Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Emergency Radiology 6/2018

01-12-2018 | Review Article

Imaging neurological emergencies in pregnancy and puerperium

Authors: Matthew A. Haber, Diego Nunez

Published in: Emergency Radiology | Issue 6/2018

Login to get access

Abstract

The altered physiologic state of female patients during and just after pregnancy places them at an increased risk for several potentially life-threatening neurologic disorders. Swift diagnosis of such pathology and related complications is critical in order to reduce risk of morbidity and mortality to both the mother and the fetus. Neuroimaging plays an important role in the emergent diagnosis of pathology associated with pregnancy and puerperium, and it is critical for the radiologist to be cognizant of correlative imaging findings. Furthermore, given concerns regarding risks of neuroimaging to the fetus, it is important for the radiologist to act as an informed consultant regarding balancing fetal risks and the mother’s health. The purpose of this review is to elucidate the underlying pathophysiology and neuroimaging findings associated with diagnoses that are unique to or highly associated with pregnancy and puerperium, as well as to understand the role that CT and MR play in diagnosis during and just after pregnancy, and their respective risks to the fetus.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Razmara A, Bakhadirov K, Batra A, Feske SK (2014) Cerebrovascular complications of pregnancy and the postpartum period. Curr Cardiol Rep 16(10):532CrossRef Razmara A, Bakhadirov K, Batra A, Feske SK (2014) Cerebrovascular complications of pregnancy and the postpartum period. Curr Cardiol Rep 16(10):532CrossRef
2.
go back to reference Moatti Z, Gupta M, Yadava R, Thamban S (2014) A review of stroke and pregnancy: incidence, management and prevention. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 181:20–27CrossRef Moatti Z, Gupta M, Yadava R, Thamban S (2014) A review of stroke and pregnancy: incidence, management and prevention. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 181:20–27CrossRef
3.
go back to reference Grear KE, Bushnell CD (2013) Stroke and pregnancy: clinical presentation, evaluation, treatment, and epidemiology. Clin Obstet Gynecol 56(2):350–359CrossRef Grear KE, Bushnell CD (2013) Stroke and pregnancy: clinical presentation, evaluation, treatment, and epidemiology. Clin Obstet Gynecol 56(2):350–359CrossRef
4.
go back to reference Frontera JA, Ahmed W (2014) Neurocritical care complications of pregnancy and puerperum. J Crit Care 29(6):1069–1081CrossRef Frontera JA, Ahmed W (2014) Neurocritical care complications of pregnancy and puerperum. J Crit Care 29(6):1069–1081CrossRef
5.
go back to reference Swartz RH, Cayley ML, Foley N, Ladhani NNN, Leffert L, Bushnell C, McClure J, Lindsay MP (2017) The incidence of pregnancy-related stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Stroke 12(7):687–697CrossRef Swartz RH, Cayley ML, Foley N, Ladhani NNN, Leffert L, Bushnell C, McClure J, Lindsay MP (2017) The incidence of pregnancy-related stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Stroke 12(7):687–697CrossRef
6.
go back to reference Hacein-bey L, Varelas PN, Ulmer JL, Mark LP, Raghavan K, Provenzale JM (2016) Imaging of cerebrovascular disease in pregnancy and the puerperium. AJR Am J Roentgenol 206(1):26–38CrossRef Hacein-bey L, Varelas PN, Ulmer JL, Mark LP, Raghavan K, Provenzale JM (2016) Imaging of cerebrovascular disease in pregnancy and the puerperium. AJR Am J Roentgenol 206(1):26–38CrossRef
7.
go back to reference Mas JL, Lamy C (1998) Stroke in pregnancy and the puerperium. J Neurol 245(6–7):305–313CrossRef Mas JL, Lamy C (1998) Stroke in pregnancy and the puerperium. J Neurol 245(6–7):305–313CrossRef
9.
go back to reference Kittner SJ, Stern BJ, Feeser BR, Hebel JR, Nagey DA, Buchholz DW, Earley CJ, Johnson CJ, Macko RF, Sloan MA, Wityk RJ, Wozniak MA (1996) Pregnancy and the risk of stroke. N Engl J Med 335(11):768–774CrossRef Kittner SJ, Stern BJ, Feeser BR, Hebel JR, Nagey DA, Buchholz DW, Earley CJ, Johnson CJ, Macko RF, Sloan MA, Wityk RJ, Wozniak MA (1996) Pregnancy and the risk of stroke. N Engl J Med 335(11):768–774CrossRef
10.
