Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

LIVE: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)
Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health
Published in: Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health 1/2009

Open Access 01-12-2009 | Review

Health risk behaviours among adolescents in the English-speaking Caribbean: a review

Authors: Rohan G Maharaj, Paula Nunes, Shamin Renwick

Published in: Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health | Issue 1/2009

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

The aim of this paper was to review and summarize research on prevalence of health risk behaviours, their outcomes as well as risk and protective factors among adolescents in the English-speaking Caribbean.

Methods

Searching of online databases and the World Wide Web as well as hand searching of the West Indian Medical Journal were conducted. Papers on research done on adolescents aged 10 – 19 years old and published during the period 1980 – 2005 were included.

Results

Ninety-five relevant papers were located. Five papers were published in the 1980s, 47 in the 1990s, and from 2000–2005, 43 papers. Health risk behaviours and outcomes were divided into seven themes. Prevalence data obtained for these, included lifetime prevalence of substance use: cigarettes-24% and marijuana-17%; high risk sexual behaviour: initiation of sexual activity ≤ 10 years old-19% and those having more than six partners-19%; teenage pregnancy: teens account for 15–20% of all pregnancies and one-fifth of these teens were in their second pregnancy; Sexually-Transmitted Infections (STIs): population prevalence of gonorrhoea and/or chlamydia in 18–21 year-olds was 26%; mental health: severe depression in the adolescent age group was 9%, and attempted suicide-12%; violence and juvenile delinquency: carrying a weapon to school in the last 30 days-10% and almost always wanting to kill or injure someone-5%; eating disorders and obesity: overweight-11%, and obesity-7%. Many of the risk behaviours in adolescents were shown to be related to the adolescent's family of origin, home environment and parent-child relationships. Also, the protective effects of family and school connectedness as well as increased religiosity noted in studies from the United States were also applicable in the Caribbean.

