Top

Published in:

Open Access 01-12-2010 | Research article

Identification of differences in human and great ape phytanic acid metabolism that could influence gene expression profiles and physiological functions

Authors: Paul A Watkins, Ann B Moser, Cicely B Toomer, Steven J Steinberg, Hugo W Moser, Mazen W Karaman, Krishna Ramaswamy, Kimberly D Siegmund, D Rick Lee, John J Ely, Oliver A Ryder, Joseph G Hacia

Published in: BMC Physiology | Issue 1/2010

Abstract

Background

It has been proposed that anatomical differences in human and great ape guts arose in response to species-specific diets and energy demands. To investigate functional genomic consequences of these differences, we compared their physiological levels of phytanic acid, a branched chain fatty acid that can be derived from the microbial degradation of chlorophyll in ruminant guts. Humans who accumulate large stores of phytanic acid commonly develop cerebellar ataxia, peripheral polyneuropathy, and retinitis pigmentosa in addition to other medical conditions. Furthermore, phytanic acid is an activator of the PPAR-alpha transcription factor that influences the expression of genes relevant to lipid metabolism.

Results

Despite their trace dietary phytanic acid intake, all great ape species had elevated red blood cell (RBC) phytanic acid levels relative to humans on diverse diets. Unlike humans, chimpanzees showed sexual dimorphism in RBC phytanic acid levels, which were higher in males relative to females. Cultured skin fibroblasts from all species had a robust capacity to degrade phytanic acid. We provide indirect evidence that great apes, in contrast to humans, derive significant amounts of phytanic acid from the hindgut fermentation of plant materials. This would represent a novel reduction of metabolic activity in humans relative to the great apes.

Conclusion

We identified differences in the physiological levels of phytanic acid in humans and great apes and propose this is causally related to their gut anatomies and microbiomes. Phytanic acid levels could contribute to cross-species and sex-specific differences in human and great ape transcriptomes, especially those related to lipid metabolism. Based on the medical conditions caused by phytanic acid accumulation, we suggest that differences in phytanic acid metabolism could influence the functions of human and great ape nervous, cardiovascular, and skeletal systems.

Available only for authorised users

Mitchell P: C. V. On the intestinal tract of mammals. Trans Zool Soc Lond. 1905, XVII: 437-536.

Milton K: A hypothesis to explain the role of meat-eating in human evolution. Evolutionary Anthropology. 1999, 8 (1): 11-21. 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6505(1999)8:1<11::AID-EVAN6>3.0.CO;2-M.CrossRef

Milton K: The critical role played by animal source foods in human (Homo) evolution. J Nutr. 2003, 133 (11 Suppl 2): 3886S-3892S.PubMed

Leonard WR, Snodgrass JJ, Robertson ML: Effects of brain evolution on human nutrition and metabolism. Annu Rev Nutr. 2007, 27: 311-327. 10.1146/annurev.nutr.27.061406.093659.CrossRefPubMed

Martin RD, Chivers DJ, Maclarnon AM, Hladik CM: Gastrointestinal allometry in primates and other mammals. Size and Scaling in Primate Biology. Edited by: Jungers WJ. 1985, Plenum: Plenum Press, 61-139.CrossRef

Milton K, Demment MW: Digestion and passage kinetics of chimpanzees fed high and low fiber diets and comparison with human data. J Nutr. 1988, 118 (9): 1082-1088.PubMed

Hladik CM, Chivers DJ, Pasquet P: On Diet and Gut Size in Non-human Primates and Humans: Is There a Relationship to Brain Size?. Curr Anthropol. 1999, 40 (5): 695-697. 10.1086/300099.CrossRefPubMed

Leonard WR, Robertson ML, Aiello LC, Wheeler P: On diet, energy metabolism, and brain size in human evolution. Current Anthropology. 1996, 37: 125-129. 10.1086/204476.CrossRef

Carmody RN, Wrangham RW: The energetic significance of cooking. J Hum Evol. 2009, 57 (4): 379-391. 10.1016/j.jhevol.2009.02.011.CrossRefPubMed

10.