go back to reference Brass SD, Copen WA (2007) Neurological disorders in pregnancy from a neuroimaging perspective. Semin Neurol 27(5):411–424CrossRef Brass SD, Copen WA (2007) Neurological disorders in pregnancy from a neuroimaging perspective. Semin Neurol 27(5):411–424CrossRef
11.
go back to reference Klein JP, Hsu L (2011) Neuroimaging during pregnancy. Semin Neurol 31(4):361–373CrossRef Klein JP, Hsu L (2011) Neuroimaging during pregnancy. Semin Neurol 31(4):361–373CrossRef
12.
go back to reference Shainker SA, Edlow JA, O'brien K (2015) Cerebrovascular emergencies in pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 29(5):721–731CrossRef Shainker SA, Edlow JA, O'brien K (2015) Cerebrovascular emergencies in pregnancy. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 29(5):721–731CrossRef
13.
go back to reference O'neal MA (2017) Headaches complicating pregnancy and the postpartum period. Pract Neurol 17(3):191–202CrossRef O'neal MA (2017) Headaches complicating pregnancy and the postpartum period. Pract Neurol 17(3):191–202CrossRef
14.
go back to reference Ascanio LC, Maragkos GA, Young BC, Boone MD, Kasper EM (2018) Spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage in pregnancy: a systematic review of the literature. Neurocrit Care Ascanio LC, Maragkos GA, Young BC, Boone MD, Kasper EM (2018) Spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage in pregnancy: a systematic review of the literature. Neurocrit Care
15.
go back to reference Zak IT, Dulai HS, Kish KK (2007) Imaging of neurologic disorders associated with pregnancy and the postpartum period. Radiographics 27(1):95–108CrossRef Zak IT, Dulai HS, Kish KK (2007) Imaging of neurologic disorders associated with pregnancy and the postpartum period. Radiographics 27(1):95–108CrossRef
16.
go back to reference Mcdermott M, Miller EC, Rundek T, Hurn PD, Bushnell CD (2018) Preeclampsia: association with posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome and stroke. Stroke 49(3):524–530CrossRef Mcdermott M, Miller EC, Rundek T, Hurn PD, Bushnell CD (2018) Preeclampsia: association with posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome and stroke. Stroke 49(3):524–530CrossRef
17.
go back to reference Edlow JA, Caplan LR, O'brien K, Tibbles CD (2013) Diagnosis of acute neurological emergencies in pregnant and post-partum women. Lancet Neurol 12(2):175–185CrossRef Edlow JA, Caplan LR, O'brien K, Tibbles CD (2013) Diagnosis of acute neurological emergencies in pregnant and post-partum women. Lancet Neurol 12(2):175–185CrossRef
18.
go back to reference Hiremath R, Mundaganur P, Sonwalkar P, Vishal NS, Narendra GS, Sanjay P (2014) Cross sectional imaging of post partum headache and seizures. J Clin Diagn Res 8(12):RC01–RC05PubMedPubMedCentral Hiremath R, Mundaganur P, Sonwalkar P, Vishal NS, Narendra GS, Sanjay P (2014) Cross sectional imaging of post partum headache and seizures. J Clin Diagn Res 8(12):RC01–RC05PubMedPubMedCentral
19.
go back to reference Alvis JS, Hicks RJ (2012) Pregnancy-induced acute neurologic emergencies and neurologic conditions encountered in pregnancy. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 33(1):46–54CrossRef Alvis JS, Hicks RJ (2012) Pregnancy-induced acute neurologic emergencies and neurologic conditions encountered in pregnancy. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 33(1):46–54CrossRef
20.
go back to reference Moffett-king A (2002) Natural killer cells and pregnancy. Nat Rev Immunol 2(9):656–663CrossRef Moffett-king A (2002) Natural killer cells and pregnancy. Nat Rev Immunol 2(9):656–663CrossRef
21.
go back to reference Brewer J, Owens MY, Wallace K, Reeves AA, Morris R, Khan M, LaMarca B, Martin JN Jr (2013) Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in 46 of 47 patients with eclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 208(6):468.e1–468.e6CrossRef Brewer J, Owens MY, Wallace K, Reeves AA, Morris R, Khan M, LaMarca B, Martin JN Jr (2013) Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome in 46 of 47 patients with eclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 208(6):468.e1–468.e6CrossRef
22.
