Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

LIVE: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)
Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
BMC Public Health
Published in: BMC Public Health 1/2010

Open Access 01-12-2010 | Research article

HIV and Hepatitis B and C incidence rates in US correctional populations and high risk groups: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Authors: Ethan Gough, Mirjam C Kempf, Laura Graham, Marvin Manzanero, Edward W Hook, Al Bartolucci, Eric Chamot

Published in: BMC Public Health | Issue 1/2010

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

High Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) prevalence and high risk behaviors have been well documented within United States (US) correctional systems. However, uncertainty remains regarding the extent to which placing people in prison or jail increases their risk of HIV infection, and regarding which inmate populations experience an increased incidence of HIV. Describing these dynamics more clearly is essential to understanding how inmates and former detainees may be a source for further spread of HIV to the general US population.

Methods

The authors conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies describing HIV incidence in US correctional facility residents and, for comparison, in high risk groups for HIV infection, such as non-incarcerated intravenous drug users (IVDU) and men who have sex with men (MSM) in the US. HIV incidence rates were further compared with Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C Virus rates in these same populations.

Results

Thirty-six predominantly prospective cohort studies were included. Across all infection outcomes, continuously incarcerated inmates and treatment recruited IVDU showed the lowest incidence, while MSM and street recruited IVDU showed the highest. HIV incidence was highest among inmates released and re-incarcerated. Possible sources of heterogeneity identified among HIV studies were risk population and race.