Schoeninger MJ, Bunn HT, Murray S, Pickering T, Moore J: Meat-eating by the fourth African ape. Meat-eating and Human Evolution. Edited by: Stanford CB, Bunn HT. 2001, Oxford University Press. New York, 179-195.

11.

Bunn HT, Kroll EM: Systematic butchery by Plio/Pleistocene hominids at Oldvai Gorge, Tanzania. Current Anthropology. 1986, 27: 431-452. 10.1086/203467.CrossRef

12.

Bunn HT: Meat made us human. Evolution of the human diet: The known, the unknown, and the unknowable. Edited by: Ungar PS. 2006, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 191-211.

13.

Marean CW, Bar-Matthews M, Bernatchez J, Fisher E, Goldberg P, Herries AI, Jacobs Z, Jerardino A, Karkanas P, Minichillo T, et al: Early human use of marine resources and pigment in South Africa during the Middle Pleistocene. Nature. 2007, 449 (7164): 905-908. 10.1038/nature06204.CrossRefPubMed

14.

Plummer T: Flaked stones and old bones: biological and cultural evolution at the dawn of technology. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2004, 118-164. 10.1002/ajpa.20157. Suppl 39

15.

Tishkoff SA, Reed FA, Ranciaro A, Voight BF, Babbitt CC, Silverman JS, Powell K, Mortensen HM, Hirbo JB, Osman M, et al: Convergent adaptation of human lactase persistence in Africa and Europe. Nat Genet. 2007, 39 (1): 31-40. 10.1038/ng1946.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

16.

Rick TC, Erlandson JM: Anthropology. Coastal exploitation. Science. 2009, 325 (5943): 952-953. 10.1126/science.1178539.CrossRefPubMed

17.

Richards MP, Jacobi R, Cook J, Pettitt PB, Stringer CB: Isotope evidence for the intensive use of marine foods by Late Upper Palaeolithic humans. J Hum Evol. 2005, 49 (3): 390-394. 10.1016/j.jhevol.2005.05.002.CrossRefPubMed

18.

Broadhurst CL, Wang Y, Crawford MA, Cunnane SC, Parkington JE, Schmidt WF: Brain-specific lipids from marine, lacustrine, or terrestrial food resources: potential impact on early African Homo sapiens. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol. 2002, 131 (4): 653-673. 10.1016/S1096-4959(02)00002-7.CrossRefPubMed

19.

Shipman P: Scavenging or hunting in early hominids: theoretical framework and tests. American Anthropologist. 1986, 88: 27-43. 10.1525/aa.1986.88.1.02a00020.CrossRef

20.

Rothman JM, Dierenfeld ES, Hintz HF, Pell AN: Nutritional quality of gorilla diets: consequences of age, sex, and season. Oecologia. 2008, 155 (1): 111-122. 10.1007/s00442-007-0901-1.CrossRefPubMed

21.

Popovich DG, Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW, Dierenfeld ES, Carroll RW, Tariq N, Vidgen E: The western lowland gorilla diet has implications for the health of humans and other hominoids. J Nutr. 1997, 127 (10): 2000-2005.PubMed

22.

Conklin-Brittain NL, Knott CD, Wrangham RW: Energy intake by wild chimpanzees and orangutans: methodological considerations and a preliminary comparison. Feeding Ecology in Apes and Other Primates: Ecological, Physical, and Behavioral Aspects. Edited by: Hohmann G, Robbins MM, Boesch C. 2006, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 445-472.

23.

Remis MJ: Initial studies on the contributions of body size and gastrointestinal passage rates to dietary flexibility among gorillas. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2000, 112 (2): 171-180. 10.1002/(SICI)1096-8644(2000)112:2<171::AID-AJPA4>3.0.CO;2-F.CrossRefPubMed

24.

Remis MJ, Dierenfeld ES: Digesta passage, digestibility, and behavior in captive gorillas under two dietary regimens. International Journal of Primatology. 2004, 25: 825-845. 10.1023/B:IJOP.0000029124.04610.c7.CrossRef

25.