Conclusion

There is a substantial body of literature on Caribbean adolescents documenting prevalence and correlates of health risk behaviours. Future research should emphasize the designing and testing of interventions to alleviate this burden.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
2.
Pan American Health Organization: Health in the Americas. 1998, Washington, D. C.: PAHO, 1.
3.
4.
Pan American Health Organization: Health in the Americas. 2007, Washington, D. C.: PAHO, 1.
5.
Tugwell P, Bennett KJ, Sacket DI, Haynes RB: The measurement iterative loop: a Framework for the critical appraisal of need, benefits and costs of Health interventions. J Chron Dis. 1985, 38 (4): 339-351. 10.1016/0021-9681(85)90080-3.PubMedCrossRef
6.
Singh H, Mustapha N: Some factors associated with substance abuse among secondary school students in Trinidad and Tobago. J Drug Educ. 1994, 24 (1): 83-93.PubMedCrossRef
7.
Boyd-Patrick HA, Forsythe-Duke V, Edwards R, Holder Y: Behavioural risk factors in the adolescent and adult populations of Trinidad and Tobago, 1989 [abstract]. West Indian Med J. 1992, 41 (Suppl 1): 16.
8.
Harvey SC: Patterns of drug abuse in persons referred to the drug rehabilitation unit in Barbados [abstract]. West Indian Med J. 1997, 46 (Suppl 2): 39.
9.
Blum RW, Ireland M: Reducing risk, increasing protective factors: findings from the Caribbean Youth Health Survey. J Adolesc Health. 2004, 35 (6): 493-500.PubMedCrossRef
10.
Blum RW, Halcón L, Beuhring T, Pate E, Campell-Forrester S, Venema A: Adolescent health in the Caribbean: risk and protective factors. Am J Public Health. 2003, 93 (3): 456-460. 10.2105/AJPH.93.3.456.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
11.
Ohene SA, Ireland M, Blum RW: The clustering of risk behaviors among Caribbean youth. Matern Child Health J. 2005, 9 (1): 91-100. 10.1007/s10995-005-2452-6.PubMedCrossRef
12.
Smart RG, Patterson SD: Comparison of alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drug use among students and delinquents in the Bahamas. Drug Abuse Scientific Publication 522. 1990, Washington D.C.: PAHO
13.
Soyibo K: Use of alcohol, tobacco and non-prescription drugs among Jamaican high school students. West Indian Med J. 1997, 46 (4): 111-114.PubMed
14.
Thompson SA, Paul TJ, Holder-Nevins D: To smoke or not to smoke: understanding ganja use in adolescents [abstract]. West Indian Med J. 2005, 53 (Suppl 2): 35.
15.
16.
Boyd-Patrick HA, Forsythe-Duke V, Edwards R, Holder Y: Alcohol drinking practices in the adolescent and adult population in Trinidad and Tobago, 1989 [abstract]. Caribb Med J. 1992, 53 (Suppl 1): 9.
17.
Singh H, Maharaj HD, Shipp M: Pattern of substance abuse among secondary school students in Trinidad and Tobago. Public Health. 1991, 105 (6): 435-441. 10.1016/S0033-3506(05)80613-4.PubMedCrossRef
18.
Douglas KG: Patterns of substance use among post primary students in Jamaica, 1997: prevalence and long-term trends [abstract]. West Indian Med J. 1999, 48 (Suppl 1): 24.
19.
Smikle MF, Dowe G, Hylton-Kong T, Williams E, Baum M: Risky behaviour in Jamaican adolescent patients attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic. West Indian Med J. 2000, 49 (4): 327-330.PubMed
20.
Ivey MA, Douglas KG, Casimir LB, Prince PE: Substance use in Caribbean secondary schools, the Commonwealth of Dominica and St. Kitts and Nevis experience: preliminary results to a regional perspective [abstract]. West Indian Med J. 2003, 52 (Suppl 3): 53.
21.
Antoine AA: Knowledge, attitude and behaviour regarding tobacco use and environmental tobacco smoke among Grenadian students [abstract]. West Indian Med J. 2004, 53 (Suppl 2): 42.
22.
Kurtz S, Douglas KG, Lugo Y: Sexual risks and concerns about AIDS among adolescents in Anguilla. AIDS Care. 2005, 17 (Suppl 1): 36-44. 10.1080/09540120500121250.CrossRef