go back to reference Kanekar S, Bennett S (2016) Imaging of neurologic conditions in pregnant patients. Radiographics 236(7):2102–2122CrossRef Kanekar S, Bennett S (2016) Imaging of neurologic conditions in pregnant patients. Radiographics 236(7):2102–2122CrossRef
23.
go back to reference Schwartz RB, Feske SK, Polak JF, DeGirolami U, Iaia A, Beckner KM, Bravo SM, Klufas RA, Chai RYC, Repke JT (2000) Preeclampsia-eclampsia: clinical and neuroradiographic correlates and insights into the pathogenesis of hypertensive encephalopathy. Radiology 217(2):371–376CrossRef Schwartz RB, Feske SK, Polak JF, DeGirolami U, Iaia A, Beckner KM, Bravo SM, Klufas RA, Chai RYC, Repke JT (2000) Preeclampsia-eclampsia: clinical and neuroradiographic correlates and insights into the pathogenesis of hypertensive encephalopathy. Radiology 217(2):371–376CrossRef
24.
go back to reference Zeeman GG (2009) Neurologic complications of pre-eclampsia. Semin Perinatol 33(3):166–172CrossRef Zeeman GG (2009) Neurologic complications of pre-eclampsia. Semin Perinatol 33(3):166–172CrossRef
25.
go back to reference Loureiro R, Leite CC, Kahhale S, Freire S, Sousa B, Cardoso EF, Alves EA, Borba P, Cerri GG, Zugaib M (2003) Diffusion imaging may predict reversible brain lesions in eclampsia and severe preeclampsia: initial experience. Am J Obstet Gynecol 189(5):1350–1355CrossRef Loureiro R, Leite CC, Kahhale S, Freire S, Sousa B, Cardoso EF, Alves EA, Borba P, Cerri GG, Zugaib M (2003) Diffusion imaging may predict reversible brain lesions in eclampsia and severe preeclampsia: initial experience. Am J Obstet Gynecol 189(5):1350–1355CrossRef
26.
go back to reference Schaefer PW, Buonanno FS, Gonzalez RG, Schwamm LH (1997) Diffusion-weighted imaging discriminates between cytotoxic and vasogenic edema in a patient with eclampsia. Stroke 128(5):1082–1085CrossRef Schaefer PW, Buonanno FS, Gonzalez RG, Schwamm LH (1997) Diffusion-weighted imaging discriminates between cytotoxic and vasogenic edema in a patient with eclampsia. Stroke 128(5):1082–1085CrossRef
27.
go back to reference Ferro JM, Canhão P (2014) Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis: update on diagnosis and management. Curr Cardiol Rep 16(9):523CrossRef Ferro JM, Canhão P (2014) Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis: update on diagnosis and management. Curr Cardiol Rep 16(9):523CrossRef
28.
go back to reference Savage H, Harrison M (2008) Central venous sinus [added] thrombosis misdiagnosed as eclampsia in an emergency department. Emerg Med J 25(1):49–50CrossRef Savage H, Harrison M (2008) Central venous sinus [added] thrombosis misdiagnosed as eclampsia in an emergency department. Emerg Med J 25(1):49–50CrossRef
29.
go back to reference Plowman RS, Javidan-nejad C, Raptis CA et al (2017) Imaging of pregnancy-related vascular complications. Radiographics 37(4):1270–1289CrossRef Plowman RS, Javidan-nejad C, Raptis CA et al (2017) Imaging of pregnancy-related vascular complications. Radiographics 37(4):1270–1289CrossRef
30.
go back to reference Fraum TJ, Ludwig DR, Bashir MR, Fowler KJ (2017) Gadolinium-based contrast agents: a comprehensive risk assessment. J Magn Reson Imaging 46(2):338–353CrossRef Fraum TJ, Ludwig DR, Bashir MR, Fowler KJ (2017) Gadolinium-based contrast agents: a comprehensive risk assessment. J Magn Reson Imaging 46(2):338–353CrossRef
31.
go back to reference Puac P, Rodríguez A, Vallejo C, Zamora CA, Castillo M (2017) Safety of contrast material use during pregnancy and lactation. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 25(4):787–797CrossRef Puac P, Rodríguez A, Vallejo C, Zamora CA, Castillo M (2017) Safety of contrast material use during pregnancy and lactation. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am 25(4):787–797CrossRef
32.
