Skip to main content
Top
Published in: European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology 4/2006

01-04-2006 | Review

Genomic screening of head and neck cancer and its implications for therapy planning

Author: Jan Akervall

Published in: European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology | Issue 4/2006

Login to get access

Abstract

Despite great technical improvements in radiotherapy and surgery, survival for patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) has still not improved significantly over the last decades. Management of SCCHN has mainly been based on the TNM staging and site over this time period, even though we know that there are individual differences independent of the TNM status. Individual patients with small tumors might have a poor outcome, and patients with large tumors may end up with a favorable prognosis, despite their respective TNM classification. Recent molecular studies indicate that underlying genetic abnormalities may reflect such individual differences independently of TNM status. Individualization of treatment based on such biological properties of the tumors might result in less over as well as under treatment. However, the optimal panel of biomarkers to be used for the individualization of treatment is yet to be defined. A variety of laboratory techniques have been used in studies that investigate the individual biological features, spanning from methods that screen the genome for chromosomal and genetic abnormalities, e.g., cytogenetics, CGH, SKY and cDNA micro array, to detailed studies of specific aberrations. The purpose of this review of the literature is to summarize what has been studied so far by methods for genetic screening and to relate these results to the prediction of the clinical outcome. We conclude that it is time to focus future prospective studies on how treatment can be individualized based on biomarkers in combination with the macroscopic features of SCCHN.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Quon H, Liu F, Cummings B (2001) Potential molecular prognostic markers in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Head Neck 23:147–159CrossRefPubMed Quon H, Liu F, Cummings B (2001) Potential molecular prognostic markers in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Head Neck 23:147–159CrossRefPubMed
2.
go back to reference van’t Veer L, Dai H, van de Vijer M (2001) Gene expression patterns of breast carcinomas distinguish tumor subclasses with clinical implications. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:10869–10874CrossRefPubMed van’t Veer L, Dai H, van de Vijer M (2001) Gene expression patterns of breast carcinomas distinguish tumor subclasses with clinical implications. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:10869–10874CrossRefPubMed
3.
go back to reference Singh D, Febbo P, Ross K, Jackson D, Manola J, Ladd C, et al (2002) Gene expression correlates of clinical prostate cancer behavior. Cancer Cell 1:203–209CrossRefPubMed Singh D, Febbo P, Ross K, Jackson D, Manola J, Ladd C, et al (2002) Gene expression correlates of clinical prostate cancer behavior. Cancer Cell 1:203–209CrossRefPubMed
4.
go back to reference Kallioniemi A, Kallioniemi O, Sudar D, Rutovitz D, Gray J, Waldman F et al (1992) Comparative genomic hybridization for molecular cytogenetic analysis of solid tumors. Science 258:818–821PubMed Kallioniemi A, Kallioniemi O, Sudar D, Rutovitz D, Gray J, Waldman F et al (1992) Comparative genomic hybridization for molecular cytogenetic analysis of solid tumors. Science 258:818–821PubMed
5.
go back to reference Liyanage M, Coleman A, du Manoir S, Veldman T, McCormack S, Dickson R, et al (1996) Multicolour spectral karyotyping of mouse chromosomes. Nat Genet 14:312–315CrossRefPubMed Liyanage M, Coleman A, du Manoir S, Veldman T, McCormack S, Dickson R, et al (1996) Multicolour spectral karyotyping of mouse chromosomes. Nat Genet 14:312–315CrossRefPubMed
6.
go back to reference Eisen M, Brown P (1991) DNA arrays for analysis of gene expression. Methods Enzymol 303:170–205 Eisen M, Brown P (1991) DNA arrays for analysis of gene expression. Methods Enzymol 303:170–205
7.
go back to reference Gollin S (2001) Chromosomal alterations in squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck: window to the biology of disease. Head Neck 23:238–253CrossRefPubMed Gollin S (2001) Chromosomal alterations in squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck: window to the biology of disease. Head Neck 23:238–253CrossRefPubMed
8.