Conclusions

Although important literature gaps were found, current evidence suggests that policies and interventions for HIV prevention in correctional populations should prioritize curtailing risk of infection during the post-release period. Future research should evaluate HIV incidence rates in inmate populations, accounting for proportion of high risk sub-groups.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
Sabol WJ, Minton TD: Jail inmates at midyear 2007. 2008, Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, (Bureau of Justice Statistics, Special Report) (NCJ 221945)
2.
Sabol WJ, Couture H: Prison inmates at midyear 2007. 2008, Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, (Bureau of Justice Statistics, Special Report) (NCJ 221944)
3.
Weinbaum CM, Saib KM, Santibanez SS: Hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV in correctional populations: a review of epidemiology and prevention. AIDS. 2005, 19 (Suppl 3): S41-S46. 10.1097/01.aids.0000192069.95819.aa.PubMed
4.
Okie S: Sex, drugs, prisons, and HIV. N Engl J Med. 2007, 356: 105-108. 10.1056/NEJMp068277.PubMed
5.
6.
Comfort ML, Grinstead A: The carceral limb of the public body: jails, inmates, prisoners and infectious disease. J Int Assoc Physicians AIDS Care. 2004, 3: 45-48. 10.1177/154510970400300202.
7.
Fruedenberg N: Jails, prisons and the health of urban populations: a review of the impact of the correctional system on community health. J Urban Health. 2001, 78: 214-235.
8.
Maruschak LM: HIV in Prisons, 2005. 2007, Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, (Bureau of Justice Statistics, Bulletin) (NCJ 218915)
9.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: HIV prevalence estimates - United States, 2006. JAMA. 2009, 301: 27-29. 10.1001/jama.301.1.27.
10.
Hammett TM: HIV/AIDS and other infectious diseases among correctional inmates: transmission, burden, and an appropriate response. Am J Public Health. 2006, 96: 974-978. 10.2105/AJPH.2005.066993.PubMedPubMedCentral
11.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Hepatitis B outbreak in a state correctional facility, 2000. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2001, 50: 529-532.
12.
Beck AJ, Harrison PM: Sexual victimization in state and federal prisons reported by inmates, 2007. 2007, Washington DC: US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, (Bureau of Justice Statistics, Special Report) (NCJ 219414)
13.
Long J, Allwright S, Barry J, Reynolds SR, Thornton L, Bradley F, Parry JV: Prevalence of antibodies to hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV and risk factors in entrants to Irish prisons: a national cross sectional survey. BMJ. 2001, 323: 1209-1213. 10.1136/bmj.323.7323.1209.PubMedPubMedCentral
14.
Babudieri S, Longo B, Sarmati L, Starnini G, Dori L, Suligoi B, Carbonara S, Monarca R, Quercia G, Florenzano G, Novati S, Sardu A, Iovinella V, Casti A, Romano A, Uccella I, Maida I, Brunetti B, Mura MS, Andreoni M, Rezza G: Correlates of HIV, HBV, and HCV infections in a prison inmate population: results from a multicentre study in Italy. J Med Virol. 2005, 76: 311-317. 10.1002/jmv.20375.PubMed
15.
Buavirat A, Page-Shafer K, van Griensven GJP, Mandel JS, Evans J, Chuaratanaphong J, Chiamwongpat S, Sacks R, Moss A: Risk of prevalent HIV infection associated with incarceration among injecting drug users in Bangkok, Thailand: case-control study. BMJ. 2003, 326: 308-312. 10.1136/bmj.326.7384.308.PubMedPubMedCentral
16.
Thaisri H, Leritworapong J, Vongsheree S, Sawanpanyalert P, Chadbanchachai C, Rojanawiwat A, Kongpromsook W, Paungtubtim W, Sri-ngam P, Jaisue R: HIV infection and risk factors among Bangkok prisoners, Thailand: a prospective cohort study. BMC Infectious Diseases. 2003, 3: 25-32. 10.1186/1471-2334-3-25.PubMedPubMedCentral
17.
Dolan K, Wodak A: HIV transmission in a prison system in Australia. Med J Aust. 1999, 171: 14-17.PubMed
18.
Beyrer C, Jittiwutikarn J, Teokul W, Razak MH, Suriyanon V, Srirak N, Vongchuk T, Tovanabutra S, Sripaipan T, Celentano DD: Drug use, increasing incarceration rates and prison-associated HIV risk in Thailand. AIDS Behav. 2003, 7: 153-161. 10.1023/A:1023946324822.PubMed
19.
Vanichseni S, Kitayaporn D, Mastro TD, Mock PA, Raktham S, Des Jarlais DC, Sujarita S, Srisuwanvilai L, Young NL, Wasi C, Subbarao S, Heyward WL, Esparza J, Choopanya K: Continued high HIV-1 incidence in a vaccine trial preparatory cohort of injection drug users in Bangkok, Thailand. AIDS. 2001, 15: 397-405. 10.1097/00002030-200102160-00013.PubMed
20.
