dose chemotherapy compared with high-dose chemotherapy plus autologous hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation for metastatic breast cancer. Philadelphia Bone Marrow Transplant Group. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:1069–76.PubMedCrossRef
93.
go back to reference Stadtmauer EA, O’Neill A, Goldstein LJ, Crilley PA, Mangan KF, Ingle JN, et al. Conventional-dose chemotherapy compared with high-dose chemotherapy (HDC) plus autologous stem cell transplantation (SCT) for metastatic breast cancer: 5-year update of the ‘Philadelphia Trial’ (PBT-01). Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2002;21 (abstract 169). Stadtmauer EA, O’Neill A, Goldstein LJ, Crilley PA, Mangan KF, Ingle JN, et al. Conventional-dose chemotherapy compared with high-dose chemotherapy (HDC) plus autologous stem cell transplantation (SCT) for metastatic breast cancer: 5-year update of the ‘Philadelphia Trial’ (PBT-01). Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2002;21 (abstract 169).
94.
go back to reference Crown J, Perey L, Lind M, Guillem V, Efremedis A, Garcia-Conde J, et al. Superiority of tandem high-dose chemotherapy (HDC) versus optimized conventionally-dosed chemotherapy (CDC) in patients (pts) with metastatic breast cancer (MBC): the International Breast Cancer Dose Intensity Study (IBDIS 1). Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2003;22 (abstract 88). Crown J, Perey L, Lind M, Guillem V, Efremedis A, Garcia-Conde J, et al. Superiority of tandem high-dose chemotherapy (HDC) versus optimized conventionally-dosed chemotherapy (CDC) in patients (pts) with metastatic breast cancer (MBC): the International Breast Cancer Dose Intensity Study (IBDIS 1). Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2003;22 (abstract 88).
95.
go back to reference Schmid P, Schippinger W, Nitsch T, Huebner G, Heilmann V, Schultze W, et al. Up-front tandem high-dose chemotherapy compared with standard chemotherapy with doxorubicin and paclitaxel in metastatic breast cancer: results of a randomized trial. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:432–40.PubMedCrossRef Schmid P, Schippinger W, Nitsch T, Huebner G, Heilmann V, Schultze W, et al. Up-front tandem high-dose chemotherapy compared with standard chemotherapy with doxorubicin and paclitaxel in metastatic breast cancer: results of a randomized trial. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23:432–40.PubMedCrossRef
96.
go back to reference Lotz JP, Cure H, Janvier M, Asselain B, Morvan F, Legros M, et al. High-dose chemotherapy with haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for metastatic breast cancer patients: final results of the French multicentric randomised CMA/PEGASE 04 protocol. Eur J Cancer. 2005;41:71–80.PubMedCrossRef Lotz JP, Cure H, Janvier M, Asselain B, Morvan F, Legros M, et al. High-dose chemotherapy with haematopoietic stem cell transplantation for metastatic breast cancer patients: final results of the French multicentric randomised CMA/PEGASE 04 protocol. Eur J Cancer. 2005;41:71–80.PubMedCrossRef
97.
go back to reference Vredenburgh JJ, Coniglio D, Broadwater G, Jones RB, Ross M, Shpall EJ, et al. Consolidation with high-dose combination alkylating agents with bone marrow transplantation significantly improves disease-free survival in hormone-insensitive metastatic breast cancer in complete remission compared with intensive standard-dose chemotherapy alone. Biol Blood Marrow Transpl. 2006;12:195–203.CrossRef Vredenburgh JJ, Coniglio D, Broadwater G, Jones RB, Ross M, Shpall EJ, et al. Consolidation with high-dose combination alkylating agents with bone marrow transplantation significantly improves disease-free survival in hormone-insensitive metastatic breast cancer in complete remission compared with intensive standard-dose chemotherapy alone. Biol Blood Marrow Transpl. 2006;12:195–203.CrossRef
98.
