Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

LIVE: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)
Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
BMC Oral Health
Published in: BMC Oral Health 1/2023

Open Access 01-12-2023 | Gingival Diseases | Research

Patterns and predictors of periodontal disease and tooth loss among users of smokeless tobacco

Authors: Syed Muazzam Nasir, Tajwer Sultana, Shahkamal Hashmi, Mansoor Ahmed

Published in: BMC Oral Health | Issue 1/2023

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

Smokeless tobacco (SLT) products of several different types are widely used in several South Asian countries including Pakistan. These products are consumed in different forms and with different names. The study aims to determine adverse effects of the SLT consumption on periodontal tissues.

Methods

This cross sectional study was conducted in Karachi, Pakistan. It recruited 377 users of (SLT) with 231 males (61.3%) and 146 females (38.7%) of age 15 to 45 years. After obtaining informed consent, quantitative data were collected via a questionnaire followed by intra oral clinical examination to determine presence of periodontal diseases using community periodontal index (CPI). To determine the association between periodontal diseases and smokeless tobacco consumption habits, Chi Square test was conducted.

Results

Gingival recession (Class II-IV) (65.8%) was the most prevalent periodontal disease among SLT users. CPI score was high (CPI score 3 and 4) in 31.3% participants, whereas tooth loss was found in 21%. Among types of SLT products, gutka (28.6%) and betel quid (23.3%) were most commonly used. Using SLT for five or more years was found to be associated with a high CPI score, gingival recession (Class II-IV), moderate to severe tooth mobility, and presence of tooth loss.