go back to reference Gebhart E (2004) Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH): 10 years of substantial progress in human solid tumor molecular cytogenetics. Cytogenet Genome Res 104:352–358CrossRefPubMed Gebhart E (2004) Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH): 10 years of substantial progress in human solid tumor molecular cytogenetics. Cytogenet Genome Res 104:352–358CrossRefPubMed
9.
go back to reference Brzoska P, Levin N, Fu K, Kaplan M, Singer M, Gray J, et al (1995) Frequent novel DNA copy number increase in squamous cell head and neck tumors. Cancer Res 15:3055–3059 Brzoska P, Levin N, Fu K, Kaplan M, Singer M, Gray J, et al (1995) Frequent novel DNA copy number increase in squamous cell head and neck tumors. Cancer Res 15:3055–3059
10.
go back to reference Speicher M, Howe C, Crotty P, du Manoir S, Costa J, Ward D (1995) Comparative genomic hybridization detects novel deletions and amplifications in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Cancer Res 55:1010–1013PubMed Speicher M, Howe C, Crotty P, du Manoir S, Costa J, Ward D (1995) Comparative genomic hybridization detects novel deletions and amplifications in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Cancer Res 55:1010–1013PubMed
11.
go back to reference Bockmuhl U, Petersen S, Schmidt S, Wolf G, Jahnke V, Dietel M, et al (1997) Patterns of chromosomal imbalances in metastasizing and nonmetastasizing head and neck cancer. Cancer Res 57:5313–5316 Bockmuhl U, Petersen S, Schmidt S, Wolf G, Jahnke V, Dietel M, et al (1997) Patterns of chromosomal imbalances in metastasizing and nonmetastasizing head and neck cancer. Cancer Res 57:5313–5316
12.
go back to reference Bockmuhl U, Schluns K, Schmidt S, Matthias S, Petersen I (2002) Chromosomal alterations during metastasis formation of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 33:29–35CrossRefPubMed Bockmuhl U, Schluns K, Schmidt S, Matthias S, Petersen I (2002) Chromosomal alterations during metastasis formation of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 33:29–35CrossRefPubMed
13.
go back to reference Patmore H, James N, Cawkwell L, MacDonald A, Stafford N, Greenman J (2004) Can a genetic signature for metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma be characterised by comparative genomic hybridisation? Br J Cancer 90:1976–1982CrossRefPubMed Patmore H, James N, Cawkwell L, MacDonald A, Stafford N, Greenman J (2004) Can a genetic signature for metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma be characterised by comparative genomic hybridisation? Br J Cancer 90:1976–1982CrossRefPubMed
14.
go back to reference Bockmuhl U, You X, Pacyna-Gengelbach M, Arps H, Draf W, Petersen I (2004) CGH pattern of esthesioneuroblastoma and their metastases. Brain Pathol 14:158–163PubMed Bockmuhl U, You X, Pacyna-Gengelbach M, Arps H, Draf W, Petersen I (2004) CGH pattern of esthesioneuroblastoma and their metastases. Brain Pathol 14:158–163PubMed
15.
go back to reference Riazimand S, Brieger J, Jacob R, Welkoborsky H, Mann W (2002) Analysis of cytogenetic aberrations in esthesioneuroblastomas by comparative genomic hybridization. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 136:53–57CrossRefPubMed Riazimand S, Brieger J, Jacob R, Welkoborsky H, Mann W (2002) Analysis of cytogenetic aberrations in esthesioneuroblastomas by comparative genomic hybridization. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 136:53–57CrossRefPubMed
16.
go back to reference Bockmuhl U, Schwendel A, Dietel M, Petersen I (1996) Distinct patterns of chromosomal alterations in high and low grade head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Cancer Res 56:5325–5329PubMed Bockmuhl U, Schwendel A, Dietel M, Petersen I (1996) Distinct patterns of chromosomal alterations in high and low grade head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Cancer Res 56:5325–5329PubMed
17.
go back to reference Schwerer M, Hemmer J, Kraft K, Maier H, Moller P, Barth T (2003) Endoreduplication in conjunction with tumor progression in an aneuploid laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Virchows Arch 443:98–103CrossRefPubMed Schwerer M, Hemmer J, Kraft K, Maier H, Moller P, Barth T (2003) Endoreduplication in conjunction with tumor progression in an aneuploid laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Virchows Arch 443:98–103CrossRefPubMed
18.
