Top

Published in:

01-10-2021 | Guillain-Barré Syndrome | COVID-19

Post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC): peripheral, autonomic, and central nervous system features in a child

Author: David S. Younger

Published in: Neurological Sciences | Issue 10/2021

Excerpt

The 2019 novel coronavirus (2019‐nCoV [COVID-19]) epidemic is caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-nCoV-2 or SARS-CoV-2). There are reviews of the acute neurological illness in adults [1] and children [2]. Recent attention has also been focused on the post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC) by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) through its launch of the Research Opportunity Announcement (ROA) OTA-21–0158, and the formation of the SARS-CoV-2 Recovery Cohort and Investigator Consortium (https://covid19.nih.gov/sites/default/files/2021-02/PASC-ROA-OTA-Recovery-Cohort-Studies.pdf). The NIH operationally defines PASC as the failure to recover from acute COVID-19, or those persistently symptomatic for > 30 days from onset of infection, with any pattern of tissue injury that remains evolving including the nervous system. Online hosted surveys enrolling thousands of subjects employing mobile apps for symptom tracking to obtain real-world data and evidence provide useful information substantiating PASC in adults [3] but exclude subjects < 18 years old. While awaiting prospective NIH-funded research, there is an urgency to understand PASC in children. …

Younger DS (2021) Coronavirus 2019: clinical and neuropathological aspects. Curr Opin Rheumatol 33(1):49–57CrossRefPubMed

Panda PK, Sharawat IK, Panda P et al (2020) Neurological complications of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Trop Pediatr 10:fmaa070

Davis HE, Assaf GS, McCorkell L et al (2020) Characterizing long COVID in an international cohort: 7 months of symptoms and their impact. MedRxiv 12(24):20248802

Ferrante M (2015) Electrodiagnostic studies in motor disorders. Chapter 5. In, DS Younger ed. Motor disorders, 3rd edition. Brookfield, CT: Rothstein Publishers; 83–107

McArthur JC, Stocks EA, Hauer P et al (1998) Epidermal nerve fiber density: normative reference range and diagnostic efficiency. Arch Neurol 55:1513–1520CrossRefPubMed

Lauria G, Bakkers M, Schmitz C et al (2010) Intraepidermal nerve fiber density at the distal leg: a worldwide normative reference study. J Peripher Nerv Syst 15:202–207CrossRefPubMed

Cheshire WP, Freeman R, Gibbons CH et al (2021) Electrodiagnostic assessment of the autonomic nervous system: a consensus statement endorsed by the American Autonomic Society, American Academy of Neurology, and the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology. Clin Neurophysiology 132(2):666–682CrossRef

Weisberg SP, Connors TJ, Zhu Y et al (2021) Distinct antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in children and adults across the COVID-19 clinical spectrum. Nat Immunol 22:25–31CrossRefPubMed

Bunyavanich S, Do A, Vicencio A (2020) Nasal gene expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in children and adults. JAMA 323:2427–2429CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

10.

Pierce CA et al (2020) Immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection in hospitalized pediatric and adult patients. Sci Transl Med 12:eabd5487CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

11.

Kumar BV, Connors TJ, Farber DL (2018) Human T cell development, localization, and function throughout life. Immunity 48:202–213CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

12.

Mateus J et al (2020) Selective and cross-reactive SARS-CoV-2 T cell epitopes in unexposed humans. Science 370:89–94CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

13.

Getts DR, Chastain EML, Terry RL, Miller SD (2013) Virus infection, antiviral immunity, and autoimmunity. Immunol Rev 255:197–209CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

14.

Jeppesen R, Benros ME (2019) Autoimmune diseases and psychotic disorders. Front Psychiatry 10:131. Published 2019 Mar 20

15.

Delorme C, Paccoud O, Kas A et al (2020) COVID-19-related encephalopathy: a case series with brain FDG-positron-emission tomography/computed tomography findings. Eur J Neurol 27:2651–2657CrossRefPubMed

16.

Younger DS (2021) Post-acute sequelae of SARS-Cov-2 infection associating peripheral, autonomic and central nervous system disturbances: case report and review of the literature. World J Neurosci 11:17–21CrossRef

17.