Schmidt DA, Kerley MS, Dempsey JL, Porton IJ, Porter JH, Griffin ME, Ellersieck MR, Sadler WC: Fiber digestibility by the orangutan (Pongo abelii): in vitro and in vivo. J Zoo Wildl Med. 2005, 36 (4): 571-580. 10.1638/04-103.1.CrossRefPubMed

26.

Cummings JH, Englyst HN: Fermentation in the human large intestine and the available substrates. Am J Clin Nutr. 1987, 45 (5 Suppl): 1243-1255.PubMed

27.

Mortensen PB, Clausen MR: Short-chain fatty acids in the human colon: relation to gastrointestinal health and disease. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl. 1996, 216: 132-148. 10.3109/00365529609094568.CrossRefPubMed

28.

McNeil NI: The contribution of the large intestine to energy supplies in man. Am J Clin Nutr. 1984, 39 (2): 338-342.PubMed

29.

Gloerich J, van Vlies N, Jansen GA, Denis S, Ruiter JP, van Werkhoven MA, Duran M, Vaz FM, Wanders RJ, Ferdinandusse S: A phytol-enriched diet induces changes in fatty acid metabolism in mice both via PPARalpha-dependent and -independent pathways. J Lipid Res. 2005, 46 (4): 716-726. 10.1194/jlr.M400337-JLR200.CrossRefPubMed

30.

Wolfrum C, Ellinghaus P, Fobker M, Seedorf U, Assmann G, Borchers T, Spener F: Phytanic acid is ligand and transcriptional activator of murine liver fatty acid binding protein. J Lipid Res. 1999, 40 (4): 708-714.PubMed

31.

Ellinghaus P, Wolfrum C, Assmann G, Spener F, Seedorf U: Phytanic acid activates the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) in sterol carrier protein 2-/sterol carrier protein x-deficient mice. J Biol Chem. 1999, 274 (5): 2766-2772. 10.1074/jbc.274.5.2766.CrossRefPubMed

32.

Goto T, Takahashi N, Kato S, Egawa K, Ebisu S, Moriyama T, Fushiki T, Kawada T: Phytol directly activates peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARalpha) and regulates gene expression involved in lipid metabolism in PPARalpha-expressing HepG2 hepatocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2005, 337 (2): 440-445. 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.09.077.CrossRefPubMed

33.

Heim M, Johnson J, Boess F, Bendik I, Weber P, Hunziker W, Fluhmann B: Phytanic acid, a natural peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonist, regulates glucose metabolism in rat primary hepatocytes. Faseb J. 2002, 16 (7): 718-720.PubMed

34.

Lampen A, Meyer S, Nau H: Phytanic acid and docosahexaenoic acid increase the metabolism of all-trans-retinoic acid and CYP26 gene expression in intestinal cells. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2001, 1521 (1-3): 97-106.CrossRefPubMed

35.

Kitareewan S, Burka LT, Tomer KB, Parker CE, Deterding LJ, Stevens RD, Forman BM, Mais DE, Heyman RA, McMorris T, et al: Phytol metabolites are circulating dietary factors that activate the nuclear receptor RXR. Mol Biol Cell. 1996, 7 (8): 1153-1166.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

36.

Schluter A, Barbera MJ, Iglesias R, Giralt M, Villarroya F: Phytanic acid, a novel activator of uncoupling protein-1 gene transcription and brown adipocyte differentiation. Biochem J. 2002, 362 (Pt 1): 61-69. 10.1042/0264-6021:3620061.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

37.

Lemotte PK, Keidel S, Apfel CM: Phytanic acid is a retinoid × receptor ligand. Eur J Biochem. 1996, 236 (1): 328-333. 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1996.00328.x.CrossRefPubMed

38.

