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Open Access 01-12-2014 | Review

Impact of carbon nanotubes and graphene on immune cells

Authors: Marco Orecchioni, Davide Bedognetti, Francesco Sgarrella, Francesco M Marincola, Alberto Bianco, Lucia Gemma Delogu

Published in: Journal of Translational Medicine | Issue 1/2014

Abstract

It has been recently proposed that nanomaterials, alone or in concert with their specific biomolecular conjugates, can be used to directly modulate the immune system, therefore offering a new tool for the enhancement of immune-based therapies against infectious disease and cancer. Here, we revised the publications on the impact of functionalized carbon nanotubes (f-CNTs), graphene and carbon nanohorns on immune cells. Whereas f-CNTs are the nanomaterial most widely investigated, we noticed a progressive increase of studies focusing on graphene in the last couple of years. The majority of the works (56%) have been carried out on macrophages, following by lymphocytes (30% of the studies). In the case of lymphocytes, T cells were the most investigated (22%) followed by monocytes and dendritic cells (7%), mixed cell populations (peripheral blood mononuclear cells, 6%), and B and natural killer (NK) cells (1%). Most of the studies focused on toxicity and biocompatibility, while mechanistic insights on the effect of carbon nanotubes on immune cells are generally lacking. Only very recently high-throughput gene-expression analyses have shed new lights on unrecognized effects of carbon nanomaterials on the immune system. These investigations have demonstrated that some f-CNTs can directly elicitate specific inflammatory pathways. The interaction of graphene with the immune system is still at a very early stage of investigation. This comprehensive state of the art on biocompatible f-CNTs and graphene on immune cells provides a useful compass to guide future researches on immunological applications of carbon nanomaterials in medicine.

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Title: Impact of carbon nanotubes and graphene on immune cells
Authors: Marco Orecchioni
Davide Bedognetti
Francesco Sgarrella
Francesco M Marincola
Alberto Bianco
Lucia Gemma Delogu
Publication date: 01-12-2014
Publisher: BioMed Central
Published in: Journal of Translational Medicine / Issue 1/2014
Electronic ISSN: 1479-5876
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1479-5876-12-138

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