go back to reference Vredenburgh JJ, Madan B, Coniglio D, Ross M, Broadwater G, Niedzwiecki D, et al. A randomized phase III comparative trial of immediate consolidation with high-dose chemotherapy and autologous peripheral blood progenitor cell support compared to observation with delayed consolidation in women with metastatic breast cancer and only bone metastases following intensive induction chemotherapy. Bone Marrow Transpl. 2006;37:1009–15.CrossRef Vredenburgh JJ, Madan B, Coniglio D, Ross M, Broadwater G, Niedzwiecki D, et al. A randomized phase III comparative trial of immediate consolidation with high-dose chemotherapy and autologous peripheral blood progenitor cell support compared to observation with delayed consolidation in women with metastatic breast cancer and only bone metastases following intensive induction chemotherapy. Bone Marrow Transpl. 2006;37:1009–15.CrossRef
99.
go back to reference Biron P, Durand M, Roche H, Delozier T, Battista C, Fargeot P, et al. Pegase 03: a prospective randomized phase III trial of FEC with or without high-dose thiotepa, cyclophosphamide and autologous stem cell transplantation in first-line treatment of metastatic breast cancer. Bone Marrow Transpl. 2008;41:555–62.CrossRef Biron P, Durand M, Roche H, Delozier T, Battista C, Fargeot P, et al. Pegase 03: a prospective randomized phase III trial of FEC with or without high-dose thiotepa, cyclophosphamide and autologous stem cell transplantation in first-line treatment of metastatic breast cancer. Bone Marrow Transpl. 2008;41:555–62.CrossRef
100.
go back to reference Crump M, Gluck S, Tu D, Stewart D, Levine M, Kirkbride P, et al. Randomized trial of high-dose chemotherapy with autologous peripheral-blood stem-cell support compared with standard-dose chemotherapy in women with metastatic breast cancer: NCIC MA.16. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:37–43.PubMedCrossRef Crump M, Gluck S, Tu D, Stewart D, Levine M, Kirkbride P, et al. Randomized trial of high-dose chemotherapy with autologous peripheral-blood stem-cell support compared with standard-dose chemotherapy in women with metastatic breast cancer: NCIC MA.16. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26:37–43.PubMedCrossRef
101.
go back to reference Berry D, Ueno NT, Johnson MM, Lei X, Smith DA, Caputo J, et al. High-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem-cell support versus standard-dose chemotherapy: meta-analysis of individual patient data from 6 randomized metastatic breast cancer trials. Cancer Res. 2009;69(Suppl):392s. (abstract 6113). Berry D, Ueno NT, Johnson MM, Lei X, Smith DA, Caputo J, et al. High-dose chemotherapy with autologous stem-cell support versus standard-dose chemotherapy: meta-analysis of individual patient data from 6 randomized metastatic breast cancer trials. Cancer Res. 2009;69(Suppl):392s. (abstract 6113).
102.
go back to reference Hortobagyi GN. Can we cure limited metastatic breast cancer? J Clin Oncol. 2002;20:620–3.PubMed Hortobagyi GN. Can we cure limited metastatic breast cancer? J Clin Oncol. 2002;20:620–3.PubMed
Metadata
Title
Improvement of survival and prospect of cure in patients with metastatic breast cancer
Authors
Yee Chung Cheng
Naoto T. Ueno
Publication date
01-07-2012
Publisher
Springer Japan
Published in
Breast Cancer / Issue 3/2012
Print ISSN: 1340-6868
Electronic ISSN: 1880-4233
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12282-011-0276-3

Other articles of this Issue 3/2012

Breast Cancer 3/2012 Go to the issue
Webinar | 19-02-2024 | 17:30 (CET)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on antibody–drug conjugates in cancer

Antibody–drug conjugates (ADCs) are novel agents that have shown promise across multiple tumor types. Explore the current landscape of ADCs in breast and lung cancer with our experts, and gain insights into the mechanism of action, key clinical trials data, existing challenges, and future directions.

Dr. Véronique Diéras
Prof. Fabrice Barlesi
Developed by: Springer Medicine