Radominska-Pandya A, Chen G: Photoaffinity labeling of human retinoid × receptor beta (RXRbeta) with 9-cis-retinoic acid: identification of phytanic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and lithocholic acid as ligands for RXRbeta. Biochemistry. 2002, 41 (15): 4883-4890. 10.1021/bi0121151.CrossRefPubMed

39.

van den Brink DM, Wanders RJ: Phytanic acid: production from phytol, its breakdown and role in human disease. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2006, 63 (15): 1752-1765. 10.1007/s00018-005-5463-y.CrossRefPubMed

40.

Wanders RJ, Komen JC: Peroxisomes, Refsum's disease and the alpha- and omega-oxidation of phytanic acid. Biochem Soc Trans. 2007, 35 (Pt 5): 865-869.CrossRefPubMed

41.

Brown PJ, Mei G, Gibberd FB, Burston D, Mayne PD, McClinchy JE, Sidey M: Diet and Refsum's disease. The determination of phytanic acid and phytol in certain foods and the application of this knowledge to the choice of suitable convenience foods for patients with Refsum's disease. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics. 1993, 6: 295-305. 10.1111/j.1365-277X.1993.tb00375.x.CrossRef

42.

Avigan J: The presence of phytanic acid in normal human and animal plasma. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1966, 116 (2): 391-394.CrossRefPubMed

43.

Steinberg D: Phytanic acid storage disease (Refsum's disease). Metabolic Basis of Inherited Disease. Edited by: Stanbury JB, Wyngarden JB, Fredericksen DS, Goldstein JL, Brown MS. 1983, New York: McGraw Hill, 731-747. 5

44.

Wierzbicki AS: Peroxisomal disorders affecting phytanic acid alpha-oxidation: a review. Biochem Soc Trans. 2007, 35 (Pt 5): 881-886.CrossRefPubMed

45.

Verhoeven NM, Wanders RJ, Poll-The BT, Saudubray JM, Jakobs C: The metabolism of phytanic acid and pristanic acid in man: a review. J Inherit Metab Dis. 1998, 21 (7): 697-728. 10.1023/A:1005476631419.CrossRefPubMed

46.

Jansen GA, Ofman R, Ferdinandusse S, Ijlst L, Muijsers AO, Skjeldal OH, Stokke O, Jakobs C, Besley GT, Wraith JE, et al: Refsum disease is caused by mutations in the phytanoyl-CoA hydroxylase gene. Nat Genet. 1997, 17 (2): 190-193. 10.1038/ng1097-190.CrossRefPubMed

47.

Mihalik SJ, Morrell JC, Kim D, Sacksteder KA, Watkins PA, Gould SJ: Identification of PAHX, a Refsum disease gene. Nat Genet. 1997, 17 (2): 185-189. 10.1038/ng1097-185.CrossRefPubMed

48.

Ferdinandusse S, Zomer AW, Komen JC, van den Brink CE, Thanos M, Hamers FP, Wanders RJ, van der Saag PT, Poll-The BT, Brites P: Ataxia with loss of Purkinje cells in a mouse model for Refsum disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2008, 105 (46): 17712-17717. 10.1073/pnas.0806066105.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

49.

Moser AB, Jones DS, Raymond GV, Moser HW: Plasma and red blood cell fatty acids in peroxisomal disorders. Neurochem Res. 1999, 24 (2): 187-197. 10.1023/A:1022549618333.CrossRefPubMed

50.

Coppack SW, Evans R, Gibberd FB, Clemens ME, Billimoria JD: Can patients with Refsum's disease safely eat green vegetables?. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed). 1988, 296 (6625): 828-10.1136/bmj.296.6625.828.CrossRef

51.

Khaitovich P, Hellmann I, Enard W, Nowick K, Leinweber M, Franz H, Weiss G, Lachmann M, Paabo S: Parallel patterns of evolution in the genomes and transcriptomes of humans and chimpanzees. Science. 2005, 309 (5742): 1850-1854. 10.1126/science.1108296.CrossRefPubMed

52.

Toleno DM, Renaud G, Wolfsberg TG, Islam M, Wildman DE, Siegmund KD, Hacia JG: Development and evaluation of new mask protocols for gene expression profiling in humans and chimpanzees. BMC Bioinformatics. 2009, 10 (1): 77.-10.1186/1471-2105-10-77.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

53.

