Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

LIVE: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)
Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Sports Medicine - Open
Published in: Sports Medicine - Open 1/2018

Open Access 01-12-2018 | Systematic Review

Follow-up efficacy of physical exercise interventions on fall incidence and fall risk in healthy older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Authors: Azza Hamed, Sebastian Bohm, Falk Mersmann, Adamantios Arampatzis

Published in: Sports Medicine - Open | Issue 1/2018

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

The risk of falling and associated injuries increases with age. Therefore, the prevention of falls is a key priority in geriatrics and is particularly based on physical exercising, aiming to improve the age-related decline in motor performance, which is crucial in response to postural threats. Although the benefits and specifications of effective exercise programs have been well documented in pre-post design studies, that is during the treatment, the definitive retention and transfer of these fall-related exercise benefits to the daily life fall risk during follow-up periods remains largely unclear. Accordingly, this meta-analysis investigates the efficacy of exercise interventions on the follow-up risk of falling.

Methods

A systematic database search was conducted. A study was considered eligible if it examined the number of falls (fall rate) and fallers (fall risk) of healthy older adults (≥ 65 years) during a follow-up period after participating in a randomized controlled physical exercise intervention. The pooled estimates of the fall rate and fall risk ratios were calculated using a random-effects meta-analysis. Furthermore, the methodological quality and the risk of bias were assessed.

Results

Twenty-six studies with 31 different intervention groups were included (4739 participants). The number of falls was significantly (p <0.001) reduced by 32% (rate ratio 0.68, 95% confidence interval 0.58 to 0.80) and the number of fallers by 22% (risk ratio 0.78, 95% confidence interval 0.68 to 0.89) following exercising when compared with controls. Interventions that applied posture-challenging exercises showed the highest effects. The methodological quality score was acceptable (73 ± 11%) and risk of bias low.