go back to reference Huang Q, Yu G, McCormick S, Mo J, Datta B, Mahimkar M, et al (2002) Genetic differences detected by comparative genomic hybridization in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas from different tumor sites: construction of oncogenetic trees for tumor progression. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 34:224–233CrossRefPubMed Huang Q, Yu G, McCormick S, Mo J, Datta B, Mahimkar M, et al (2002) Genetic differences detected by comparative genomic hybridization in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas from different tumor sites: construction of oncogenetic trees for tumor progression. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 34:224–233CrossRefPubMed
19.
go back to reference Golub T, Slonim D, Tamayo P, Huard C, Gaasenbeek M, Mesirov J, et al (1999) Molecular classification of cancer: class discovery and class prediction by gene expression monitoring. Science 286:531–537CrossRefPubMed Golub T, Slonim D, Tamayo P, Huard C, Gaasenbeek M, Mesirov J, et al (1999) Molecular classification of cancer: class discovery and class prediction by gene expression monitoring. Science 286:531–537CrossRefPubMed
20.
go back to reference Alizadeh A, Eisen M, Davis R, Ma C, Lossos I, Rosenwald A, et al (2000) Distinct types of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma identified by gene expression profiling. Nature 403:503–511CrossRefPubMed Alizadeh A, Eisen M, Davis R, Ma C, Lossos I, Rosenwald A, et al (2000) Distinct types of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma identified by gene expression profiling. Nature 403:503–511CrossRefPubMed
21.
go back to reference Cromer A, Carles A, Millon R, Ganguli G, Chalmel F, Lemaire F, et al (2003) Identification of genes associated with tumorigenesis and metastatic potential of hypopharyngeal cancer by microarra analysis. Oncogene 23:2484–2498CrossRef Cromer A, Carles A, Millon R, Ganguli G, Chalmel F, Lemaire F, et al (2003) Identification of genes associated with tumorigenesis and metastatic potential of hypopharyngeal cancer by microarra analysis. Oncogene 23:2484–2498CrossRef
22.
go back to reference Lemaire F, Millon R, Young J, Cromer A, Wasylyk C, Schultz I, et al (2003) Differential expression profiling of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Br J Cancer 89:1940–1949CrossRefPubMed Lemaire F, Millon R, Young J, Cromer A, Wasylyk C, Schultz I, et al (2003) Differential expression profiling of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Br J Cancer 89:1940–1949CrossRefPubMed
23.
go back to reference Villaret D, Wang T, Dillon D, Xu J, Sivam D, Cheever M, et al (2000) Identification of genes overexpressed in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma using a combination of complementary DNA subtraction and microarray analysis. Laryngoscope 110:374–381CrossRefPubMed Villaret D, Wang T, Dillon D, Xu J, Sivam D, Cheever M, et al (2000) Identification of genes overexpressed in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma using a combination of complementary DNA subtraction and microarray analysis. Laryngoscope 110:374–381CrossRefPubMed
24.
go back to reference Sok J, Kuriakose M, Mahajan V, Pearlman A, DeLacure M, Chen F (2003) Tissue-specific gene expression of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in vivo by complementary DNA microarray analysis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 129:760–770CrossRefPubMed Sok J, Kuriakose M, Mahajan V, Pearlman A, DeLacure M, Chen F (2003) Tissue-specific gene expression of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in vivo by complementary DNA microarray analysis. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 129:760–770CrossRefPubMed
25.
go back to reference Alevizos I, Mahadevappa M, Zhang X, Ohyama H, Kohno Y, Posner M, et al (2001) Oral cancer in vivo gene expression profiling assisted by laser capture microdissection and microarray analysis. Oncogene 27:6196–6204CrossRef Alevizos I, Mahadevappa M, Zhang X, Ohyama H, Kohno Y, Posner M, et al (2001) Oral cancer in vivo gene expression profiling assisted by laser capture microdissection and microarray analysis. Oncogene 27:6196–6204CrossRef
26.