go back to reference Ray JG, Vermeulen MJ, Bharatha A, Montanera WJ, Park AL (2016) Association between MRI exposure during pregnancy and fetal and childhood outcomes. JAMA 316(9):952–961CrossRef Ray JG, Vermeulen MJ, Bharatha A, Montanera WJ, Park AL (2016) Association between MRI exposure during pregnancy and fetal and childhood outcomes. JAMA 316(9):952–961CrossRef
33.
go back to reference Chen SP, Fuh JL, Wang SJ (2010) Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome: an under-recognized clinical emergency. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 3(3):161–171CrossRef Chen SP, Fuh JL, Wang SJ (2010) Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome: an under-recognized clinical emergency. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 3(3):161–171CrossRef
34.
go back to reference Ducros A (2012) Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome. Lancet Neurol 11(10):906–917CrossRef Ducros A (2012) Reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome. Lancet Neurol 11(10):906–917CrossRef
35.
go back to reference Ghia D, Cuganesan R, Cappelen-smith C (2011) Delayed angiographic changes in postpartum cerebral angiopathy. J Clin Neurosci 18(3):435–436CrossRef Ghia D, Cuganesan R, Cappelen-smith C (2011) Delayed angiographic changes in postpartum cerebral angiopathy. J Clin Neurosci 18(3):435–436CrossRef
36.
go back to reference Fugate JE, Ameriso SF, Ortiz G, Schottlaender LV, Wijdicks EFM, Flemming KD, Rabinstein AA (2012) Variable presentations of postpartum angiopathy. Stroke 43(3):670–676CrossRef Fugate JE, Ameriso SF, Ortiz G, Schottlaender LV, Wijdicks EFM, Flemming KD, Rabinstein AA (2012) Variable presentations of postpartum angiopathy. Stroke 43(3):670–676CrossRef
37.
go back to reference Singhal AB (2004) Postpartum angiopathy with reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy. Arch Neurol 61(3):411–416CrossRef Singhal AB (2004) Postpartum angiopathy with reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy. Arch Neurol 61(3):411–416CrossRef
38.
go back to reference Ollivier M, Bertrand A, Clarençon F, Gerber S, Deltour S, Domont F, Trunet S, Dormont D, Leclercq D (2017) Neuroimaging features in posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: a pictorial review. J Neurol Sci 373:188–200CrossRef Ollivier M, Bertrand A, Clarençon F, Gerber S, Deltour S, Domont F, Trunet S, Dormont D, Leclercq D (2017) Neuroimaging features in posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: a pictorial review. J Neurol Sci 373:188–200CrossRef
39.
go back to reference Achar SK, Shetty N, Joseph TT (2011) Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome at term pregnancy. Indian J Anesth 55(4):399–401CrossRef Achar SK, Shetty N, Joseph TT (2011) Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome at term pregnancy. Indian J Anesth 55(4):399–401CrossRef
40.
go back to reference Vandenbossche G, Maquet J, Vroonen P, Lambert G, Nisolle M, Kridelka F, Emonts E (2016) A reversible posterior leucoencephalopathy syndrome including blindness caused by preeclampsia. Facts Views Vis Obgyn 8(3):173–177PubMedPubMedCentral Vandenbossche G, Maquet J, Vroonen P, Lambert G, Nisolle M, Kridelka F, Emonts E (2016) A reversible posterior leucoencephalopathy syndrome including blindness caused by preeclampsia. Facts Views Vis Obgyn 8(3):173–177PubMedPubMedCentral
41.
go back to reference Mueller-mang C, Mang T, Pirker A, Klein K, Prchla C, Prayer D (2009) Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: do predisposing risk factors make a difference in MRI appearance? Neuroradiology 51(6):373–383CrossRef Mueller-mang C, Mang T, Pirker A, Klein K, Prchla C, Prayer D (2009) Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: do predisposing risk factors make a difference in MRI appearance? Neuroradiology 51(6):373–383CrossRef
42.
go back to reference Bartynski WS (2008) Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, part 1: fundamental imaging and clinical features. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 29(6):1036–1042CrossRef Bartynski WS (2008) Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, part 1: fundamental imaging and clinical features. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 29(6):1036–1042CrossRef
43.