Conclusions

The present review and meta-analysis provide evidence that physical exercise interventions have the potential to significantly reduce fall rate and risk in healthy older adults. Posture-challenging exercises might be particularly considered when designing fall prevention interventions.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
Roberts S, Colombier P, Sowman A, Mennan C, Rölfing JHD, Guicheux J. Ageing in the musculoskeletal system: cellular function and dysfunction throughout life. Acta Orthop. 2016;87:15–25.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
2.
3.
Horak FB, Shupert CL, Mirka A. Components of postural dyscontrol in the elderly: a review. Neurobiol Aging. 1989;10:727–38.CrossRefPubMed
4.
Prince F, Corriveau H, Hébert R, Winter DA. Gait in the elderly. Gait Posture. 1997;5:128–35.CrossRef
5.
Tinetti ME, Baker DI, Garrett PA, Gottschalk M, Koch ML, Horwitz RI. Yale FICSIT: risk factor abatement strategy for fall prevention. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1993;41:315–20.CrossRefPubMed
6.
Huang HC, Liu CY, Huang YT, Kernohan WG. Community-based interventions to reduce falls among older adults in Taiwan - long time follow-up randomised controlled study. J Clin Nurs. 2010;19:959–68.CrossRefPubMed
7.
Gill T, Taylor AW, Pengelly A. A population-based survey of factors relating to the prevalence of falls in older people. Gerontology. 2005;51:340–5.CrossRefPubMed
8.
O’Loughlin JL, Robitaille Y, Boivin J-F, Suissa S. Incidence of and risk factors for falls and injurious falls among the community-dwelling elderly. Am J Epidemiol. 1993;137:342–54.CrossRefPubMed
9.
Blake AJ, Morgan K, Bendall MJ, Dallosso H, Ebrahim SBJ, Arie THD. Falls by elderly people at home: prevalence and associated factors. Age Ageing. 1988;17:365–72.CrossRefPubMed
10.
Tinetti ME, Speechley M, Ginter SF. Risk factors for falls among elderly persons living in the community. N Engl J Med. 1988;319:1701–7.CrossRefPubMed
11.
Robinovitch SN, Feldman F, Yang Y, Schonnop R, Leung PM, Sarraf T. Video capture of the circumstances of falls in elderly people residing in long-term care: an observational study. Lancet. 2013;381:47–54.CrossRefPubMed
12.
Nachreiner NM, Findorff MJ, Wyman JF, McCarthy TC. Circumstances and consequences of falls in community-dwelling older women. J Women’s Health. 2007;16:1437–46.CrossRef
13.
Salvà A, Bolíbar I, Pera G, Arias C. Incidence and consequences of falls among elderly people living in the community. Med Clin (Barc). 2004;122:172–6.
14.
Tucker MG, Kavanagh JJ, Morrison S, Barrett RS. Voluntary sway and rapid orthogonal transitions of voluntary sway in young adults, and low and high fall-risk older adults. Clin Biomech. 2009;24:597–605.CrossRef
15.
Talbot LA, Musiol RJ, Witham EK, Metter EJ. Falls in young, middle-aged and older community dwelling adults: perceived cause, environmental factors and injury. BMC Public Health. 2005;5:86–94.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
16.
Chen H-C, Schultz AB, Ashton-Miller JA, Giordani B, Alexander NB, Guire KE. Stepping over obstacles: dividing attention impairs performance of old more than young adults. J Gerontol Ser A Biol Sci Med Sci. 1996;51A:M116–22.CrossRef
17.
Luchies CW, Alexander NB, Schultz AB, Ashton-Miller J. Stepping responses of young and old adults to postural disturbances: kinematics. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1994;42:506–12.CrossRefPubMed
18.
19.
Kannus P, Sievänen H, Palvanen M, Järvinen T, Parkkari J. Prevention of falls and consequent injuries in elderly people. Lancet. 2005;366:1885–93.CrossRefPubMed
20.
21.
Arampatzis A, Karamanidis K, Mademli L. Deficits in the way to achieve balance related to mechanisms of dynamic stability control in the elderly. J Biomech. 2008;41:1754–61.CrossRefPubMed
22.
Karamanidis K, Arampatzis A, Mademli L. Age-related deficit in dynamic stability control after forward falls is affected by muscle strength and tendon stiffness. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2008;18:980–9.CrossRefPubMed
23.
Horlings CGC, van Engelen BGM, Allum JHJ, Bloem BR. A weak balance: the contribution of muscle weakness to postural instability and falls. Nat Clin Pract Neurol. 2008;4:504–15.CrossRefPubMed
24.
Pijnappels M, Reeves ND, Maganaris CN, van Dieën JH. Tripping without falling: lower limb strength, a limitation for balance recovery and a target for training in the elderly. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2008;18:188–96.CrossRefPubMed
25.