go back to reference Leethanakul C, Knezevic V, Patel V, Amornphimoltham P, Gillespie J, Shillitoe E, et al (2003) Gene discovery in oral squamous cell carcinoma through the Head and Neck Cancer Genome Anatomy Project: confirmation by microarray analysis. Oral Oncol 39:248–258CrossRefPubMed Leethanakul C, Knezevic V, Patel V, Amornphimoltham P, Gillespie J, Shillitoe E, et al (2003) Gene discovery in oral squamous cell carcinoma through the Head and Neck Cancer Genome Anatomy Project: confirmation by microarray analysis. Oral Oncol 39:248–258CrossRefPubMed
27.
go back to reference Leethanakul C, Patel V, Gillespie J, Shillitoe E, Kellman R, Ensley J, et al (2000) Gene expression profiles in squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity: use of laser capture microdissection for the construction and analysis of stage-specific cDNA libraries. Oral Oncol 36:474–483CrossRefPubMed Leethanakul C, Patel V, Gillespie J, Shillitoe E, Kellman R, Ensley J, et al (2000) Gene expression profiles in squamous cell carcinomas of the oral cavity: use of laser capture microdissection for the construction and analysis of stage-specific cDNA libraries. Oral Oncol 36:474–483CrossRefPubMed
28.
go back to reference Leethanakul C, Patel V, Gillespie J, Pallente M, Ensley J, Koontongkaew S, et al (2000) Distinct pattern of expression of differentiation and growth-related genes in squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck revealed by the use of laser capture microdissection and cDNA arrays. Oncogene 19:3220–3224CrossRefPubMed Leethanakul C, Patel V, Gillespie J, Pallente M, Ensley J, Koontongkaew S, et al (2000) Distinct pattern of expression of differentiation and growth-related genes in squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck revealed by the use of laser capture microdissection and cDNA arrays. Oncogene 19:3220–3224CrossRefPubMed
29.
go back to reference Al Moustafa A, Alaoui-Jamali M, Batist G, Hernandez-Perez M, Serruya C, Alpert L, et al (2002) Identification of genes associated with head and neck carcinogenesis by cDNA microarray comparison between matched primary normal epithelial and squamous carcinoma cells. Oncogene 21:2634–2640CrossRefPubMed Al Moustafa A, Alaoui-Jamali M, Batist G, Hernandez-Perez M, Serruya C, Alpert L, et al (2002) Identification of genes associated with head and neck carcinogenesis by cDNA microarray comparison between matched primary normal epithelial and squamous carcinoma cells. Oncogene 21:2634–2640CrossRefPubMed
30.
go back to reference El-Naggar A, Kim H, Clayman G, Coombes M, Le B, Lai S, et al (2002) Differential expression profiling of head and neck squamous carcinoma: significance in their phenotypic and biological classification. Oncogene 21:8206–8219CrossRefPubMed El-Naggar A, Kim H, Clayman G, Coombes M, Le B, Lai S, et al (2002) Differential expression profiling of head and neck squamous carcinoma: significance in their phenotypic and biological classification. Oncogene 21:8206–8219CrossRefPubMed
31.
go back to reference Mendez E, Cheng C, Farwell D, Ricks S, Agoff S, Futran N, et al (2002) Transcriptional expression profiles of oral squamous cell carcinomas. Cancer 95:1482–1494CrossRefPubMed Mendez E, Cheng C, Farwell D, Ricks S, Agoff S, Futran N, et al (2002) Transcriptional expression profiles of oral squamous cell carcinomas. Cancer 95:1482–1494CrossRefPubMed
32.
go back to reference Schmalbach C, Chepeha D, Giordano T, Rubin M, Teknos T, Bradford C, et al (2004) Molecular profiling and the identification of genes associated with metastatic oral cavity/pharynx squamous cell carcinoma. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 130:295–302CrossRefPubMed Schmalbach C, Chepeha D, Giordano T, Rubin M, Teknos T, Bradford C, et al (2004) Molecular profiling and the identification of genes associated with metastatic oral cavity/pharynx squamous cell carcinoma. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 130:295–302CrossRefPubMed
33.