go back to reference Bartynski WS (2008) Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, part 2: controversies surrounding pathophysiology of vasogenic edema. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 29(6):1043–1049CrossRef Bartynski WS (2008) Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome, part 2: controversies surrounding pathophysiology of vasogenic edema. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 29(6):1043–1049CrossRef
44.
go back to reference Lamy C, Oppenheim C, Méder JF, Mas JL (2004) Neuroimaging in posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. J Neuroimaging 14(2):89–96CrossRef Lamy C, Oppenheim C, Méder JF, Mas JL (2004) Neuroimaging in posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. J Neuroimaging 14(2):89–96CrossRef
45.
go back to reference Casey SO, Sampaio RC, Michel E, Truwit CL (2000) Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: utility of fluid-attenuated inversion recovery MR imaging in the detection of cortical and subcortical lesions. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 21(7):1199–1206PubMed Casey SO, Sampaio RC, Michel E, Truwit CL (2000) Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome: utility of fluid-attenuated inversion recovery MR imaging in the detection of cortical and subcortical lesions. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 21(7):1199–1206PubMed
46.
go back to reference Doelken M, Lanz S, Rennert J, Alibek S, Richter G, Doerfler A (2007) Differentiation of cytotoxic and vasogenic edema in a patient with reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome using diffusion-weighted MRI. Diagn Interv Radiol 13(3):125–128PubMed Doelken M, Lanz S, Rennert J, Alibek S, Richter G, Doerfler A (2007) Differentiation of cytotoxic and vasogenic edema in a patient with reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome using diffusion-weighted MRI. Diagn Interv Radiol 13(3):125–128PubMed
47.
go back to reference Junewar V, Verma R, Sankhwar PL, Garg RK, Singh MK, Malhotra HS, Sharma PK, Parihar A (2014) Neuroimaging features and predictors of outcome in eclamptic encephalopathy: a prospective observational study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 35(9):1728–1734CrossRef Junewar V, Verma R, Sankhwar PL, Garg RK, Singh MK, Malhotra HS, Sharma PK, Parihar A (2014) Neuroimaging features and predictors of outcome in eclamptic encephalopathy: a prospective observational study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 35(9):1728–1734CrossRef
48.
go back to reference Bartynski WS, Boardman JF (2008) Catheter angiography, MR angiography, and MR perfusion in posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 29(3):447–455CrossRef Bartynski WS, Boardman JF (2008) Catheter angiography, MR angiography, and MR perfusion in posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 29(3):447–455CrossRef
50.
go back to reference Briet C, Salenave S, Bonneville JF, Laws ER, Chanson P (2015) Pituitary apoplexy. Endocr Rev 36(6):622–645CrossRef Briet C, Salenave S, Bonneville JF, Laws ER, Chanson P (2015) Pituitary apoplexy. Endocr Rev 36(6):622–645CrossRef
51.
go back to reference Mathur D, Lim LF, Mathur M, Sng BL (2014) Pituitary apoplexy with reversible cerebral vasoconstrictive syndrome after spinal anaesthesia for emergency caesarean section: an uncommon cause for postpartum headache. Anaesth Intensive Care 42(1):99–105PubMed Mathur D, Lim LF, Mathur M, Sng BL (2014) Pituitary apoplexy with reversible cerebral vasoconstrictive syndrome after spinal anaesthesia for emergency caesarean section: an uncommon cause for postpartum headache. Anaesth Intensive Care 42(1):99–105PubMed
52.
go back to reference Watson V (2015) An unexpected headache: pituitary apoplexy in a pregnant woman on anticoagulation. BMJ Case Rep 2015 Watson V (2015) An unexpected headache: pituitary apoplexy in a pregnant woman on anticoagulation. BMJ Case Rep 2015
53.
go back to reference Gutenberg A, Larsen J, Lupi I, Rohde V, Caturegli P (2009) A radiologic score to distinguish autoimmune hypophysitis from nonsecreting pituitary adenoma preoperatively. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 30(9):1766–1772CrossRef Gutenberg A, Larsen J, Lupi I, Rohde V, Caturegli P (2009) A radiologic score to distinguish autoimmune hypophysitis from nonsecreting pituitary adenoma preoperatively. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 30(9):1766–1772CrossRef
54.