Cronin NJ, Barrett RS, Lichtwark G, Mills PM, Carty CP. Decreased lower limb muscle recruitment contributes to the inability of older adults to recover with a single step following a forward loss of balance. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2013;23:1139–44.CrossRefPubMed
26.
Scaglioni G, Narici MV, Martin A. Neural activation during submaximal contractions seems more reflective of neuromuscular ageing than maximal voluntary activation. Front Aging Neurosci. 2016;8:19.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
27.
Mademli L, Arampatzis A. Effect of voluntary activation on age-related muscle fatigue resistance. J Biomech. 2008;41:1229–35.CrossRefPubMed
28.
Morse CI, Thom JM, Davis MG, Fox KR, Birch KM, Narici MV. Reduced plantarflexor specific torque in the elderly is associated with a lower activation capacity. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2004;92:219–26.CrossRefPubMed
29.
Stevens JE, Stackhouse SK, Binder-Macleod SA, Snyder-Mackler L. Are voluntary muscle activation deficits in older adults meaningful? Muscle Nerve. 2003;27:99–101.CrossRefPubMed
30.
Pousson M, Lepers R, Van Hoecke J. Changes in isokinetic torque and muscular activity of elbow flexors muscles with age. Exp Gerontol. 2001;36:1687–98.CrossRefPubMed
31.
Narici MV, Maffulli N, Maganaris CN. Ageing of human muscles and tendons. Disabil Rehabil. 2008;30:1548–54.CrossRefPubMed
32.
Jubrias SA, Odderson IR, Esselman PC, Conley KE. Decline in isokinetic force with age: muscle cross-sectional area and specific force. Pflugers Arch Eur J Physiol. 1997;434:246–53.CrossRef
33.
Narici MV, Maffulli N. Sarcopenia: characteristics, mechanisms and functional significance. Br Med Bull. 2010;95:139–59.CrossRefPubMed
34.
Narici MV, Maganaris CN, Reeves ND, Capodaglio P. Effect of aging on human muscle architecture. J Appl Physiol. 2003;95:2229–34.CrossRefPubMed
35.
Han L, Yang F. Strength or power, which is more important to prevent slip-related falls? Hum Mov Sci. 2015;44:192–200.CrossRefPubMed
36.
Skelton DA, Greig CA, Davies JM, Young A. Strength, power and related functional ability of healthy people aged 65–89 years. Age Ageing. 1994;23:371–7.CrossRefPubMed
37.
Raj IS, Bird SR, Shield AJ. Aging and the force-velocity relationship of muscles. Exp Gerontol. 2010;45:81–90.CrossRefPubMed
38.
Hof AL. The equations of motion for a standing human reveal three mechanisms for balance. J Biomech. 2007;40:451–7.CrossRefPubMed
39.
Moyer VA. Prevention of falls in community-dwelling older adults: U.S. preventive services task force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2012;157:197.CrossRefPubMed
40.
Gillespie LD, Robertson MC, Gillespie WJ, Sherrington C, Gates S, Clemson LM, et al. Interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012;9:CD007146.
41.
Panel on Prevention of falls in older persons, American Geriatrics Society and British Geriatrics Society. Summary of the updated American Geriatrics Society/British Geriatrics Society clinical practice guideline for prevention of falls in older persons. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011;59:148–57.CrossRef
42.
43.
44.
Sherrington C, Michaleff ZA, Fairhall N, Paul SS, Tiedemann A, Whitney J, et al. Exercise to prevent falls in older adults: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2017;51:1750–8.CrossRefPubMed
45.
McCrum C, Gerards MHG, Karamanidis K, Zijlstra W, Meijer K. A systematic review of gait perturbation paradigms for improving reactive stepping responses and falls risk among healthy older adults. Eur Rev Aging Phys Act. 2017;14:3.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
46.
Li F, Harmer P, Fisher KJ, McAuley E, Chaumeton N, Eckstrom E. Tai Chi and fall reductions in older adults: a randomized controlled trial. J Gerontol - Ser A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2005;60:187–94.CrossRef
47.
Taggart HM. Effects of tai chi exercise on balance, functional mobility, and fear of falling among older women. Appl Nurs Res. 2002;15:235–42.CrossRefPubMed
48.
García-Molina R, Ruíz-Grao MC, Noguerón-García A, Martínez-Reig M, Esbrí-Víctor M, Izquierdo M, et al. Benefits of a multicomponent falls unit-based exercise program in older adults with falls in real life. Exp Gerontol. 2018;110:79–85.CrossRefPubMed
49.
Zhao R, Feng F, Wang X. Exercise interventions and prevention of fall-related fractures in older people: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Epidemiol. 2017;46:149–61.PubMed
50.
Beyer N, Simonsen L, Bülow J, Lorenzen T, Jensen DV, Larsen L, et al. Old women with a recent fall history show improved muscle strength and function sustained for six months after finishing training. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2007;19:300–9.CrossRefPubMed