23.
Halcón L, Blum RW, Beuhring T, Pate E, Campbell-Forrester S, Venema A: Adolescent health in the Caribbean: a regional portrait. Am J Public Health. 2003, 93 (11): 1851-1857. 10.2105/AJPH.93.11.1851.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
24.
Douglas KG, Fountain T: Findings from drug use surveys of Caribbean students, 2002–2003. West Indian Med J. 2004, 53 (4): 52-62.
25.
Ministry of Health. Trinidad and Tobago, Pan American Health Organization: Adolescent health survey. 1998, Port-of-Spain, Trinidad: Ministry of Health
26.
Gordon F: Drug abuse in all age schools. MSc Thesis. 1995, Kingston: The University of the West Indies
27.
Sharma KLD: Present trends in drug use and abuse in new secondary schools in the Kingston Metropolitan Area. MPH Thesis. 1995, Kingston: The University of the West Indies
28.
South West Regional Health Authority: Healthy communities initiative: predisposition to substance abuse among youth 15–24 years old in the South West Region. 1995, Trinidad and Tobago: South West Regional Health Authority
29.
Williams YC, Walker SP: Factors influencing sexual behaviour of 14–15 year olds in Kingston, Jamaica [abstract]. West Indian Med J. 2004, 53 (Suppl 2): 19.
30.
Stallworth J, Roofe M, Clark LF, Ehiri JE, Mukherjee S, Person S, Jolly PE: Predictors of sexual involvement among adolescents in rural Jamaica. Int J Adolesc Med Health. 2004, 16 (2): 165-178.PubMedCrossRef
31.
Dzakpasu-Lawrence PP: Knowledge, attitudes and practices regarding syphilis and gonorrhea among fourth form secondary school students in Kingston, Jamaica. MPH Thesis. 1996, Kingston: The University of the West Indies
32.
Ohene SA, Ireland M, Blum RW: Sexually-inexperienced Caribbean youth correlates of delayed sexual debut. Adolescent & Family Health. 2004, 3 (4): 177-184.
33.
Eggleston E, Jackson J, Hardee K: Sexual attitudes and behaviour among young adolescents in Jamaica. Int Fam Plan Perspect. 1999, 25 (2): 78-84. 10.2307/2991945. 91CrossRef
34.
Waldrond ER, Hoyos MD, Souder M, Jones F, Ellis H, Roach T: Sexual attitudes and practices amongst schoolchildren aged 10–16 years in Barbados [abstract]. West Indian Med J. 1991, 40 (Suppl 1): 23.
35.
Kumar A, Carter R, Doughlin C, Kumari G, Jacob C: Risk behaviour and predisposition to HIV infection among the secondary school students in Barbados – results from a national survey [abstract]. West Indian Med J. 2005, 54 (Suppl 2): 22.
36.
Allen C, Martinez DD, Wagner U, McLetchie K, Washington AD, Chapman-Smith T, Wright M: The sexual behaviour of youth in Tobago: a report on the development of a health promotion project. West Indian Med J. 2002, 51 (3): 197-199.PubMed
37.
Norman LR: Sexually transmitted disease symptoms: a comparative analysis of male and female youth in Jamaica. West Indian Med J. 2001, 50 (3): 203-208.PubMed
38.
Jagdeo TP: Myths, misperceptions, mistakes: A study of Trinidadian adolescents. 1986, Port-of-Spain: Family Planning Association
39.
Knight RC: A knowledge, attitude and practice study with respect to family planning among high school students in Barbados and Jamaica. MPH Thesis. 1989, Kingston: The University of the West Indies
40.
Lerand SJ, Ireland M, Blum RW: Sexual behavior in Caribbean youth. Journal of Adolescent Health. 2004, 34 (2): 142-143.CrossRef
41.
Smith D, Roofe M, Ehiri J, Campbell-Forrester S, Jolly C, Jolly P: Sociocultural contexts of adolescent sexual behavior in rural Hanover, Jamaica. J Adolesc Health. 2003, 33 (1): 41-48. 10.1016/S1054-139X(02)00563-3.PubMedCrossRef
42.
Jackson J, Leitch J, Lee A, Eggleston E, Hardee K: The Jamaican adolescent study – final report. 1998, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina: Women's Studies Project, Family Health International (FHI)