Atshaves BP, McIntosh AL, Landrock D, Payne HR, Mackie JT, Maeda N, Ball J, Schroeder F, Kier AB: Effect of SCP-x gene ablation on branched-chain fatty acid metabolism. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2007, 292 (3): G939-951. 10.1152/ajpgi.00308.2006.CrossRefPubMed

54.

Anderson SP, Howroyd P, Liu J, Qian X, Bahnemann R, Swanson C, Kwak MK, Kensler TW, Corton JC: The transcriptional response to a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha agonist includes increased expression of proteome maintenance genes. J Biol Chem. 2004, 279 (50): 52390-52398. 10.1074/jbc.M409347200.CrossRefPubMed

55.

Finch CE, Stanford CB: Meat-adaptive genes and the evolution of slower aging in humans. Q Rev Biol. 2004, 79 (1): 3-50. 10.1086/381662.CrossRefPubMed

56.

Goodall J: The chimpanzees of Gombe: patterns of behavior. 1986, Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press

57.

Stanford CB: Chimpanzee and red colobus: the ecology of predator and prey. 1998, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press

58.

Stanford CB, Wallis J, Matama H, Goodall J: Patterns of predation by chimpanzees on red colobus monkeys in Gombe National Park, 1982-1991. Am J Phys Anthropol. 1994, 94 (2): 213-228. 10.1002/ajpa.1330940206.CrossRefPubMed

59.

Boesch C, Boesch H: Hunting behavior of wild chimpanzees in the Tai National Park. Am J Phys Anthropol. 1989, 78 (4): 547-573. 10.1002/ajpa.1330780410.CrossRefPubMed

60.

Steinberg D, Mize CE, Herndon JH, Fales HM, Engel WK, Vroom FQ: Phytanic acid in patients with Refsum's syndrome and response to dietary treatment. Arch Intern Med. 1970, 125 (1): 75-87. 10.1001/archinte.125.1.75.CrossRefPubMed

61.

Gootjes J, Mooijer PA, Dekker C, Barth PG, Poll-The BT, Waterham HR, Wanders RJ: Biochemical markers predicting survival in peroxisome biogenesis disorders. Neurology. 2002, 59 (11): 1746-1749.CrossRefPubMed

62.

Steinberg D, Avigan J, Mize CE, Baxter JH, Cammermeyer J, Fales HM, Highet PF: Effects of dietary phytol and phytanic acid in animals. J Lipid Res. 1966, 7 (5): 684-691.PubMed

63.

Allen NE, Grace PB, Ginn A, Travis RC, Roddam AW, Appleby PN, Key T: Phytanic acid: measurement of plasma concentrations by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis and associations with diet and other plasma fatty acids. Br J Nutr. 2008, 99 (3): 653-659. 10.1017/S000711450782407X.CrossRefPubMed

64.

Aiello LC: Notes on the implications of the expensive tissue hypothesis for human biological and social evolution. Guts and brains. 2007, Roebroeks W: Amsterdam University Press, 17-28.

65.

Aiello LC, Wheeler P: The expensive-tissue hypothesis: The brain and the digestive system in human and primate evolution. Current Anthropology. 1995, 36 (2): 199-221. 10.1086/204350.CrossRef

66.

Ley RE, Lozupone CA, Hamady M, Knight R, Gordon JI: Worlds within worlds: evolution of the vertebrate gut microbiota. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2008, 6 (10): 776-788. 10.1038/nrmicro1978.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

67.

Blaser MJ, Falkow S: What are the consequences of the disappearing human microbiota?. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2009, 7 (12): 887-894. 10.1038/nrmicro2245.CrossRefPubMed

68.

Mittendorfer B: Sexual dimorphism in human lipid metabolism. J Nutr. 2005, 135 (4): 681-686.PubMed

69.

Kitson AP, Stroud CK, Stark KD: Elevated production of docosahexaenoic acid in females: potential molecular mechanisms. Lipids. 2010, 45 (3): 209-224. 10.1007/s11745-010-3391-6.CrossRefPubMed

70.