51.
Karinkanta S, Heinonen A, Sievänen H, Uusi-Rasi K, Fogelholm M, Kannus P. Maintenance of exercise-induced benefits in physical functioning and bone among elderly women. Osteoporos Int. 2009;20:665–74.CrossRefPubMed
52.
Iwamoto J, Suzuki H, Tanaka K, Kumakubo T, Hirabayashi H, Miyazaki Y, et al. Preventative effect of exercise against falls in the elderly: a randomized controlled trial. Osteoporos Int. 2009;20:1233–40.CrossRefPubMed
53.
Halvarsson A, Olsson E, Farén E, Pettersson A, Stahle A. Effects of new, individually adjusted, progressive balance group training for elderly people with fear of falling and tend to fall: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2011;25:1021–31.CrossRefPubMed
54.
Thomas S, Mackintosh S, Halbert J. Does the “Otago exercise programme” reduce mortality and falls in older adults?: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Age Ageing. 2010;39:681–7.CrossRefPubMed
55.
Tricco AC, Thomas SM, Veroniki AA, Hamid JS, Cogo E, Strifler L, et al. Comparisons of interventions for preventing falls in older adults. JAMA. 2017;318:1687–99.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
56.
El-Khoury F, Cassou B, Charles M-A, Dargent-Molina P. The effect of fall prevention exercise programmes on fall induced injuries in community dwelling older adults: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2013;347:f6234–47.PubMedPubMedCentral
57.
El-Khoury F, Cassou B, Latouche A, Aegerter P, Charles M-A, Dargent-Molina P. Effectiveness of two year balance training programme on prevention of fall induced injuries in at risk women aged 75-85 living in community: Ossébo randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2015;351:h3830.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
58.
Kim H, Yoshida H, Suzuki T. Falls and fractures in participants and excluded non-participants of a fall prevention exercise program for elderly women with a history of falls: 1-year follow-up study. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2014;14:285–92.CrossRefPubMed
59.
Sherrington C, Whitney JC, Lord SR, Herbert RD, Cumming RG, Close JCT. Effective exercise for the prevention of falls: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008;56:2234–43.CrossRefPubMed
60.
Sherrington C, Tiedemann A, Fairhall N, Close JCT, Lord SR. Exercise to prevent falls in older adults: an updated meta-analysis and best practice recommendations. N S W Public Health Bull. 2011;22:78–83.CrossRefPubMed
61.
Bohm S, Mademli L, Mersmann F, Arampatzis A. Predictive and reactive locomotor adaptability in healthy elderly: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sport Med. 2015;45:1759–77.CrossRef
62.
Pai YC, Yang F, Bhatt T, Wang E. Learning from laboratory-induced falling: long-term motor retention among older adults. Age (Dordr). 2014;36:9640.CrossRef
63.
Bierbaum S, Peper A, Karamanidis K, Arampatzis A. Adaptive feedback potential in dynamic stability during disturbed walking in the elderly. J Biomech. 2011;44:1921–6.CrossRefPubMed
64.
65.
Bierbaum S, Peper A, Arampatzis A. Exercise of mechanisms of dynamic stability improves the stability state after an unexpected gait perturbation in elderly. Age. 2013;35:1905–15.CrossRefPubMed
66.
Melnyk JA, Rogers MA, Hurley BF. Effects of strength training and detraining on regional muscle in young and older men and women. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2009;105:929–38.CrossRefPubMed
67.
Morse CI, Thom JM, Mian OS, Muirhead A, Birch KM, Narici MV. Muscle strength, volume and activation following 12-month resistance training in 70-year-old males. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2005;95:197–204.CrossRefPubMed
68.
Wang TY, Bhatt T, Yang F, Pai YC. Generalization of motor adaptation to repeated-slip perturbation across tasks. Neuroscience. 2011;180:85–95.CrossRefPubMed
69.
Guirguis-Blake JM, Michael YL, Perdue LA, Coppola EL, Beil TL. Interventions to prevent falls in older adults: updated evidence report and systematic review for the US preventive services task force. JAMA. 2018;319:1705–16.CrossRefPubMed
70.
Higgins JP, Green S. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions: Cochrane book series. Cochrane Handb Syst Rev Interv Cochrane B Ser. 2010;2008:1–649.
71.
72.
73.
Fitzharris MP, Day L, Lord SR, Gordon I, Fildes B. The Whitehorse NoFalls trial: effects on fall rates and injurious fall rates. Age Ageing. 2010;39:728–33.CrossRefPubMed
74.
75.