43.
Wyatt G, Durvasula RS, Guthrie D, Lefranc E, Forge N: Correlates of first intercourse among women in Jamaica. Arch Sex Behavior. 1999, 28 (2): 139-157. 10.1023/A:1018767805871.CrossRef
44.
Bain BC, White B, Madden F, Bain P, Anderson-Johnson P: Factors in the home environment which influence sexual knowledge and sexual activity among pre-adolescents in Kingston and St. Andrew, Jamaica – implications for prevention of HIV infection [abstract]. West Indian Med J. 1993, 42 (Suppl 3): 27-28.
45.
Olenick I: Among young Jamaicans, sex and childbearing often begin during adolescence. Int Fam Plan Perspect. 1999, 25 (4): 206-208. 10.2307/2991890.CrossRef
46.
Archer EY, Campbell J, Medford G, Scantlebury MA: Profile of teenage mothers and their parents' attitudes to teenage sexuality and pregnancy [abstract]. West Indian Med J. 1990, 39 (Suppl 1): 17.
47.
Harris MI: Factors that influence the occurrence of teenage pregnancy [abstract]. West Indian Med J. 2000, 49 (Suppl 2): 33.
48.
Collins-Harris M: Factors that influence the occurrence of teenage pregnancies. MSc Thesis. 1995, Kingston: The University of the West Indies
49.
Keddie AM: Psychosocial factors associated with teenage pregnancy in Jamaica. Adolescence. 1992, 27 (108): 873-890.PubMed
50.
Thame M, Wilks R, Matadial L, Forrester TE: A comparative study of pregnancy outcome in teenage girls and mature women. West Indian Med J. 1999, 48 (2): 69-72.PubMed
51.
Martin TC, Doyle B: Decreasing prevalence of adolescent births in Antigua and Barbuda, 1969 to 1998 [abstract]. West Indian Med J. 2000, 49 (Suppl 2): 53.
52.
Family Planning Association of Trinidad and Tobago: Results from the demograhics and health survey 1987. Stud Fam Plann. 1989, 20 (4): 235-239. 10.2307/1966841.CrossRef
53.
Roopnarinesingh S, Ali A, Bassaw B: Is adolescent pregnancy hazardous?. West Indian Med J. 1993, 42 (1): 22-23.PubMed
54.
Kondamudi VK, Bhattacharyya A, Noah PK, Noel D: Adolescent pregnancy in Grenada. Ann Trop Paediatr. 1993, 13 (4): 379-383.PubMed
55.
Pitter YJ: Factors affecting outcome of pregnancy in adolescents at Victoria Jubilee Hospital in Kingston from period December 1st 1995 to February 29th 1996. MPH Thesis. 1996, Kingston: The University of the West Indies
56.
Roopnarinesingh S: Maternal mortality at Mount Hope Women's Hospital, Trinidad. West Indian Med J. 1991, 40 (3): 139-141.PubMed
57.
Ramsewak S, Narayansingh GV, Sieunarine B: Is teenage pregnancy high risk? – the experience in Trinidad [abstract]. West Indian Med J. 1993, 42 (Suppl 1): 15-16.
58.
Venema AA, Datta B, Musket FAJ, Boersma ER: Outcome of teenage pregnancy in St. Vincent: the adequacy of milk from teenage mothers in relation to neonatal growth [abstract]. West Indian Med J. 1993, 42 (Suppl 1): 57.
59.
Drayton VLC, Montgomery SB, Modeste NN, Frye-Anderson BA, McNeil P: The impact of the Women's Centre of Jamaica Foundation programme for adolescent mothers on repeat pregnancies. West Indian Med J. 2000, 49 (4): 316-326.PubMed
60.
Norman LR, Uche C: Prevalence and determinants of sexually transmitted diseases: an analysis of young Jamaican males. Sex Transm Dis. 2000, 29 (3): 126-132.CrossRef
61.
Voisin DR, Dillon-Remy M: Psychocultural factors associated with HIV infection among Trinidad and Tobago adolescents. Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention & Education for Adolescents & Children. 2001, 4 (2–3): 65-82.
62.
Adams OP, McIntyre G, Prussia P: Risk behaviour, healthcare access and prevalence of infection with Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae in a population based sample of adults in Barbados [abstract]. West Indian Med J. 2004, 53 (Suppl 2): 18.
63.
Walker E, Mayes B, Ramsay H, Hewitt H, Bain B, Christie CD: Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of Jamaican adolescents with HIV/AIDS. West Indian Med J. 2004, 53 (5): 332-338.PubMed