Atshaves BP, Payne HR, McIntosh AL, Tichy SE, Russell D, Kier AB, Schroeder F: Sexually dimorphic metabolism of branched-chain lipids in C57BL/6J mice. J Lipid Res. 2004, 45 (5): 812-830. 10.1194/jlr.M300408-JLR200.CrossRefPubMed

71.

Roff CF, Pastuszyn A, Strauss JF, Billheimer JT, Vanier MT, Brady RO, Scallen TJ, Pentchev PG: Deficiencies in sex-regulated expression and levels of two hepatic sterol carrier proteins in a murine model of Niemann-Pick type C disease. J Biol Chem. 1992, 267 (22): 15902-15908.PubMed

72.

McLean MP, Billheimer JT, Warden KJ, Irby RB: Differential expression of hepatic sterol carrier proteins in the streptozotocin-treated diabetic rat. Endocrinology. 1995, 136 (8): 3360-3368. 10.1210/en.136.8.3360.PubMed

73.

Blekhman R, Marioni JC, Zumbo P, Stephens M, Gilad Y: Sex-specific and lineage-specific alternative splicing in primates. Genome Res. 2010, 20 (2): 180-189. 10.1101/gr.099226.109.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

74.

Stokke O: Alpha-oxidation of fatty acids in various mammals, and a phytanic acid feeding experiment in an animal with a low alpha-oxidation capacity. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 1967, 20: 305-312. 10.3109/00365516709076960.CrossRef

75.

Blekhman R, Oshlack A, Chabot AE, Smyth GK, Gilad Y: Gene regulation in primates evolves under tissue-specific selection pressures. PLoS Genet. 2008, 4 (11): e1000271-10.1371/journal.pgen.1000271.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

76.

Karaman MW, Houck ML, Chemnick LG, Nagpal S, Chawannakul D, Sudano D, Pike BL, Ho VV, Ryder OA, Hacia JG: Comparative analysis of gene-expression patterns in human and african great ape cultured fibroblasts. Genome Res. 2003, 13 (7): 1619-1630. 10.1101/gr.1289803.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

77.

Lammey ML, Lee DR, Ely JJ, Sleeper MM: Sudden cardiac death in 13 captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). J Med Primatol. 2008, 37 (Suppl 1): 39-43. 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2007.00260.x.CrossRefPubMed

78.

Haygood R, Fedrigo O, Hanson B, Yokoyama KD, Wray GA: Promoter regions of many neural- and nutrition-related genes have experienced positive selection during human evolution. Nat Genet. 2007, 39 (9): 1140-1144. 10.1038/ng2104.CrossRefPubMed

79.

Somel M, Creely H, Franz H, Mueller U, Lachmann M, Khaitovich P, Paabo S: Human and chimpanzee gene expression differences replicated in mice fed different diets. PLoS ONE. 2008, 3 (1): e1504.-10.1371/journal.pone.0001504.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

80.

O'Connell MJ, McInerney JO: Adaptive evolution of the human fatty acid synthase gene: support for the cancer selection and fat utilization hypotheses?. Gene. 2005, 360 (2): 151-159. 10.1016/j.gene.2005.06.020.CrossRefPubMed

81.

Horrobin DF: Lipid metabolism, human evolution and schizophrenia. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 1999, 60 (5-6): 431-437. 10.1016/S0952-3278(99)80024-6.CrossRefPubMed

82.

O'Connell JF, Hawkes K, Blurton Jones NG: Grandmothering and the evolution of homo erectus. J Hum Evol. 1999, 36 (5): 461-485. 10.1006/jhev.1998.0285.CrossRefPubMed

83.

Erren TC, Erren M: Can fat explain the human brain's big bang evolution?-Horrobin's leads for comparative and functional genomics. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2004, 70 (4): 345-347. 10.1016/j.plefa.2003.12.008.CrossRefPubMed

84.