Stark K, Bienzle U, Vonk R, Guggenmoos-Holzmann I: History of syringe sharing in prison and risk of hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and human immunodeficiency virus infection among injecting drug users in Berlin. Int J Epidemiol. 1997, 26: 1359-1366. 10.1093/ije/26.6.1359.PubMed
21.
Gates JA, Post JJ, Kaldor JM, Pan Y, Haber PS, Lloyd AR, Dolan KA: Risk factors for hepatitis C infection and perception of antibody status among male prison inmates in the Hepatitis C Incidence and Transmission in Prisons Study cohort, Australia. J Urban Health. 2004, 81: 448-452.PubMedPubMedCentral
22.
Hellard ME, Hocking JS, Crofts N: The prevalence and the risk behaviours associated with the transmission of hepatitis C virus in Australian correctional facilities. Epidemiol Infect. 2004, 132: 409-415. 10.1017/S0950268803001882.PubMedPubMedCentral
23.
Maher L, Chant K, Jalaludin B, Sargent P: Risk behaviors and antibody hepatitis B and C prevalence among injecting drug users in south-western Sydney, Australia. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2004, 19: 1114-1120. 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2004.03438.x.PubMed
24.
Guimaraes T, Granato CF, Varella D, Ferraz ML, Castelo A, Kallas EG: High prevalence of hepatitis C infection in a Brazilian prison: identification of risk factors for infection. Braz J Infect Dis. 2001, 5: 111-118. 10.1590/S1413-86702001000300002.PubMed
25.
Post JJ, Dolan KA, Whybin LR, Carter IW, Haber PS, Lloyd AR: Acute hepatitis C virus infection in an Australian prison inmate: tattooing as a possible transmission route. Med J Aust. 2001, 174: 183-184.PubMed
26.
Butler TG, Dolan KA, Ferson MJ, McGuinness LM, Brown PR, Robertson PW: Hepatitis B and C in New South Wales prisons: prevalence and risk factors. Med J Aust. 1997, 166: 127-130.PubMed
27.
Spaulding A, Stephenson B, Macalino G, Ruby W, Clarke JG, Flanigan TP: Human immunodeficiency virus in correctional facilities: a review. Clin Infect Dis. 2002, 35: 305-312. 10.1086/341418.PubMed
28.
Strathdee SA, Sherman SG: The role of sexual transmission of HIV infection among injection and non-injection drug users. J Urban Health. 2003, 80: iii7-iii14.PubMedPubMedCentral
29.
Gibson DRn Flynn NM, Perales D: Effectiveness of syringe exchange programs in reducing HIV risk behavior and HIV seroconversion among injecting drug users. AIDS. 2001, 15: 1329-1341. 10.1097/00002030-200107270-00002.
30.
Des Jarlais DC, Marmor M, Friedmann P, Titus S, Aviles E, Deren S, Torian L, Glebatis D, Murrill C, Monterroso E, Friedman SR: HIV incidence among injecting drug users in New York City, 1992-1997: evidence for a declining epidemic. Am J Public Health. 2000, 90: 352-359. 10.2105/AJPH.90.3.352.PubMedPubMedCentral
31.
Buchacz K, Greenberg A, Onorato I, Janssen R: Syphilis epidemics and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) incidence among men who have sex with men in the United States: implications for HIV prevention. Sex Transm Dis. 2005, 32: S73-S79. 10.1097/01.olq.0000180466.62579.4b.PubMed
32.
Des Jarlais DCD, Marmor M, Paone D, Titus S, Shi QH, Perlis T, Jose B, Friedman SR: HIV incidence among injecting drug users in New York City syringe-exchange programmes. Lancet. 1996, 348: 987-991. 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)02536-6.PubMed
33.
Horsburgh CR, Jarvis JQ, McArther T, Ignacio T, Stock P: Seroconversion to human immunodeficiency virus in prison inmates. Am J Public Health. 1990, 80: 209-210. 10.2105/AJPH.80.2.209.PubMedPubMedCentral
34.
Monterroso ER, Hamburger ME, Des Jarlais DC, Ouellet LJ, Altice FL: Prevention of HIV in street-recruited injection drug users: The Collaborative Injection Drug User Study (CIDUS). J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2000, 25: 63-70. 10.1097/00042560-200009010-00009.PubMed
35.
Khan AJ, Simard EP, Bower WA, Wurtzel HL, Khristova M, Wagner KD, Arnold KE, Nainan OV, LaMarre M, Bell BP: Ongoing transmission of hepatitis B virus infection among inmates at a state correctional facility. Am J Public Health. 2005, 95: 1793-1799. 10.2105/AJPH.2004.047753.PubMedPubMedCentral
36.
Javanbakht M, Murphy R, Harawa NT, Smith LV, Hayes M, Chien M, Kerndt PR: Sexually transmitted infections and HIV prevalence among incarcerated men who have sex with men, 2000-2005. Sex Trans Dis. 2009, 36: S17-21. 10.1097/OLQ.0b013e31815e4152.
37.
Daly L: Simple SAS macros for the calculation of exact binomial and Poisson confidence limits. Comput Biol Med. 1992, 22: 351-361. 10.1016/0010-4825(92)90023-G.PubMed
38.
DerSimonian R: Meta-analysis in the design and monitoring of clinical trials. Stat Med. 1996, 15: 1237-1248. 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0258(19960630)15:12<1237::AID-SIM301>3.0.CO;2-N.PubMed
39.