Higgins JP, Green S. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions: Cochrane book series. In: Higgins JP, Green S, editors. Analysing data and undertaking meta-analyses. Chichester: Wiley; 2008. p. 243–96.
76.
Taylor D, Hale L, Schluter P, Waters DL, Binns EE, McCracken H, et al. Effectiveness of tai chi as a community-based falls prevention intervention: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012;60:841–8.CrossRefPubMed
77.
Yamada M, Higuchi T, Nishiguchi S, Yoshimura K, Kajiwara Y, Aoyama T. Multitarget stepping program in combination with a standardized multicomponent exercise program can prevent falls in community-dwelling older adults: a randomized, controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2013;61:1669–75.CrossRefPubMed
78.
Yamada M, Tanaka B, Nagai K, Aoyama T, Ichihashi N. Trail-walking exercise and fall risk factors in community-dwelling older adults: preliminary results of a randomized controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2010;58:1946–51.CrossRefPubMed
79.
Yamada M, Aoyama T, Arai H, Nagai K, Tanaka B, Uemura K, et al. Complex obstacle negotiation exercise can prevent falls in community-dwelling elderly Japanese aged 75 years and older. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2012;12:461–7.CrossRefPubMed
80.
Deeks JJ, Higgins JP, Altman DG. Analysing data and undertaking meta-analyses. Chichester: Wiley; 2008. p. 243–96.
81.
Deeks JJ, Altman DG, Bradburn MJ. Statistical methods for examining heterogeneity and combining results from several studies in meta-analysis. Syst Rev Heal Care Meta-Analysis Context 2nd ed London: BMJ Publishing Group; 2008.
82.
Freiberger E, Menz HB, Abu-Omar K, Rütten A. Preventing falls in physically active community-dwelling older people: a comparison of two intervention techniques. Gerontology. 2007;53:298–305.CrossRefPubMed
83.
Iliffe S, Kendrick D, Morris R, Griffin M, Haworth D, Carpenter H, et al. Promoting physical activity in older people in general practice: ProAct65+ cluster randomised controlled trial. Br J Gen Pract. 2015;65:e731–8.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
84.
Morgan RO, Virnig BA, Duque M, Abdel-Moty E, Devito CA. Low-intensity exercise and reduction of the risk for falls among at-risk elders. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2004;59:1062–7.CrossRefPubMed
85.
Whitehead C, Wundke R, Crotty M, Finucane P. Evidence-based clinical practice in falls prevention: a randomised controlled trial of a falls prevention service. Aust Health Rev. 2003;26:88–97.CrossRefPubMed
86.
Means KM, Rodell DE, O’Sullivan PS, Cranford LA. Rehabilitation of elderly fallers: pilot study of a low to moderate intensity exercise program. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1996;77:1030–6.CrossRefPubMed
87.
Uusi-Rasi K, Patil R, Karinkanta S, Kannus P, Tokola K, Lamberg-Allardt C, et al. A 2-year follow-up after a 2-year RCT with vitamin D and exercise: effects on falls, injurious falls and physical functioning among older women. J Gerontol Ser A. 2017;72:1239–45.CrossRef
88.
Trombetti A, Hars M, Herrmann FR, Kressig RW, Ferrari S, Rizzoli R. Effect of music-based multitask training on gait, balance, and fall risk in elderly people: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med. 2011;171:525–33.CrossRefPubMed
89.
Li F, Harmer P, Fisher KJ, Mcauley E. Tai Chi: improving functional balance and predicting subsequent falls in older persons. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2004;36:2046–52.CrossRefPubMed
90.
Ballard JE, McFarland C, Wallace LS, Holiday DB, Roberson G. The effect of 15 weeks of exercise on balance, leg strength, and reduction in falls in 40 women aged 65 to 89 years. J Am Med Womens Assoc. 2004;59:255–61.
91.
Ruffieux J, Mouthon A, Keller M, Wälchli M, Taube W. Behavioral and neural adaptations in response to five weeks of balance training in older adults: a randomized controlled trial. J Negat Results Biomed. 2017;16:11.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
92.
Loenneke JP, Rossow LM, Fahs CA, Thiebaud RS, Grant Mouser J, Bemben MG. Time-course of muscle growth, and its relationship with muscle strength in both young and older women. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2017;17:2000–7.CrossRefPubMed
93.
Lixandrão ME, Damas F, Chacon-Mikahil MPT, Cavaglieri CR, Ugrinowitsch C, Bottaro M, et al. Time course of resistance training–induced muscle hypertrophy in the elderly. J Strength Cond Res. 2016;30:159–63.CrossRefPubMed
94.