go back to reference Nagata M, Fujita H, Ida H, Hoshina H, Inoue T, Seki Y, et al (2003) Identification of potential biomarkers of lymph node metastasis in oral squamous cell carcinoma by cDNA microarray analysis. Int J Cancer 106:683–689CrossRefPubMed Nagata M, Fujita H, Ida H, Hoshina H, Inoue T, Seki Y, et al (2003) Identification of potential biomarkers of lymph node metastasis in oral squamous cell carcinoma by cDNA microarray analysis. Int J Cancer 106:683–689CrossRefPubMed
34.
go back to reference Ito H, Hatori M, Kinugasa Y, Irie T, Tachikawa T, Nagumo M (2003) Comparison of the expression profile of metastasis-associated genes between primary and circulating cancer cells in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Anticancer Res 23:1425–1431PubMed Ito H, Hatori M, Kinugasa Y, Irie T, Tachikawa T, Nagumo M (2003) Comparison of the expression profile of metastasis-associated genes between primary and circulating cancer cells in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Anticancer Res 23:1425–1431PubMed
35.
go back to reference Cromer A, Carles A, Millon R, Ganguli G, Chalmel F, Lemaire F, et al (2004) Identification of genes associated with tumorigenesis and metastatic potential of hypopharyngeal cancer by microarray analysis. Oncogene 23:2484–2498CrossRefPubMed Cromer A, Carles A, Millon R, Ganguli G, Chalmel F, Lemaire F, et al (2004) Identification of genes associated with tumorigenesis and metastatic potential of hypopharyngeal cancer by microarray analysis. Oncogene 23:2484–2498CrossRefPubMed
36.
go back to reference Hu Y, Lam K, Law S, Wong J, Srivastava G (2001) Profiling of differentially expressed cancer-related genes in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) using human cancer cDNA arrays: overexpression of oncogene MET correlates with tumor differentiation in ESCC. Clin Cancer Res 7:3519–3525PubMed Hu Y, Lam K, Law S, Wong J, Srivastava G (2001) Profiling of differentially expressed cancer-related genes in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) using human cancer cDNA arrays: overexpression of oncogene MET correlates with tumor differentiation in ESCC. Clin Cancer Res 7:3519–3525PubMed
37.
go back to reference Akervall J, Jin Y, Wennerberg J, Zatterstrom U, Kjellén E, Mertens F, et al (1995) Chromosomal abnormalities involving 11q13 are associated with poor prognosis in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Cancer 76:853–859PubMed Akervall J, Jin Y, Wennerberg J, Zatterstrom U, Kjellén E, Mertens F, et al (1995) Chromosomal abnormalities involving 11q13 are associated with poor prognosis in patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Cancer 76:853–859PubMed
38.
go back to reference Zaharieva B, Simon R, Diener P, Ackermann D, Maurer R, Alund G, et al (2003) High-throughput tissue microarray analysis of 11q13 gene amplification (CCND1, FGF3, FGF4, EMS1) in urinary bladder cancer. J Pathol 201:603–608CrossRefPubMed Zaharieva B, Simon R, Diener P, Ackermann D, Maurer R, Alund G, et al (2003) High-throughput tissue microarray analysis of 11q13 gene amplification (CCND1, FGF3, FGF4, EMS1) in urinary bladder cancer. J Pathol 201:603–608CrossRefPubMed
39.
go back to reference Bockmuhl U, Schluns K, Kuchler I, Petersen S, Petersen I (2000) Genetic imbalances with impact on survival in Head and Neck cancer patients. Am J Pathol 157:369–375PubMed Bockmuhl U, Schluns K, Kuchler I, Petersen S, Petersen I (2000) Genetic imbalances with impact on survival in Head and Neck cancer patients. Am J Pathol 157:369–375PubMed
40.
go back to reference Wreesmann V, Shi W, Thaler H, Poluri A, Kraus D, Pfister D, et al (2004) Identification of novel prognosticators of outcome in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. J Clin Oncol 22:3965–3972CrossRefPubMed Wreesmann V, Shi W, Thaler H, Poluri A, Kraus D, Pfister D, et al (2004) Identification of novel prognosticators of outcome in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. J Clin Oncol 22:3965–3972CrossRefPubMed
41.