Higgins J, Thompson S: Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis. Stat Med. 2002, 21: 1539-1558. 10.1002/sim.1186.PubMed
40.
Egger M, Davey G, Schneider M, Minder C: Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple graphical test. BMJ. 1997, 315: 629-634.PubMedPubMedCentral
41.
Stroup DF, Berlin JA, Morton SC, Olkin I, Williamson GD, Rennie D, Moher D, Becker BJ, Sipe TA, Thacker SB: Meta-analysis of observational studies in epidemiology. JAMA. 2000, 283: 2008-2012. 10.1001/jama.283.15.2008.PubMed
42.
Des Jarlais DC, Perlis T, Arasteh K, Torian LV, Beatrice S, Milliken J, Mildvan D, Yancovitz S, Friedman SR: HIV incidence among injection drug users in New York City, 1990 to 2002: use of serologic test algorithm to assess expansion of HIV prevention services. Am J Public Health. 2005, 95: 1439-1444. 10.2105/AJPH.2003.036517.PubMedPubMedCentral
43.
Choi KH, McFarland W, Neilands TB, Nguyen S, Louie B, Secura GM, Behel S, Mackellar D, Valleroy L: An opportunity for prevention: prevalence, incidence, and sexual risk for HIV among young Asian and Pacific Islander men who have sex with men, San Francisco. Sex Transm Dis. 2004, 31: 475-480. 10.1097/01.olq.0000135988.19969.62.PubMed
44.
Kral AH, Lorvick J, Gee L, Bacchetti P, Rawal B, Busch M, Edlin BR: Trends in Human immunodeficiency virus seroincidence among street-recruited injection drug users in San Francisco, 1987-1998. Am J Epidemiol. 2003, 157: 915-922. 10.1093/aje/kwg070.PubMed
45.
Katz MH, Schwarcz SK, Kellogg TA, Klausner JD, Dilley JW, Gibson S, McFarland W: Impact of highly active antiretroviral treatment on HIV seroincidence among men who have sex with men: San Francisco. Am J Public Health. 2002, 92: 388-394. 10.2105/AJPH.92.3.388.PubMedPubMedCentral
46.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: HIV incidence among young men who have sex with men - seven U.S. cities, 1994-2000. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2001, 50: 440-444.
47.
Sifakis F, Hylton JB, Flynn C, Solomon L, MacKellar DA, Valleroy LA, Celentano DD: Racial disparities in HIV incidence among young men who have sex with men: the Baltimore young men's study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2007, 46: 343-348. 10.1097/QAI.0b013e31815724cc.PubMed
48.
Krebs CP, Simmons M: Intraprison HIV transmission: an assessment of whether it occurs, how it occurs and who is at risk. AIDS Educ Prev. 2002, 14 (5 Suppl B): 53-64. 10.1521/aeap.14.7.53.23865.PubMed
49.
Chesney MA, Barrett DC, Stall R: Histories of substance use and risk behavior: precursors to HIV seroconversion in homosexuals. Am J Public Health. 1998, 88: 113-116. 10.2105/AJPH.88.1.113.PubMedPubMedCentral
50.
Mutter RC, Grimes RM, Labarthe D: Evidence of intraprison spread of HIV infection. Arch Intern Med. 1994, 154: 793-795. 10.1001/archinte.154.7.793.PubMed
51.
Kingsley LA, Rinaldo CR, Lyter DW, Valdiserri RO, Belle SH, Monto H: Sexual transmission efficiency of hepatitis B virus and human immunodeficiency virus among homosexual men. JAMA. 1990, 264: 230-234. 10.1001/jama.264.2.230.PubMed
52.
Jafa K, McElroy P, Fitzpatrick L, Borkowf CB, MacGowan R, Margolis A, Robbins K, Youngpairoj AS, Stratford D, Greenberg A, Taussig J, Shouse RL, LaMarre M, McLellan-Lemal E, Heneine W, Sullivan PS: HIV transmission in a state prison system, 1988-2005. PLoS One. 2009, 4: 1-8. 10.1371/journal.pone.0005416.
53.
Gourevitch MN, Hartel D, Schoenbaum EE, Selwyn PA, Davenny K, Friedland GH, Klein RS: A prospective study of syphilis and HIV infection among injection drug users receiving methadone in the Bronx, NY. Am J Public Health. 1996, 86: 1112-1115. 10.2105/AJPH.86.8_Pt_1.1112.PubMedPubMedCentral
54.
Ostrow DG, Plankey MW, Cox C, Li XH, Shoptaw S, Jacobson LP, Stall RC: Specific sex drug combinations contribute to the majority of recent HIV seroconversions among MSM in the MACS. JAIDS. 2009, 51: 349-355.PubMedPubMedCentral
55.
Webster RD, Darrow WW, Paul JP, Roark RA, Woods WJ, Stempel RR: HIV infection and associated risks among young men who have sex with men in a Florida resort community. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2003, 33: 223-231. 10.1097/00126334-200306010-00018.PubMed
56.
Brackbill RM, MacGowan RJ, Rugg D: HIV infection risks, behaviors and methadone treatment: client-reported HIV infection in a follow-up study of injecting drug users in New England. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse. 1997, 23: 397-411. 10.3109/00952999709016885.PubMed
57.
McFarland W, Kellogg TA, Dilley J, Katz MH: Estimation of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) seroincidence among repeat anonymous testers in San Francisco. Am J Epidemiol. 1997, 146: 662-644.PubMed
58.