Halvarsson A, Franzén E, Farén E, Olsson E, Oddsson L, Stahle A. Long-term effects of new progressive group balance training for elderly people with increased risk of falling – a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2013;27:450–8.CrossRefPubMed
95.
Kamide N, Shiba Y, Shibata H. Effects on balance, falls, and bone mineral density of a home-based exercise program without home visits in community-dwelling elderly women: a randomized controlled trial. J Physiol Anthropol. 2009;28:115–22.CrossRefPubMed
96.
Liu-Ambrose T, Donaldson MG, Ahamed Y, Graf P, Cook WL, Close J, et al. Otago home-based strength and balance retraining improves executive functioning in older fallers: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008;56:1821–30.CrossRefPubMed
97.
Logghe IHJ, Zeeuwe PEM, Verhagen AP, Wijnen-Sponselee RMT, Willemsen SP, Bierma-Zeinstra SMA. Lack of effect of tai chi chuan in preventing falls in elderly people living at home: a randomized clinical trial. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2009;57:70–5.CrossRefPubMed
98.
Means KM, Rodell DE, O’Sullivan PS. Balance, mobility, and falls among community-dwelling elderly persons. Am J Phys Med Rehabil. 2005;84:238–50.CrossRefPubMed
99.
Suzuki T, Kim H, Yoshida H, Ishizaki T. Randomized controlled trial of exercise intervention for the prevention of falls in community-dwelling elderly Japanese women. J Bone Miner Metab. 2004;22:602–11.CrossRefPubMed
100.
Weerdesteyn V, Rijken H, Geurts ACH, Smits-Engelsman BCM, Mulder T, Duysens J. A five-week exercise program can reduce falls and improve obstacle avoidance in the elderly. Gerontology. 2006;52:131–41.CrossRefPubMed
101.
Lord SR, Ward JA, Williams P, Strudwick M. The effect of a 12-month exercise trial on balance, strength, and falls in older women: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1995;43:1198–206.CrossRefPubMed
102.
Bhatt T, Pai YC. Prevention of slip-related backward balance loss: the effect of session intensity and frequency on long-term retention. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2009;90:34–42.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
103.
Pai YC, Bhatt T, Yang F, Wang E. Perturbation training can reduce community-dwelling older adults’ annual fall risk: a randomized controlled trial. J Gerontol - Ser A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2014;69:1586–94.CrossRef
104.
Gerards MHG, McCrum C, Mansfield A, Meijer K. Perturbation-based balance training for falls reduction among older adults: current evidence and implications for clinical practice. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2017;17:2294–303.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
105.
Lurie JD, Zagaria AB, Pidgeon DM, Forman JL, Spratt KF. Pilot comparative effectiveness study of surface perturbation treadmill training to prevent falls in older adults. BMC Geriatr. 2013;13:49.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
106.
Pijnappels M, Bobbert MF, Van Dieën JH. Push-off reactions in recovery after tripping discriminate young subjects, older non-fallers and older fallers. Gait Posture. 2005;21:388–94.CrossRefPubMed
107.
Maki BE, McIlroy WE. Change-in-support balance reactions in older persons: an emerging research area of clinical importance. Neurol Clin. 2005;23:751–83.CrossRefPubMed
108.
Blakemore S-J, Goodbody SJ, Wolpert DM. Predicting the consequences of our own actions: the role of sensorimotor context estimation. J Neurosci. 1998;18:7511–8.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
109.
110.
Yang F, Bhatt T, Pai YC. Generalization of treadmill-slip training to prevent a fall following a sudden (novel) slip in over-ground walking. J Biomech. 2013;46:63–9.CrossRefPubMed
111.
112.
Bhatt T, Pai YC. Immediate and latent interlimb transfer of gait stability adaptation following repeated exposure to slips. J Mot Behav. 2008;40:380–90.CrossRefPubMed
113.
Hamed A, Bohm S, Mersmann F, Arampatzis A. Exercise dynamic stability under unstable conditions increases muscle strength and balance ability in the elderly. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2017;28:961–71.CrossRef
114.
Heitkamp HC, Horstmann T, Mayer F, Weller J, Dickhuth HH. Gain in strength and muscular balance after balance training. Int J Sports Med. 2001;22:285–90.CrossRefPubMed
115.
Anderson K, Behm DG. Trunk muscle activity increases with unstable squat movements. Can J Appl Physiol. 2005;30:33–45.CrossRefPubMed
116.
Morse JM, Tylko SJ, Dixon HA. The patient who falls--and falls again: defining the aged at risk. J Gerontol Nurs. 1985;11:15–8.CrossRefPubMed
117.