64.
Robinson T, Thompson T, Bain B: Sexual risk taking behaviour and HIV knowledge of Kingston's street boys. Journal of HIV/AIDS Prevention & Education for Adolescents & Children. 2001, 4 (2/3): 127-145.
65.
Ministry of Health. Jamaica: Report of the national knowledge, attitudes, behaviour and practices (KAPB) survey – year 2004. 2004, Kingston: Jamaica Hope Enterprises
66.
Ministry of Education. Barbados: Report of the national knowledge, attitudes, behaviour and practices survey on HIV/AIDS. 2001, St. Michael, Barbados: Ministry of Education, Youth Affairs and Sport
67.
Ministry of Health. Trinidad and Tobago: Youth response survey: a national survey of knowledge, perceptions and practices among 1500 youth in Trinidad and Tobago, subsequent to information, education and communication/counselling activities on AIDS. 1995, Port-of-Spain: Ministry of Health
68.
Figueroa JP, Ward E, Luthi TE, Vermund SH, Brathwaite AR, Burk RD: Prevalence of human papillomavirus among STD clinic attenders in Jamaica: association of younger age and increased sexual activity. Sex Transm Dis. 1995, 22 (2): 114-118.PubMedCrossRef
69.
Payne MA: Adolescent fears: some Caribbean findings. J Youth Adolesc. 1988, 17 (3): 255-266. 10.1007/BF01538166.PubMedCrossRef
70.
Hickling FW: The psychopathology of children and adolescents in Jamaica [abstract]. West Indian Med J. 1993, 42 (Suppl 1): 48.
71.
Mahy GE: Parasuicide in Barbados. West Indian Med J. 1980, 29: 28-33.PubMed
72.
Marceau-Crooks H, Jinkson J, Roberts G: Parasuicides in South Trinidad – 1974 and 1984 [abstract]. Caribb Med J. 1992, 53 (Suppl 1): 8.
73.
Neehall JE, Beharry N: Demographic and clinical features of adolescent parasuicides. West Indian Med J. 1994, 43 (4): 123-126.PubMed
74.
Dookhan DA: Self poisoning in the adolescent and adult population at the Georgetown Hospital, Guyana [abstract]. West Indian Med J. 1997, 46 (Suppl 2): 45.
75.
Sinanansingh P: A study of parasuicide among adolescent and young adult in southern region of Trinidad. MPH Thesis. 1997, Kingston: The University of the West Indies
76.
Sharma KLD: Analysis of suicide attempts in the Commonwealth of Dominica [abstract]. West Indian Med J. 1998, 47 (Suppl 2): 56.
77.
Pottinger AM, Milbourn PE, Leiba J: Suicidal behaviour and risk factors in children and adolescents in Jamaica. West Indian Med J. 2003, 52 (2): 127-130.PubMed
78.
Hutchinson G, Daisley H, Simmons V, Gordon AN: Suicide by poisoning. West Indian Med J. 1991, 40 (2): 69-73.PubMed
79.
Hutchinson G, Daisley H, Simeon D, Simmonds V, Shetty M, Lynn D: High rates of paraquat-induced suicide in southern Trinidad. Suicide Life Threat Behav. 1999, 29 (2): 186-191.PubMed
80.
Daisley H, Simmons V: Forensic analysis of acute fatal poisonings in the southern districts of Trinidad. Vet Hum Toxicol. 1999, 41 (1): 23-25.PubMed
81.
Ali A, Maharajh HD: Social predictors of suicidal behaviour in adolescents in Trinidad and Tobago. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2005, 40 (3): 186-191. 10.1007/s00127-005-0846-9.PubMedCrossRef
82.
Maharajh HD, Ali A: Depression in Tobagonian adolescents. Int J Adolesc Med Health. 2004, 16 (4): 337-342.PubMedCrossRef
83.
Roopnarinesingh N, Alli F, Cumberbatch K, Laloo P, Mohammed S, Ramesar A, Rampersad N, Maharaj RG, Ramtahal I: The prevalence of depression among adolescents attending secondary schools in Trinidad [abstract]. West Indian Med J. 2004, 53 (Suppl 2): 76.
84.
Lowe G, Lipps G, Abel W, Brown A, Hickling FW: Depression among fourth form students in three high schools in Kingston [abstract]. West Indian Med J. 2005, 54 (Suppl 2): 62.
85.
Patrickson L: Factors contributing to the juvenile delinquency among girls in Jamaica. MSc Thesis. 1996, Kingston: The University of the West Indies