Osmond DH, Page K, Wiley J, Garrett K, Sheppard HW, Moss AR, Schrager L, Winkelstein W: HIV infection in homosexual and bisexual men 18 to 29 years of age: the San Francisco young men's health study. Am J Public Health. 1994, 84: 1933-1937. 10.2105/AJPH.84.12.1933.PubMedPubMedCentral
59.
Hahn JA, Page-Shafer K, Lum PJ, Ochoa K, Moss AR: Hepatitis C virus infection and needle exchange use among young injection drug users in San Francisco. Hepatology. 2001, 34: 180-187. 10.1053/jhep.2001.25759.PubMed
60.
Macalino GE, Vlahov D, Sanford-Colby S, et al: Prevalence and incidence of HIV, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus infections among males in Rhode Island prisons. Am J Public Health. 2004, 94: 1218-1223. 10.2105/AJPH.94.7.1218.PubMedPubMedCentral
61.
Gellert GA, Maxwell RM, Higgins KV, Pendergast T, Wilker N: HIV Infection in the women's jail, Orange County, California, 1985 through 1991. Am J Public Health. 1993, 83: 1454-1456. 10.2105/AJPH.83.10.1454.PubMedPubMedCentral
62.
Rich JD, Dickinson BP, Macalino G, Flanigan TP, Towe CW, Spaulding A, Vlahov D: Prevalence and incidence of HIV among incarcerated and reincarcerated women in Rhode Island. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 1999, 22: 161-166.PubMed
63.
Williams AB, McNelly EA, Williams AE, D'Aquila RT: Methadone maintenance treatment and HIV type 1 seroconversion among injecting drug users. AIDS Care. 1992, 4: 35-41. 10.1080/09540129208251618.PubMed
64.
Friedman SR, Jose B, Deren S, Des Jarlais DC, Neaigus A: Risk factors for human immunodeficiency virus seroconversion among out-of-treatment drug injectors in high and low seroprevalence cities: The National AIDS Research Consortium. Am J Epidemiol. 1995, 142: 864-874.PubMed
65.
Wiebel WW, Jimenez A, Johnson W, Ouellet L, Jovanovic B, Lampinen T, Murray J, OBrien MP: Risk behavior and HIV seroincidence among out-of-treatment injection drug users: a four-year prospective study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol. 1996, 12: 282-289.PubMed
66.
Mehta SH, Galai N, Astemborski J, Celentano DD, Strathdee SA, Vlahov D, Nelson KE: HIV incidence among injection drug users in Baltimore, Maryland (1988-2004). J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2006, 43: 368-372. 10.1097/01.qai.0000243050.27580.1a.PubMed
67.
Metzger DS, Woody GE, McLellan AT, Obrien CP, Druley P, Navaline H, Dephilippis D, Stolley P, Abrutyn E: Human immunodeficiency virus seroconversion among intravenous drug users in and out of treatment: an 18-month prospective follow-up. J Acquir Immun Defic Syndr. 1993, 6: 1049-1056.
68.
Nelson KE, Vlahov D, Galai N, Astemborski J, Solomon L: Preparations for AIDS vaccine trials: incident human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections in a cohort of injection drug users in Baltimore, Maryland. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 1994, 10 (Suppl 2): S201-S205.PubMed
69.
Fisher DG, Fenaughty AM, Trubatch B: Seroconversion issues among out of treatment injection drug users. J Psychoactive Drugs. 1998, 30: 299-305.PubMed
70.
Des Jarlais DC, Diaz T, Perlis T, Vlahov D, Maslow C, Latka M, Rockwell R, Edwards V, Friedman SR, Monterroso E, Williams I, Garfein RS: Variability in the incidence of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus infection among young injecting drug users in New York City. Am J Epidemiol. 2003, 157: 467-471. 10.1093/aje/kwf222.PubMed
71.
Deren S, Kang SY, Colon HM, Andia JF, Robles RR: HIV incidence among high-risk Puerto Rican drug users: a comparison of East Harlem, New York, and Bayamon, Puerto Rico. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2004, 36: 1067-1074. 10.1097/00126334-200408150-00010.PubMed
72.
Moss AR, Vranizan K, Gorter R, Bacchetti P, Watters J, Osmond D: HIV seroconversion in intravenous drug users in San Francisco, 1985-1990. AIDS. 1994, 8: 223-231. 10.1097/00002030-199402000-00010.PubMed
73.
McCoy CB, Comerford M, Kitner K: The prevalence and incidence of HIV among injection drug users: a five year panel study. Popul Res Policy Rev. 1999, 18: 39-53. 10.1023/A:1006148711071.
74.
Siddiqui NS, Brown LS, Meyer TJ, Gonzalez V: Decline in HIV-1 seroprevalence and low seroconversion rate among injecting drug users at a methadone maintenance program in New York City. J Psychoactive Drugs. 1993, 25: 245-250.PubMed
75.
Murrill CS, Prevots DR, Miller MS, Linley LA, Royalty JE, Gwinn M: Incidence of HIV among injection drug users entering drug treatment programs in four US cities. J Urban Health. 2001, 78: 152-161.PubMedPubMedCentral
76.
McFarland W, Kellogg TA, Louie B, Murrill C, Katz MH: Low estimates of HIV seroconversions among clients of a drug treatment clinic in San Francisco, 1995 to 1998. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2000, 23: 426-429.PubMed