Varki A: Multiple changes in sialic acid biology during human evolution. Glycoconj J. 2009, 26 (3): 231-245. 10.1007/s10719-008-9183-z.CrossRefPubMed

85.

Finch CE: Evolution in health and medicine Sackler colloquium: Evolution of the human lifespan and diseases of aging: roles of infection, inflammation, and nutrition. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2010, 107 (Suppl 1): 1718-1724. 10.1073/pnas.0909606106.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

86.

Yik WY, Steinberg SJ, Moser AB, Moser HW, Hacia JG: Identification of novel mutations and sequence variation in the Zellweger syndrome spectrum of peroxisome biogenesis disorders. Hum Mutat. 2009, 30 (3): E467-480. 10.1002/humu.20932.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

87.

Xu J, Thornburg T, Turner AR, Vitolins M, Case D, Shadle J, Hinson L, Sun J, Liu W, Chang B, et al: Serum levels of phytanic acid are associated with prostate cancer risk. Prostate. 2005, 63 (3): 209-214. 10.1002/pros.20233.CrossRefPubMed

88.

Zha S, Ferdinandusse S, Hicks JL, Denis S, Dunn TA, Wanders RJ, Luo J, De Marzo AM, Isaacs WB: Peroxisomal branched chain fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway is upregulated in prostate cancer. Prostate. 2005, 63 (4): 316-323. 10.1002/pros.20177.CrossRefPubMed

89.

Magda D, Lecane P, Prescott J, Thiemann P, Ma X, Dranchak PK, Toleno DM, Ramaswamy K, Siegmund KD, Hacia JG: mtDNA depletion confers specific gene expression profiles in human cells grown in culture and in xenograft. BMC Genomics. 2008, 9: 521-10.1186/1471-2164-9-521.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed

90.

Dixson AF: Primate sexuality: comparative studies of the prosimians, monkeys, apes, and human beings. 1998, Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press

91.

Lear TL, Houck ML, Zhang YW, Debnar LA, Sutherland-Smith MR, Young L, Jones KL, Benirschke K: Trisomy 17 in a bonobo (Pan paniscus) and deletion of 3q in a lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla): comparison with human trisomy 18 and human deletion 4q syndrome. Cytogenet Cell Genet. 2001, 95 (3-4): 228-233. 10.1159/000059350.CrossRefPubMed

92.

Lagerstedt SA, Hinrichs DR, Batt SM, Magera MJ, Rinaldo P, McConnell JP: Quantitative determination of plasma c8-c26 total fatty acids for the biochemical diagnosis of nutritional and metabolic disorders. Mol Genet Metab. 2001, 73 (1): 38-45. 10.1006/mgme.2001.3170.CrossRefPubMed

93.

Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ: Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem. 1951, 193 (1): 265-275.PubMed

Title: Identification of differences in human and great ape phytanic acid metabolism that could influence gene expression profiles and physiological functions
Authors: Paul A Watkins
Ann B Moser
Cicely B Toomer
Steven J Steinberg
Hugo W Moser
Mazen W Karaman
Krishna Ramaswamy
Kimberly D Siegmund
D Rick Lee
John J Ely
Oliver A Ryder
Joseph G Hacia
Publication date: 01-12-2010
Publisher: BioMed Central
Published in: BMC Physiology / Issue 1/2010
Electronic ISSN: 1472-6793
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6793-10-19

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Identification of differences in human and great ape phytanic acid metabolism that could influence gene expression profiles and physiological functions

Abstract

Background

Results

Conclusion

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Background

Results

Conclusion

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 1/2010

Different stress-related phenotypes of BALB/c mice from in-house or vendor: alterations of the sympathetic and HPA axis responsiveness

Western diet enhances hepatic inflammation in mice exposed to cecal ligation and puncture

Sterol carrier protein-x gene and effects of sterol carrier protein-2 inhibitors on lipid uptake in Manduca sexta

Computational simulation of vasopressin secretion using a rat model of the water and electrolyte homeostasis

Development of electrocardiogram intervals during growth of FVB/N neonate mice

Expression of epithelial calcium transport system in rat cochlea and vestibular labyrinth