86.
Cosentino R: Social, economic and cultural factors contributing to adolescents dropping out of school in Grenada, West Indies. 1994, New York: Columbia University. School of Public Health
87.
Perks SM, Jameson M: The effects of witnessing domestic violence on behavioural problems and depressive symptomatology. A community sample of pupils from St. Lucia. West Indian Med J. 1999, 48 (4): 208-211.PubMed
88.
Kirsch TD, Beaudreau RW, Holder YA, Smith GS: Pediatric injuries presenting to an emergency department in a developing country. Pediatr Emerg Care. 1996, 12 (6): 411-415. 10.1097/00006565-199612000-00006.PubMedCrossRef
89.
Noah P, Rao MR, Weis U: Adolescent admissions in Barbadian hospitals [abstract]. West Indian Med J. 1993, 42 (Suppl 1): 26.
90.
Whittle S: Knowledge about causes, effects, attitudes towards and experiences with violent acts among students in secondary schools, Jamaica. MSc Thesis. 1994, Kingston: The University of the West Indies
91.
Soyibo K: Domestic and school violence among high school students in Jamaica. West Indian Med J. 2000, 49 (3): 232.PubMed
92.
Meeks Gardner J: Perceptions and experience of violence among secondary school students in urban Jamaica. Pan Am J Public Health. 2003, 14 (2): 97-103.
93.
Samms-Vaughn ME, Jackson MA, Ashley DE: Urban Jamaican children's exposure to community violence. West Indian Med J. 2004, 54 (1): 14-21.
94.
Mahy GE: Anorexia nervosa in Barbados [abstract]. West Indian Med J. 1991, 40 (Suppl 2): 118.
95.
Bhugra D, Mastrogianni A, Maharajh H, Harvey S: Prevalence of bulimic behaviors and eating disorders in schoolgirls in Trinidad and Barbados. Transcultural Psychiatry. 2004, 40 (3): 410-428.
96.
McGuire MT, Story M, Neumark-Sztainer D, Halcón L, Campbell-Forrester S, Blum RW: Prevalence and correlates of weight-control behaviors among Caribbean adolescent students. J Adolesc Health. 2002, 31 (2): 208-211. 10.1016/S1054-139X(02)00380-4.PubMedCrossRef
97.
Alert C, Broome H, Holland A, Mellanson-King R, Fraser HS: Physical activity in Barbadian secondary school attenders – result from the Adolescent Health and Fitness study (AHFIT) [abstract]. West Indian Med J. 2000, 49 (Suppl 2): 26.
98.
Gaskin P, Broome H, Alert C, Griffith B, Fraser HS: Adolescent obesity, disproportionately affects girls in Barbados [abstract]. West Indian Med J. 2005, 54 (Suppl 2): 44.
99.
Simeon DT, Rattan RD, Panchoo K, Kungeesingh KV, Ali AC, Abdool PS: Body image of adolescents in a multi-ethnic Caribbean population. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2003, 57 (1): 157-162. 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1601515.PubMedCrossRef
100.
Lehman SC, Mahabir D, Modlesky CM, Lewis RD: Prevalence of overweight in Trinidadian adolescents [abstract]. West Indian Med J. 2003, 52 (Suppl 3): 22.
101.
102.
Imamura M, Tucker J, Hannaford P, da Silva MO, Astin M, Wyness L, Bloemenkamp KWM, Jahn A, Karro H, Olsen J: Factors associated with teenage pregnancy in the European Union countries: a systematic review. Eur J Public Health. 2007, 17 (6): 630-636. 10.1093/eurpub/ckm014.PubMedCrossRef
103.
Klein JD, the Committee on Adolescence: Adolescent pregnancy: current trends and issues. Pediatrics. 2005, 116 (1): 281-286. 10.1542/peds.2005-0999.PubMedCrossRef
104.
Davies SL, DiClemente RJ, Wingood GM, Harrington KF, Crosby RA, Sionean C: Pregnancy desire among disadvantaged African American adolescent young women. Journal of Adolescent Health. 2003, 27 (1): 55-62.
105.
Hawton K: Sex and suicide: gender differences in suicidal behaviour. Br J Psychiatry. 2000, 177: 484-485. 10.1192/bjp.177.6.484.PubMedCrossRef
106.