77.
Kingsley LA, Zhou SY, Bacellar H, Rinaldo CR, Chmiel J, Detels R, Saah A, VanRaden M, Ho M, Munoz A: Temporal trends in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 seroconversion 1984-1989: a report from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study (MACS). Am J Epidemiol. 1991, 134: 331-339.PubMed
78.
Buchbinder SP, Douglas JM, Mckirnan DJ, Judson FN, Katz MH, MacQueen M: Feasibility of human immunodeficiency virus vaccine trials in homosexual men in the United States: risk behavior, seroincidence and willingness to participate. J Infect Dis. 1996, 174: 954-961.PubMed
79.
Koblin BA, Taylor PE, Avrett S, Stevens CE: Feasibility of HIV-1 vaccine trials among gay/bisexual men in New York City: Project ACHIEVE, AIDS Community Health Initiative Enroute to the Vaccine Effort. AIDS. 1996, 10: 1555-1561. 10.1097/00002030-199611000-00015.PubMed
80.
Tabet SR, Krone MR, Paradise MA, Corey L, Stamm WE, Celum CL: Incidence of HIV and sexually transmitted diseases (STD) in a cohort of HIV-negative men who have sex with men (MSM). AIDS. 1998, 12: 2041-2048. 10.1097/00002030-199815000-00016.PubMed
81.
Buchbinder SP, Vittinghoff E, Heagerty PJ, Celum CL, Seage GR, Judson FN, McKirnan D, Mayer KH, Koblin BA: Sexual risk, nitrite inhalant use, and lack of circumcision associated with HIV seroconversion in men who have sex with men in the United States. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2005, 39: 82-89. 10.1097/01.qai.0000134740.41585.f4.PubMed
82.
Koblin BA, Husnik MJ, Colfax G, Huang Y, Madison M, Mayer K: Risk factors for HIV infection among men who have sex with men. AIDS. 2006, 20: 731-739. 10.1097/01.aids.0000216374.61442.55.PubMed
83.
Vlahov D, Nelson KE, Quinn TC, Kendig N: Prevalence and incidence of hepatitis C virus infection among male prison inmates in Maryland. Eur J Epidemiol. 1993, 9: 566-569. 10.1007/BF00209538.PubMed
84.
Garfein RS, Doherty DS, Monterroso ER, Thomas DL, Nelson KE, Vlahov D: Prevalence and incidence of hepatitis C infection among young adult injection drug users. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol. 1998, 18 (Suppl 1): S11-S19.PubMed
85.
Hagan H, Thiede H, Des Jarlais DC: Hepatitis C virus infection among injection drug users: survival analysis of time to seroconversion. Epidemiology. 2004, 15: 543-549. 10.1097/01.ede.0000135170.54913.9d.PubMed
86.
Villano SA, Vlahov D, Nelson KE, Lyles CM, Cohn S, Thomas DL: Incidence and risk factors for hepatitis C among injection drug users in Baltimore, Maryland. J Clin Microbiol. 1997, 35: 3274-3277.PubMedPubMedCentral
87.
Thorpe LE, Ouellet LJ, Hershow R, Bailey SL, Williams IT, Williamson J, Monterroso ER, Garfein RS: Risk of hepatitis C virus infection among young adult injection drug users who share injection equipment. Am J Epidemiol. 2002, 155: 645-653. 10.1093/aje/155.7.645.PubMed
88.
Hahn JA, Page-Shafer K, Lum PJ, Bourgois P, Stein E, Evans JL, Busch MP, Tobler LH, Phelps B, Moss AR: Hepatitis C virus seroconversion among young injection drug users: relationships and risks. J Infect Dis. 2002, 186: 1558-1564. 10.1086/345554.PubMed
89.
Fuller CM, Ompad DC, Galea S, Wu Y, Koblin B, Vlahov D: Hepatitis C incidence- a comparison between injection and non injection drug users in New York City. J Urban Health. 2004, 81: 20-24.PubMedPubMedCentral
90.
Levine OS, Vlahov D, Brookmeyer R, Cohn S, Nelson KE: Differences in the incidence of hepatitis B and human immunodeficiency virus infections among injecting drug users. J Infect Dis. 1996, 173: 579-583.PubMed
91.
Hagan H, McGough JP, Thiede H, Weiss NS, Hopkins S, Alexander ER: Syringe exchange and risk of infection with hepatitis B and C viruses. Am J Epidemiol. 1999, 149: 203-213.PubMed
92.
Nash D, Bennani Y, Ramaswamy C, Torian L: Estimates of HIV incidence among persons testing for HIV using the sensitive/less sensitive enzyme immunoassay, New York City, 2001. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2005, 39: 102-111. 10.1097/01.qai.0000144446.52141.4c.PubMed
93.
Kellogg TA, McFarland W, Perlman JL, Weinstock H, Bock S, Katz MH, Gerberding JL, Bangsberg DR: HIV incidence among repeat HIV testers at a county hospital, San Francisco, California, USA. JAIDS. 2001, 28: 59-64.PubMed
94.
Marmor M, Titus S, Wolfe H, Krasinski K, Maslansky R, Simberkoff M, Beatrice S, Nichols S, DesJarlais DC: Preparations for AIDS vaccine trials: retention, behavior change, and HIV seroconversions among injecting drug users (IDUs) and sexual partners of IDUs. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 1994, 10 (Suppl 2): S207-S213.PubMed
95.