Conclusions

The study found statistically significant association between duration in years of using SLT and periodontal disease including gingival recession, tooth mobility and tooth loss. However, no significant results were found between retention during single use and frequency of SLT use per day. However, the link of these factors with the periodontal disease cannot be eliminated.
Literature
1.
Sreedevi M, Ramesh A, Dwarakanath C. Periodontal status in smokers and nonsmokers: a clinical, microbiological, and histopathological study. Int J Dent. 2012;2012:571590–0.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
2.
Anand P, Mishra S, Nagle D, Kamath N, Kamath K, Anil S. Patterns of Periodontal Destruction among Smokeless Tobacco users in a Central Indian Population. In.: Research Square Platform LLC; 2021.
3.
Scannapieco FA, Dongari-Bagtzoglou A. Dysbiosis revisited: understanding the role of the oral microbiome in the pathogenesis of gingivitis and periodontitis: a critical assessment. J Periodontol. 2021;92(8):1071–8.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
4.
5.
Katuri KK, Alluri JK, Chintagunta C, Tadiboina N, Borugadda R, Loya M, Marella Y, Bollepalli AC. Assessment of Periodontal Health Status in smokers and Smokeless Tobacco users: a cross-sectional study. J Clin Diagn Res. 2016;10(10):ZC143–6.PubMedPubMedCentral
6.
Montén U, Wennström JL, Ramberg P. Periodontal conditions in male adolescents using smokeless tobacco (moist snuff). J Clin Periodontol. 2006;33(12):863–8.CrossRefPubMed
7.
Hugoson A, Rolandsson M. Periodontal disease in relation to smoking and the use of swedish snus: epidemiological studies covering 20 years (1983–2003). J Clin Periodontol. 2011;38(9):809–16.CrossRefPubMed
8.
Robertson PB, Walsh M, Greene J, Ernster V, Grady D, Hauck W. Periodontal Effects Associated with the Use of Smokeless Tobacco. J Periodontol. 1990;61(7):438–43.CrossRefPubMed
9.
Gupta P, Ray C. Epidemiology of betel quid usage. Annals-Academy of medicine singapore. 2004;33:31–6.
10.
Studies NIoP ICF. Pakistan demographic and health survey 2017-18. Pakistan: In.: NIPS/Pakistan and ICF Islamabad; 2019.
11.
Weintraub JA, Burt BA. Prevention of Dental Caries by the use of pit-and-fissure sealants. J Public Health Policy. 1987;8(4):542.CrossRefPubMed
12.
Anand P, Kamath K, Bansal A, Dwivedi S, Anil S. Comparison of periodontal destruction patterns among patients with and without the habit of smokeless tobacco use–a retrospective study. J Periodontal Res. 2013;48(5):623–31.CrossRefPubMed
13.
14.
Agrawal A, Kaushal Y, Vaidya S, Shrivastava K. Medical management of oral submucous fibrosis. Int J Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2017;3(3):628–31.CrossRef
15.
Agarwal K, McDuffie C, Manza P, Joseph PV. Taste and smell alterations and Substance Use Disorders. Sensory Science and Chronic Diseases: clinical implications and Disease Management. edn.: Springer; 2022: 159–79.
16.
Cancer Incidence among a Cohort of Smokeless Tobacco Users (United States). Cancer Causes & Control 2005, 16(9):1107–1115.
17.
Zhou J, Michaud DS, Langevin SM, McClean MD, Eliot M, Kelsey KT. Smokeless tobacco and risk of head and neck cancer: evidence from a case-control study in New England. Int J Cancer. 2013;132(8):1911–7.CrossRefPubMed
18.
Boffetta P, Aagnes B, Weiderpass E, Andersen A. Smokeless tobacco use and risk of cancer of the pancreas and other organs. Int J Cancer. 2005;114(6):992–5.CrossRefPubMed
19.
Singh GP, Rizvi I, Gupta V, Bains VK. Influence of smokeless tobacco on periodontal health status in local population of north India: a cross-sectional study. Dent Res J (Isfahan). 2011;8(4):211–20.CrossRefPubMed
20.
Lesan S, Nosratzehi T, Ousia M, Arbabikalati F, Pourmardan E. The correlation between the frequency of oral lesions and the amount of Smokeless Tobacco usage in patients referred to oral Medicine Department of Zahedan Dental School. J Dent. 2014;15(2):81.
21.
Weintraub JA, Burt BA. Periodontal effects and dental caries associated with smokeless tobacco use. Public Health Rep. 1987;102(1):30.PubMedPubMedCentral
22.
Parmar G, Sangwan P, Vashi P, Kulkarni P, Kumar S. Effect of chewing a mixture of areca nut and tobacco on periodontal tissues and oral hygiene status. J Oral Sci. 2008;50(1):57–62.CrossRefPubMed
23.
Andersson G, Axell T. Clinical appearance of lesions associated with the use of loose and portion-bag packed swedish moist snuff: a comparative study. J Oral Pathol Med. 1989;18(1):2–7.CrossRefPubMed
24.
Akhter R, Hassan NMM, Aida J, Takinami S, Morita M. Relationship between betel quid additives and established periodontitis among bangladeshi subjects. J Clin Periodontol. 2007;0(0):071117033105001–.CrossRef
25.
Supaporn Chatrchaiwiwatana D. Dental caries and periodontitis associated with betel quid chewing: analysis of two data sets. J Med Assoc Thai. 2006;89:1004–11.PubMed
26.
Organization WH. Oral health surveys: basic methods. World Health Organization; 2013.
27.
Organization WH. Oral health surveys: Basic Methods. Biometrics. 1971;27(4):1111.CrossRef
28.
Sinha D, Agarwal N, Gupta P. Prevalence of Smokeless Tobacco Use and number of users in 121 countries. Br J Med Med Res. 2015;9(6):1–20.CrossRef
29.
Ahmed M, Hwang JH, Ali MN, Al-Ahnoumy S, Han D. Irrational use of selected herbal medicines during pregnancy: a pharmacoepidemiological evidence from Yemen. Front Pharmacol 2022, 13.
30.
Khan A, Khan I, Abidi H, Ahmed M. Comparison of empagliflozin and vildagliptin for efficacy and safety in type 2 diabetes mellitus in the pakistani population. Front Endocrinol 2022, 13.
31.
Akram Z, Abduljabbar T, Hosain M, Al-Sowygh ZH, Al-Hamoudi N, Vohra F, Javed F. Comparison of periodontal inflammatory parameters among habitual gutka-chewers a nd naswar-dippers: a split-mouth retrospective clinical study. Acta Odontol Scand. 2018;76(2):141–7.CrossRefPubMed
32.
33.
Ahmed M, Im HB, Hwang JH, Han D. Disclosure of herbal medicine use to health care providers among pregnant women in Nepal: a cross-sectional study. BMC Complement Med Ther. 2020;20(1):1–9.CrossRef
34.
Nair S, Schensul JJ, Begum S, Pednekar MS, Oncken C, Bilgi SM, Pasi AR, Donta B. Use of smokeless tobacco by indian women aged 18–40 years during pregnancy and reproductive years. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(3):e0119814.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
35.
Chang LY, Wan HC, Lai YL, Liu TY, Hung SL. Enhancing effects of areca nut extracts on the production of interleukin-6 and interleukin‐8 by peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J Periodontol. 2006;77(12):1969–77.CrossRefPubMed
36.
Chang LY, Wan HC, Lai YL, Kuo YF, Liu TY, Chen YT, Hung SL. Areca nut extracts increased expression of inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin‐1β, interleukin‐6 and interleukin‐8, in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J Periodontal Res. 2009;44(2):175–83.CrossRefPubMed
37.
Offenbacher S, Weathers DR. Effects of smokeless tobacco on the periodontal, mucosal and caries status of adolescent males. J Oral Pathol Med. 1985;14(2):169–81.CrossRef
38.
Tugnait A, Clerehugh V. Gingival recession—its significance and management. J Dent. 2001;29(6):381–94.CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
Patterns and predictors of periodontal disease and tooth loss among users of smokeless tobacco
Authors
Syed Muazzam Nasir
Tajwer Sultana
Shahkamal Hashmi
Mansoor Ahmed
Publication date
01-12-2023
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
BMC Oral Health / Issue 1/2023
Electronic ISSN: 1472-6831
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12903-023-03087-8

Other articles of this Issue 1/2023

BMC Oral Health 1/2023 Go to the issue

Research

The relationship between children’s oral health behaviours and oral health-related quality of life: a cross-sectional study

Research

The prevalence and predictive factors of dentine hypersensitivity among adults in Turkey

Research

Assessment of willingness of Saudi public to participate in a dental biorepository for research purposes

Research

Indications and use of cone beam computed tomography in children and young individuals in a university-based dental hospital

Research

Lack of oral health awareness and interdisciplinary dental care: a survey in patients prior to endoprosthesis and orthopaedic centres in Germany

Research

Barriers and enablers for oral health promotion programs amongst primary healthcare stakeholders in Qatar – a qualitative investigation