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01-08-2017 | Editorial

Higher milk intake increases fracture risk: confounding or true association?

Authors: S. Sahni, S. S. Soedamah-Muthu, C. M. Weaver

Published in: Osteoporosis International | Issue 8/2017

Excerpt

Global shifts in aging and increased life expectancy puts demands on health systems. [1] As age-related chronic diseases, osteoporosis and low bone mass are major public health threats [2, 3]. Milk is a good source of bone-specific nutrients [calcium, vitamin D (when fortified), protein, magnesium, potassium, phosphorus]. Studies have reported beneficial associations between milk and bone mineral density [4‐10]. However, data on mortality [11‐15] and fracture risk are conflicting [14, 16‐19], with studies reporting beneficial [13, 16], neutral [8, 11, 12, 15, 17‐19], and adverse associations [14]. …

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McCabe LD, Martin BR, McCabe GP, Johnston CC, Weaver CM, Peacock M (2004) Dairy intakes affect bone density in the elderly. Am J Clin Nutr 80(4):1066–1074PubMed

Sato Y, Iki M, Fujita Y, Tamaki J, Kouda K, Yura A, Moon JS, Winzenrieth R, Iwaki H, Ishizuka R, Amano N, Tomioka K, Okamoto N, Kurumatani N (2015) Greater milk intake is associated with lower bone turnover, higher bone density, and higher bone microarchitecture index in a population of elderly Japanese men with relatively low dietary calcium intake: Fujiwara-kyo Osteoporosis Risk in Men (FORMEN) Study. Osteoporos Int 26(5):1585–1594CrossRefPubMed

Sahni S, Tucker KL, Kiel DP, Quach L, Casey VA, Hannan MT (2013) Milk and yogurt consumption are linked with higher bone mineral density but not with hip fracture: the Framingham Offspring Study. Arch Osteoporos 8(1–2):119CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

Sahni S, Mangano KM, Kiel DP, Tucker KL, Hannan MT (2017) Dairy intake is protective against bone loss in older vitamin D supplement users: the Framingham Study. J Nutr. doi:10.3945/jn.116.240390

10.

Prince R, Devine A, Dick I, Criddle A, Kerr D, Kent N, Price R, Randell A (1995) The effects of calcium supplementation (milk powder or tablets) and exercise on bone density in postmenopausal women. J Bone Miner Res 10(7):1068–1075CrossRefPubMed

11.

Thorning TK, Raben A, Tholstrup T, Soedamah-Muthu SS, Givens I, Astrup A (2016) Milk and dairy products: good or bad for human health? An assessment of the totality of scientific evidence. Food Nutr Res 60:32527CrossRefPubMed

12.

Soedamah-Muthu SS, Ding EL, Al-Delaimy WK, Hu FB, Engberink MF, Willett WC, Geleijnse JM (2011) Milk and dairy consumption and incidence of cardiovascular diseases and all-cause mortality: dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Am J Clin Nutr 93(1):158–171CrossRefPubMed

13.

Talaei M, Koh WP, Yuan JM, Pan A (2016) The association between dairy product intake and cardiovascular disease mortality in Chinese adults. Eur J Nutr. Jul 22.

14.

Michaelsson K, Wolk A, Langenskiold S, Basu S, Warensjo Lemming E, Melhus H, Byberg L (2014) Milk intake and risk of mortality and fractures in women and men: cohort studies. BMJ 349:g6015CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

15.

Guo J, Astrup A, Lovegrove JA, Gijsbers L, Givens DI, Soedamah-Muthu SS (2017) Milk and dairy consumption and risk of cardiovascular diseases and all-cause mortality: dose–response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. European Journal of Epidemiology.

16.

Sahni S, Mangano KM, Tucker KL, Kiel DP, Casey VA, Hannan MT (2014) Protective association of milk intake on the risk of hip fracture: results from the Framingham original cohort. J Bone Miner Res 29(8):1756–1762CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

17.

Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Dawson-Hughes B, Baron JA, Kanis JA, Orav EJ, Staehelin HB, Kiel DP, Burckhardt P, Henschkowski J, Spiegelman D, Li R, Wong JB, Feskanich D, Willett WC (2011) Milk intake and risk of hip fracture in men and women: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. J Bone Miner Res 26(4):833–839CrossRefPubMed

18.

Feskanich D, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Frazier AL, Willett WC (2014) Milk consumption during teenage years and risk of hip fractures in older adults. JAMA Pediatr 168(1):54–60CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

19.

Kanis JA, Johansson H, Oden A, De Laet C, Johnell O, Eisman JA, Mc Closkey E, Mellstrom D, Pols H, Reeve J, Silman A, Tenenhouse A (2005) A meta-analysis of milk intake and fracture risk: low utility for case finding. Osteoporos Int 16(7):799–804CrossRefPubMed

Title: Higher milk intake increases fracture risk: confounding or true association?
Authors: S. Sahni
S. S. Soedamah-Muthu
C. M. Weaver
Publication date: 01-08-2017
Publisher: Springer London
Published in: Osteoporosis International / Issue 8/2017
Print ISSN: 0937-941X
Electronic ISSN: 1433-2965
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-017-4088-y

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