Buchacz K, Klausner JD, Kerndt PR, Shouse RL, Onorato I, McElroy PD, Schwendemann J, Tambe PB, Allen M, Coye F, Kent CK, Park MN, Hawkins K, Samoff E, Brooks J: HIV incidence among men diagnosed with early syphilis in Atlanta, San Francisco, and Los Angeles, 2004 to 2005. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2008, 47: 234-240. 10.1097/QAI.0b013e31815e4011.PubMed
96.
Taylor MM, Hawkins K, Gonzalez A, Buchacz K, Aynalem G, Smith LV, Klausner J, Holmberg S, Kerndt PR: Use of the serological testing algorithm for recent HIV seroconversion (STARHS) to identify recently acquired HIV infections in men with early syphilis in Los Angeles County. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2005, 38: 505-508. 10.1097/01.qai.0000157390.55503.8b.PubMed
97.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: HIV transmission among male inmates in a state prison system - Georgia 1992-2005. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2006, 55: 421-426.
98.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Transmission of hepatitis B virus in correctional facilities - Georgia, January 1999 - June 2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2004, 53: 678-681.
99.
Wolfe MI, Xu F, Patel P, O'Cain M, Schillinger JA, St Louis ME, Finelli L: An outbreak of syphilis in Alabama prisons: correctional health policy and communicable disease control. Am J Public Health. 2001, 91: 1220-1225. 10.2105/AJPH.91.8.1220.PubMedPubMedCentral
100.
van Hoeven KH, Rooney WC, Joseph SC: Evidence for gonococcal transmission within a correctional system. Am J Public Health. 1990, 80: 1505-1506. 10.2105/AJPH.80.12.1505.PubMedPubMedCentral
101.
Smith WHY: Syphilis epidemic in a southern prison. J Med Assoc Stat Ala. 1965, 35: 392-394.
102.
Taylor A, Goldberg D, Emslie J, Wrench J, Gruer L, Cameron S, Black J, Davis B, McGregor J, Follett E, Harvey J, Basson J, McGavigan J: Outbreak of HIV infection in a Scottish prison. BMJ. 1995, 310: 289-292.PubMedPubMedCentral
103.
104.
Hall HI, Song R, Rhodes P, Prejean J, An Q, Lee LM, Karon J, Brookmeyer R, Kaplan EH, McKenna MT, Janssen RS: Estimation of HIV incidence in the United States. JAMA. 2008, 300: 520-529. 10.1001/jama.300.5.520.PubMedPubMedCentral
105.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Surveillance for acute viral hepatitis - United States 2006. MMWR Surveill Summ. 2008, 57 (SS02): 1-24.
106.
Vescio MF, Longo B, Babudieri S, Starnini G, Carbonara S, Rezza G, Monarca R: Correlates of hepatitis C virus seropositivity in prison inmates: a meta-analysis. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2008, 62: 305-313. 10.1136/jech.2006.051599.PubMed
107.
Ippolito G, Puro V, Heptonstall J, Jagger J, De Cari G, Petrosillo N: Occupational human immunodeficiency virus infection in health care workers: worldwide cases through September 1997. Clin Infect Dis. 1999, 28: 365-383. 10.1086/515101.PubMed
108.
Puro V, De CG, Scognamiglio P, Porcasi R, Ippolito G: Risk of HIV and other blood-borne infections in the cardiac setting : patient-to-provider and provider-to-patient transmission. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2001, 946: 291-309. 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb03918.x.PubMed
109.
Brewer TF, Vlahov D, Taylor E, Hall D, Munoz A, Polk BF: Transmission of HIV-1 within a statewide prison system. AIDS. 1988, 2: 363-367. 10.1097/00002030-198810000-00005.PubMed
110.
Vlahov D, Polk BF: Intravenous drug use and human immunodeficiency virus infection in prison. AIDS Publ Policy J. 1988, 3: 42-46.
111.
Kelly PW, Redfield RR, Ward DL, Burke S, Miller RN: Prevalence and incidence of HTLV-III infection in a prison. JAMA. 1986, 256: 2198-2199. 10.1001/jama.256.16.2198a.
112.
Castro K, Shansky R, Scardino V, Narkunas J, Coe J, Hammett T: HIV transmission in correctional facilities [abstract]. Seventh International Conference on AIDS. 1991, Florence (Abstract No MC 3067, p 314)
113.
Christensen PB, Krarup HB, Niesters HGM, Norder H, Georgsen J: Prevalence and incidence of bloodborne viral infections among Danish prisoners. Eur J Epidemiol. 2000, 16: 1043-1049. 10.1023/A:1010833917242.PubMed
114.
McKee KJ, Power KG: HIV/AIDS in prisons. Scott Med J. 1992, 37: 132-137.PubMed
115.
Kall KI, Olin RG: HIV status and changes in risk behavior among intravenous drug users in Stockholm 1987-1988. AIDS. 1990, 4: 153-157. 10.1097/00002030-199002000-00009.PubMed
116.
Butler T, Kariminia A, Levy M, Kaldor J: Prisoners are at risk for hepatitis C transmission. Eur J Epidemiol. 2004, 19: 1119-1122. 10.1007/s10654-004-1705-9.PubMed
117.
Dolan K, Kite B, Black E, Aceijas C, Stimson GV: HIV in prison I low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet Infect Dis. 2007, 7: 32-41. 10.1016/S1473-3099(06)70685-5.PubMed