King R, Schwab-Stone M, Flisher A, Med M, Greenwald S, Kramer R, Goodman S, Lahey B, Shaffer D, Gould M: Psychosocial and Risk Behavior Correlates of Youth Suicide Attempts and Suicidal Ideation. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry. 2001, 40 (7): 837-10.1097/00004583-200107000-00019.CrossRef
107.
Fergusson DM, Woodward LJ, LJ H: Risk factors and life processes associated with the onset of suicidal behaviour during adolescence and early adulthood. Psychol Med. 2000, 30 (1): 23-39. 10.1017/S003329179900135X.PubMedCrossRef
108.
109.
Ferdinand R, Verhulst F: Psychopathology from adolescence into young adulthood: an 8-year follow- up study. Am J Psychiatry. 1995, 152 (11): 1586-1594.PubMedCrossRef
110.
111.
Van Sluijs EMF, McMinn AM, Griffin SJ: Effectiveness of interventions to promote physical activity in children and adolescents: systematic review of controlled trials. BMJ. 2007, 335: 703-10.1136/bmj.39320.843947.BE.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef
112.
Lister-Sharp D, Chapman S, Stewart-Brown S, Sowden A: Health promoting schools and health promotion in schools: two systematic reviews. Health Technol Assess. 1999, 3 (22): 1-207.PubMed
113.
Flay B, Graumlich S, Segawa E, Burns J, Holliday M: Effects of 2 Prevention Programs on High-Risk Behaviors Among African American Youth: A Randomized Trial. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine. 2004, 158 (4): 377-10.1001/archpedi.158.4.377.CrossRef
114.
115.
Kinsler J, Sneed CD, Morisky DE, Ang A: Evaluation of a school-based intervention for HIV/AIDS prevention among Belizean adolescents. Health Educ Res. 2004, 19 (6): 730-738. 10.1093/her/cyg091.PubMedCrossRef
116.
Martiniuk ALC, O'Connor KS, King WD: A cluster randomized trial of a sex education programme in Belize, Central America. Int J Epidemiol. 2003, 32 (1): 131-136. 10.1093/ije/dyg014.PubMedCrossRef
117.
Eggleston E, Jackson J, Rountree W, Pan Z: Evaluation of a sexuality education program for young adolescents in Jamaica. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2000, 7 (2): 102-112. 10.1590/S1020-49892000000200006.PubMedCrossRef
118.
Pierre RB, Swaby P, Sue-Ho R, Walters C: Impact of a lifestyle risk intervention in Jamaican high school students. West Indian Med J. 2005, 54 (Suppl 2): 67-68.
119.
Baptiste DR, Bhana A, Petersen I, McKay M, Voisin D, Bell C, Martinez DD: Community collaborative youth-focused HIV/AIDS prevention in South Africa and Trinidad: preliminary findings. J Pediatr Psychol. 2006, 31 (9): 905-916. 10.1093/jpepsy/jsj100.PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Health risk behaviours among adolescents in the English-speaking Caribbean: a review
Authors
Rohan G Maharaj
Paula Nunes
Shamin Renwick
Publication date
01-12-2009
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health / Issue 1/2009
Electronic ISSN: 1753-2000
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/1753-2000-3-10

Other articles of this Issue 1/2009

Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health 1/2009 Go to the issue

Editorial

Supportive interventions to enhance the mental health of children - an under-researched field

Commentary

Irritable mood and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

Research

Atomoxetine for the treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in children with ADHD and dyslexia

Research

Does switching from oral extended-release methylphenidate to the methylphenidate transdermal system affect health-related quality-of-life and medication satisfaction for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder?

Review

The clinical effectiveness of different parenting programmes for children with conduct problems: a systematic review of randomised controlled trials

Research

The specificity and the development of social-emotional competence in a multi-ethnic-classroom