Dalmau J, Lancaster E, Martinez-Hernandez E et al (2011) Clinical experience and laboratory investigations in patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis. Lancet Neurol 10:63–74CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

18.

Matschke J, Lütgehetmann M, Hagel C et al (2020) Neuropathology of patients with COVID-19 in Germany: a post-mortem case series. Lancet Neurol 19(11):919–929CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

19.

Younger DS. Postmortem neuropathology in COVID-19. Brain Pathol. 2020 23: e12915 [Epub ahead of print]

20.

LaRovere KL, Riggs BJ, Poussaint TY, et al. Neurologic involvement in children and adolescents hospitalized in the United States for COVID-19 or multisystem inflammatory syndrome. JAMA Neurol. Published online March 05, 2021

21.

Dalakas MC (2020) Guillain-Barré syndrome: the first documented COVID-19-triggered autoimmune neurologic disease: more to come with myositis in the offing. Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation 7(5):e781CrossRef

22.

Uncini A, Vallat JM, Jacobs BC (2020) Guillain-Barré syndrome in SARS-CoV-2 infection: an instant systematic review of the first six months of pandemic. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 91(10):1105–1110CrossRefPubMed

23.

Khalifa M, Zakaria F, Ragab Y, Saad A, Bamaga A, Emad Y, Rasker JJ (2020) Guillain-Barré syndrome associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 detection and coronavirus disease 2019 in a child. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 9(4):510–513CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

24.

Ellul MA, Benjamin L, Singh B et al (2020) Neurological associations of COVID-19. Lancet Neurol 19(9):767–783. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(20)30221-0CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

25.

Bakkers M, Faber CG, Janneke GJ et al (2014) Small fibers, large impact: quality of life in small-fiber neuropathy. Muscle Nerve 49:329–336CrossRefPubMed

26.

Novak P (2020) Post COVID-19 syndrome associated with orthostatic cerebral hypoperfusion syndrome, small fiber neuropathy and benefit of immunotherapy: a case report. eNeurologicalSci 21:100276CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

27.

Kanjwal K, Jamal S, Kichloo A et al (2020) New-onset postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome following coronavirus disease. Infection J Innov Card Rhythm Manag 11:4302–4430PubMed

28.

Yong SJ (2021) Persistent brainstem dysfunction in long-COVID: a hypothesis. ACS Chem Neurosci 12(4):573–580CrossRefPubMed

29.

Asghar O, Arumugam P, Armstrong I et al (2017) Iodine-123 metaiodobenzylguanidine scintigraphy for the assessment of cardiac sympathetic innervation and the relationship with cardiac autonomic function in healthy adults using standardized methods. Nucl Med Commun 38(1):44–50CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

30.

Younger DS (2020) Book review: I-Cubed and the autoimmune brain: a five-step plan. World Journal of Neuroscience 10:29–36CrossRef

31.

Kabeerdoss J, Pilania RK, Karkhele R et al (2021) Severe COVID-19, multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children, and Kawasaki disease: immunological mechanisms, clinical manifestations and management. Rheumatol Int 41(1):19–32CrossRefPubMed

Title: Post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC): peripheral, autonomic, and central nervous system features in a child
Author: David S. Younger
Publication date: 01-10-2021
Publisher: Springer International Publishing
Keywords: Guillain-Barré Syndrome
SARS-CoV-2
COVID-19
Positron Emission Tomography
Published in: Neurological Sciences / Issue 10/2021
Print ISSN: 1590-1874
Electronic ISSN: 1590-3478
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-021-05345-5

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC): peripheral, autonomic, and central nervous system features in a child

Excerpt

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Excerpt

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 10/2021

A retrospective observation on 105 patients with chronic cluster headache receiving indomethacin

Ruptured aneurysm related with segmental agenesis of the internal carotid artery distal to the posterior communicating artery

Asynchronous bithalamic infarction in presence of artery of Percheron

Association study of MCCC1/LAMP3 and DGKQ variants with Parkinson’s disease in patients of Malay ancestry

Mild phenotype in a patient with developmental and epileptic encephalopathy carrying a novel de novo KCNB1 variant

A wearable tool for continuous monitoring of movement disorders: clinical assessment and comparison with tremor scores