go back to reference Pearlstein R, Benninger M, Carey T (1998) Loss of 18q predicts poor survival of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 21:333–339CrossRefPubMed Pearlstein R, Benninger M, Carey T (1998) Loss of 18q predicts poor survival of patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 21:333–339CrossRefPubMed
42.
go back to reference Wreesmann V, Sieczka E, Socci N, Hezel M, Belbin T, Childs G, et al (2004) Genome-wide profiling of papillary thyroid cancer identifies MUC1 as an independent prognostic marker. Cancer Res 64:3780–3789CrossRefPubMed Wreesmann V, Sieczka E, Socci N, Hezel M, Belbin T, Childs G, et al (2004) Genome-wide profiling of papillary thyroid cancer identifies MUC1 as an independent prognostic marker. Cancer Res 64:3780–3789CrossRefPubMed
43.
go back to reference Yoo G, Piechocki M, Ensley J, Nguyen T, Oliver J, Meng H, et al (2002) Docetaxel induced gene expression patterns in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma using cDNA microarray and PowerBlot. Clin Cancer Res 8:3910–3921PubMed Yoo G, Piechocki M, Ensley J, Nguyen T, Oliver J, Meng H, et al (2002) Docetaxel induced gene expression patterns in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma using cDNA microarray and PowerBlot. Clin Cancer Res 8:3910–3921PubMed
44.
go back to reference Akervall J, Guo X, Qian C-N, Schoumans J, Cole A, Leeser B, et al (2004) Genetic and expression profiles of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck correlate with cisplatin sensitivity and resistance in cell lines and patients. Clin Cancer Res 10:8204–8213CrossRefPubMed Akervall J, Guo X, Qian C-N, Schoumans J, Cole A, Leeser B, et al (2004) Genetic and expression profiles of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck correlate with cisplatin sensitivity and resistance in cell lines and patients. Clin Cancer Res 10:8204–8213CrossRefPubMed
45.
go back to reference Kihara C, Tsunoda T, Tanaka T, Yamana H, Furukawa Y, Ono K, et al (2001) Prediction of sensitivity of esophageal tumors to adjuvant chemotherapy by cDNA microarray analysis of gene-expression profiles. Cancer Res 61:6474–6479PubMed Kihara C, Tsunoda T, Tanaka T, Yamana H, Furukawa Y, Ono K, et al (2001) Prediction of sensitivity of esophageal tumors to adjuvant chemotherapy by cDNA microarray analysis of gene-expression profiles. Cancer Res 61:6474–6479PubMed
46.
go back to reference Belbin T, Singh B, Barber I, Socci N, Wenig B, Smith R, et al (2002) Molecular classification of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma using cDNA microarrays. Cancer Res 62:1184–1190PubMed Belbin T, Singh B, Barber I, Socci N, Wenig B, Smith R, et al (2002) Molecular classification of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma using cDNA microarrays. Cancer Res 62:1184–1190PubMed
47.
go back to reference Ishibashi Y, Hanyu N, Nakada K, Suzuki Y, Yamamoto T, Yanaga K, et al (2003) Profiling gene expression ratios of paired cancerous and normal tissue predicts relapse of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Res 63:5159–5164PubMed Ishibashi Y, Hanyu N, Nakada K, Suzuki Y, Yamamoto T, Yanaga K, et al (2003) Profiling gene expression ratios of paired cancerous and normal tissue predicts relapse of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Cancer Res 63:5159–5164PubMed
48.
go back to reference Genden E, Ferlito A, Bradley P, Rinaldo A, Scully C (2003) Neck disease and distant metastases. Oral Oncol 39:207–212CrossRefPubMed Genden E, Ferlito A, Bradley P, Rinaldo A, Scully C (2003) Neck disease and distant metastases. Oral Oncol 39:207–212CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
Genomic screening of head and neck cancer and its implications for therapy planning
Author
Jan Akervall
Publication date
01-04-2006
Publisher
Springer-Verlag
Published in
European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology / Issue 4/2006
Print ISSN: 0937-4477
Electronic ISSN: 1434-4726
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00405-006-1039-1

Other articles of this Issue 4/2006

European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology 4/2006 Go to the issue