118.
Diaz RS, Kallas EG, Castelo A, Rawal BD, Busch MP: Use of a new, less-sensitive enzyme immunoassay, testing strategy to identify recently infected persons in a Brazilian prison: estimation of incidence and epidemiological tracing. AIDS. 1999, 13: 1417-1418. 10.1097/00002030-199907300-00024.PubMed
119.
Stall R, Duran L, Wisniewski SR: Running in place: implications of HIV incidence estimates among urban men who have sex with men in the Unites States and other industrialized countries. AIDS Behav. 2006, 13: 615-629. 10.1007/s10461-008-9509-7.
120.
Holmberg SD: The estimated prevalence and incidence of HIV in 96 large US metropolitan areas. Am J Public Health. 1996, 86: 642-654. 10.2105/AJPH.86.5.642.PubMedPubMedCentral
121.
Dolan KA, Shearer J, MacDonald M, Mattick RP, Hall W, Wodak AD: A randomized controlled trial of methadone maintenance treatment versus waiting list control in an Australian prison system. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2003, 72: 59-65. 10.1016/S0376-8716(03)00187-X.PubMed
122.
Wolitski R, The Project START Writing Group: Relative efficacy of a multisession sexual risk reduction intervention for young men released from prisons in 4 states. Am J Public Health. 2006, 96: 1854-1861. 10.2105/AJPH.2004.056044.PubMedPubMedCentral
123.
Belenko S, Langley S, Crimmins S, Chaple M: HIV risk behaviors, knowledge, and prevention education among offenders under community supervision: a hidden risk group. AIDS Educ Prev. 2004, 16: 367-385. 10.1521/aeap.16.4.367.40394.PubMed
124.
MacGowan RJ, Margolis A, Gaiter J, Morrow K, Zack B, Askew J, McAuliffe T, Sosman JM, Eldridge GD: Predictors of risky sex of young men after release from prison. Int J STD AIDS. 2003, 14: 519-523. 10.1258/095646203767869110.PubMed
125.
Grinstead OA, Zack B, Faigeles B, Grossman N, Blea L: Reducing postrelease HIV risk among male prison inmates: a peer-led intervention. Crim Justice Behav. 1999, 26: 453-465. 10.1177/0093854899026004003.
126.
Wexler HK, Magura S, Beardsley MM, Josepher H: ARRIVE: an AIDS prevention model for high-risk parolees. Int J Addict. 1994, 29: 361-386.PubMed
127.
Bird SM, Hutchinson SJ: Male drug-related deaths in the fortnight after release from prison: Scotland, 1996-99. Addiction. 2003, 98: 185-190. 10.1046/j.1360-0443.2003.00264.x.PubMed
128.
Seal KH, Kral AH, Gee L, Moore LD, Bluthenthal RN, Lorvick J, Edlin BR: Predictors and prevention of nonfatal overdose among street recruited injection heroin users in the San Francisco Bay Area, 1998-1999. Am J Public Health. 2001, 91: 1842-1846. 10.2105/AJPH.91.11.1842.PubMedPubMedCentral
129.
Seaman SR, Brettle RP, Gore SM: Mortality from overdose among injecting drug users recently released from prison: database linkage study. BMJ. 1998, 316: 426-428.PubMedPubMedCentral
130.
Harawa N, Adimora A: Incarceration, African Americans and HIV: advancing a research agenda. J Natl Med Assoc. 2008, 100: 57-62.PubMedPubMedCentral
131.
Jurgens R, Ball A, Verster A: Interventions to reduce HIV transmission related to injecting drug use in prison. Lancet Infect Dis. 2009, 9: 57-66. 10.1016/S1473-3099(08)70305-0.PubMed
Metadata
Title
HIV and Hepatitis B and C incidence rates in US correctional populations and high risk groups: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors
Ethan Gough
Mirjam C Kempf
Laura Graham
Marvin Manzanero
Edward W Hook
Al Bartolucci
Eric Chamot
Publication date
01-12-2010
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
BMC Public Health / Issue 1/2010
Electronic ISSN: 1471-2458
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-10-777

Other articles of this Issue 1/2010

BMC Public Health 1/2010 Go to the issue

Research article

Socioeconomic determinants of psychotropic drug utilisation among elderly: a national population-based cross-sectional study

Research article

Awareness of school students on sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and their sexual behavior: a cross-sectional study conducted in Pulau Pinang, Malaysia

Research article

Innovative psycho-educational program to prevent common postpartum mental disorders in primiparous women: a before and after controlled study

Research article

Household food insecurity and symptoms of neurologic disorder in Ethiopia: An observational analysis

Research article

Cesarean and VBAC rates among immigrant vs. native-born women: a retrospective observational study from Taiwan Cesarean delivery and VBAC among immigrant women in Taiwan

Research article

Knowledge and attitudes of university students toward pandemic influenza: a cross-sectional study from Turkey