go back to reference Landek-salgado MA, Gutenberg A, Lupi I et al (2010) Pregnancy, postpartum autoimmune thyroiditis, and autoimmune hypophysitis: intimate relationships. Autoimmun Rev 9(3):153–157CrossRef Landek-salgado MA, Gutenberg A, Lupi I et al (2010) Pregnancy, postpartum autoimmune thyroiditis, and autoimmune hypophysitis: intimate relationships. Autoimmun Rev 9(3):153–157CrossRef
55.
go back to reference Molitch ME (1998) Pituitary diseases in pregnancy. Semin Perinatol 22(6):457–470CrossRef Molitch ME (1998) Pituitary diseases in pregnancy. Semin Perinatol 22(6):457–470CrossRef
56.
go back to reference Kerrison JB, Lee AG, Weinstein JM (1997) Acute loss of vision during pregnancy due to a suprasellar mass. Surv Ophthalmol 41(5):402–408CrossRef Kerrison JB, Lee AG, Weinstein JM (1997) Acute loss of vision during pregnancy due to a suprasellar mass. Surv Ophthalmol 41(5):402–408CrossRef
57.
go back to reference Tonda C, Rizvi AA (2011) Headache, pituitary lesion and panhypopituitarism in a pregnant woman: tumor, apoplexy or hypophysitis? Am J Med Sci 342(3):247–249CrossRef Tonda C, Rizvi AA (2011) Headache, pituitary lesion and panhypopituitarism in a pregnant woman: tumor, apoplexy or hypophysitis? Am J Med Sci 342(3):247–249CrossRef
58.
go back to reference Mcgrath E, Monaghan TS, Alexander M, Hennessy MJ (2010) Recurrent spontaneous intracranial hypotension in early pregnancy. BMJ Case Rep 2010 Mcgrath E, Monaghan TS, Alexander M, Hennessy MJ (2010) Recurrent spontaneous intracranial hypotension in early pregnancy. BMJ Case Rep 2010
59.
go back to reference Bakir B, Aydin K, Talu G, Ozyalcin S (2008) Cranial magnetic resonance imaging in spontaneous intracranial hypotension after epidural blood patch. Pain Pract 8(3):206–209CrossRef Bakir B, Aydin K, Talu G, Ozyalcin S (2008) Cranial magnetic resonance imaging in spontaneous intracranial hypotension after epidural blood patch. Pain Pract 8(3):206–209CrossRef
60.
go back to reference Grange J, Lorre G, Ducarme G (2016) Iterative epidural blood patch for recurrent spontaneous intracranial hypotension during pregnancy. J Clin Anesth 34:239–243CrossRef Grange J, Lorre G, Ducarme G (2016) Iterative epidural blood patch for recurrent spontaneous intracranial hypotension during pregnancy. J Clin Anesth 34:239–243CrossRef
61.
go back to reference Fairhall JM, Stoodley MA (2009) Intracranial haemorrhage in pregnancy. Obstet Med 2(4):142–148CrossRef Fairhall JM, Stoodley MA (2009) Intracranial haemorrhage in pregnancy. Obstet Med 2(4):142–148CrossRef
62.
go back to reference Atwell TD, Lteif AN, Brown DL, Mccann M, Townsend JE, Leroy AJ (2008) Neonatal thyroid function after administration of IV iodinated contrast agent to 21 pregnant patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 191(1):268–271CrossRef Atwell TD, Lteif AN, Brown DL, Mccann M, Townsend JE, Leroy AJ (2008) Neonatal thyroid function after administration of IV iodinated contrast agent to 21 pregnant patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 191(1):268–271CrossRef
63.
go back to reference Bourjeily G, Chalhoub M, Phornphutkul C, Alleyne TC, Woodfield CA, Chen KK (2010) Neonatal thyroid function: effect of a single exposure to iodinated contrast medium in utero. Radiology 256(3):744–750CrossRef Bourjeily G, Chalhoub M, Phornphutkul C, Alleyne TC, Woodfield CA, Chen KK (2010) Neonatal thyroid function: effect of a single exposure to iodinated contrast medium in utero. Radiology 256(3):744–750CrossRef
Metadata
Title
Imaging neurological emergencies in pregnancy and puerperium
Authors
Matthew A. Haber
Diego Nunez
Publication date
01-12-2018
Publisher
Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Published in
Emergency Radiology / Issue 6/2018
Print ISSN: 1070-3004
Electronic ISSN: 1438-1435
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10140-018-1625-8

Other articles of this Issue 6/2018

Emergency Radiology 6/2018 Go to the issue