Zecevic AA, Salmoni AW, Speechley M, Vandervoort AA. Defining a fall and reasons for falling: comparisons among the views of seniors, health care providers, and the research literature. Gerontologist. 2006;46:367–76.CrossRefPubMed
118.
Wijlhuizen GJ, Hopman-Rock M, Knook DL, van der Cammen TJ. Automatic registration of falls and other accidents among community dwelling older people: feasibility and reliability of the telephone inquiry system. Int J Inj Control Saf Promot. 2006;13:58–60.CrossRef
119.
Ganz DA, Higashi T, Rubenstein LZ. Monitoring falls in cohort studies of community-dwelling older people: effect of the recall interval. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53:2190–4.CrossRefPubMed
120.
Cummings SR, Nevitt MC, Kidd S. Forgetting falls: the limited accuracy of recall of falls in the elderly. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1988;36:613–6.CrossRefPubMed
121.
Lim D, Park C, Kim NH, Kim SH, Yu YS. Fall-detection algorithm using 3-axis acceleration: combination with simple threshold and hidden markov model. J Appl Math. 2014;2014:1–8.CrossRef
122.
Kangas M, Konttila A, Winblad I, Jämsä T. Determination of simple thresholds for accelerometry-based parameters for fall detection. In Proceedings of the 29th Annu Int Conf of the IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc – Lyon, France, 22–26 August 2007;1367–1370.
123.
Noury N, Barralon P, Virone G, Boissy P, Hamel M, Rumeau P. A smart sensor based on rules and its evaluation in daily routines. Proc 25th Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2003; 3286–3289.
124.
Shany T, Redmond SJ, Narayanan MR, Lovell NH. Sensors-based wearable systems for monitoring of human movement and falls. IEEE Sensors J. 2012;12:658–70.CrossRef
125.
Chaudhuri S, Thompson H, Demiris G. Fall detection devices and their use with older adults: a systematic review. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2014;37:178–96.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
126.
Bourke AK, van de Ven PWJ, Chaya AE, OLaighin GM, Nelson J. Testing of a long-term fall detection system incorporated into a custom vest for the elderly. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2008;2008:2844–7.
127.
Garber CE, Blissmer B, Deschenes MR, Franklin BA, Lamonte MJ, Lee IM, et al. Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: guidance for prescribing exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011;43:1334–59.CrossRefPubMed
128.
Powell KE, Paluch AE, Blair SN. Physical activity for health: what kind? How much? How intense? On top of what? Annu Rev Public Health. 2011;32:349–65.CrossRefPubMed
129.
Sach TH, Logan PA, Coupland CAC, Gladman JRF, Sahota O, Stoner-Hobbs V, et al. Community falls prevention for people who call an emergency ambulance after a fall: an economic evaluation alongside a randomized controlled trial. Age Ageing. 2012;41:635–41.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
130.
Salminen M, Vahlberg T, Kivelä SL. The long-term effect of a multifactorial fall prevention programme on the incidence of falls requiring medical treatment. Public Health. 2009;123:809–13.CrossRefPubMed
Metadata
Title
Follow-up efficacy of physical exercise interventions on fall incidence and fall risk in healthy older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors
Azza Hamed
Sebastian Bohm
Falk Mersmann
Adamantios Arampatzis
Publication date
01-12-2018
Publisher
Springer International Publishing
Published in
Sports Medicine - Open / Issue 1/2018
Print ISSN: 2199-1170
Electronic ISSN: 2198-9761
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-018-0170-z

Other articles of this Issue 1/2018

Sports Medicine - Open 1/2018 Go to the issue

Current Opinion

Parkour as a Donor Sport for Athletic Development in Youth Team Sports: Insights Through an Ecological Dynamics Lens

Original Research Article

Recent Versus Old Previous Injury and Its Association with Running-Related Injuries During Competition by SeRUN® Running Profiles: a Cross-sectional Study

Original Research Article

A Benefit of Being Heavier Is Being Strong: a Cross-Sectional Study in Young Adults

Commentary

The breathless swimmer: could this be swimming-induced pulmonary edema?

Review article

Improving Wellness for LGB Collegiate Student-Athletes Through Sports Medicine: A Narrative Review

Original Research Article

The Psychophysiological Regulation of Pacing Behaviour and Performance Fatigability During Long-Distance Running with Locomotor Muscle Fatigue and Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage in Highly Trained Runners