Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

LIVE: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)
Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries

29-08-2023 | Fee Schedule for Physicians | Original Article

Bio-demographical determinants of diabetes among women in reproductive age group (15–49) in India: Evidence from National Family Health Survey (NFHS) of India, 2019–2021

Authors: Chandan Roy, Sourav Biswas, Vishwambhar Prasad Sati, Amit Biswas, Saurav Kumar

Published in: International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries

Login to get access

Abstract

Objective

Diabetes is a non-communicable disease, and the prevalence of diabetes is higher in low and middle-income countries. In India, diabetes prevalence has been observed, with some regional variations across the states. This study analyses the current scenario of diabetes in India among women of the reproductive age group between 15 to 49 years.

Methods

For conducting this study, data were gathered from the fifth round of the National Family Health Survey (2019–2021). It is a two-stage cross-sectional stratified sampling survey that employs the probability proportional to size methodology. A total of 6,59,010 individual reproductive-age women have been sampled for this study. Data were analyzed using the Stata version 14 software. A binary logistic model was carried out to know the relationships between diabetes and various socioeconomic and demographic variables. In addition, the adjusted odds ratio was reported with a 95% confidence interval.

Results

The result shows that about 1.65% of reproductive age group women in India are diabetic with the highest in Goa (4.09%) and the lowest in Nagaland (0.81%). Further, in urban areas, the women's diabetes rate is 16% higher than in the rural areas. Besides, diabetes is strongly correlated with obese reproductive age-group women who are above 35 years and reside in urban areas with higher socioeconomic status.

Conclusion

This study suggests that there is an urgent need for frequent monitoring of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c). Besides, a spatially-optimized target-oriented policy framework is needed instead of a comprehensive national policy to tackle diabetes problems in the country.
Literature
1.
Lin X, Xu Y, Pan X, Xu J, Ding Y, Sun X, et al. Global, regional, and national burden and trend of diabetes in 195 countries and territories: an analysis from 1990 to 2025. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):1–11.
2.
Shang X, Li J, Tao Q, Li J, Li X, Zhang L, et al. Educational level, obesity and incidence of diabetes among chinese adult m,en and women aged 18–59 years old: an 11-year follow-up study. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(6):1–8.
3.
IDF. IDF Diabetes Atlas, 10th Edition Committee. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2021;102(2):1–135.
4.
Bellou V, Belbasis L, Tzoulaki I, Evangelou E. Risk factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus: An exposure-wide umbrella review of meta-analyses. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(3):1–27.
5.
6.
Khan MAB, Hashim MJ, King JK, Govender RD, Mustafa H, Al Kaabi J. Epidemiology of type 2 diabetes - Global burden of disease and forecasted trends. J Epidemiol Glob Health. 2020;10(1):107–11.
7.
Misra A, Gopalan H, Jayawardena R, Hills AP, Soares M, Reza-Albarrán AA, et al. Diabetes in developing countries. J Diabetes. 2019;11(7):522–39.CrossRefPubMed
8.
Maiti S, Akhtar S, Upadhyay AK, Mohanty SK. Socioeconomic inequality in awareness, treatment and control of diabetes among adults in India: Evidence from National Family Health Survey of India (NFHS), 2019–2021. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):1–12.CrossRef
9.
Tandon N, Anjana RM, Mohan V, Kaur T, Afshin A, Ong K, et al. The increasing burden of diabetes and variations among the states of India: the Global Burden of Disease Study 1990–2016. Lancet Glob Health. 2018;6(12):e1352–62.CrossRef
10.
Corsi DJ, Subramanian SV. Association between socioeconomic status and self-reported diabetes in India: A cross-sectional multilevel analysis. BMJ Open. 2012;2(4):1–12.
11.
12.
Bharati DR, Pal R, Kar S, Rekha R, Yamuna TV, Basu M. Prevalence and determinants of diabetes mellitus in Puducherry, South India. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2011;3(4):513–8.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
13.
Nordström A, Hadrévi J, Olsson T, Franks PW, Nordström P. Higher Prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes in Men Than in Women Is Associated With Differences in Visceral Fat Mass. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;101(10):3740–6.CrossRefPubMed
14.
Corsi DJ, Subramanian SV. Association between socioeconomic status and self-reported diabetes in India: A cross-sectional multilevel analysis. BMJ Open. 2012;2(4):12–23.
15.
Pradeepa R, Anjana RM, Joshi SR, Bhansali A, Deepa M, Joshi PP, et al. Prevalence of generalized & abdominal obesity in urban & rural India- the ICMR-INDIAB study (Phase-I) [ICMR-INDIAB-3]. Indian J Med Res. 2015;142(AUGUST):139–50.PubMedPubMedCentral
16.
17.
Aziz N, Kallur SD, Nirmalan PK. Implications of the Revised Consensus Body Mass Indices for Asian Indians on Clinical Obstetric Practice. J Clin Diagn Res JCDR. 2014;8(5):OC01-3.PubMed
18.
Mahajan K, Batra A. Obesity in adult asian indians- the ideal BMI cut-off. Indian Heart J. 2018;70(1):195.CrossRefPubMed
19.
20.
Misra A, Vikram NK, Gupta R, Pandey RM, Wasir JS, Gupta VP. Waist circumference cutoff points and action levels for Asian Indians for identification of abdominal obesity. Int J Obes. 2006;30(1):106–11.CrossRef
21.
Claypool KT, Chung MK, Deonarine A, Gregg EW, Patel CJ. Characteristics of undiagnosed diabetes in men and women under the age of 50 years in the Indian subcontinent: the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4)/Demographic Health Survey 2015–2016. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care. 2020;8(1):1–10.
22.
Dandona L, Dandona R, Kumar GA, Shukla DK, Paul VK, Balakrishnan K, et al. Nations within a nation: variations in epidemiological transition across the states of India, 1990–2016 in the Global Burden of Disease Study. The Lancet. 2017;390(10111):2437–60.
23.
Singh S, Puri P, Subramanian SV. Identifying spatial variation in the burden of diabetes among women across 640 districts in India: a cross-sectional study. J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2020;19(1):523–33.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
24.
Agyemang-Yeboah F, Eghan BAJ, Annani-Akollor ME, Togbe E, Donkor S, Oppong AB. Evaluation of Metabolic Syndrome and Its Associated Risk Factors in Type 2 Diabetes: A Descriptive Cross-Sectional Study at the Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana. BioMed Res Int. 2019;2(2019):1–8.
25.
Ghassab-Abdollahi N, Nadrian H, Pishbin K, Shirzadi S, Sarbakhsh P, Saadati F, et al. Gender and urban–rural residency based differences in the prevalence of type-2 diabetes mellitus and its determinants among adults in Naghadeh: Results of IraPEN survey. PLoS ONE. 2023;18(3):1–16.
26.
Anjana RM, Deepa M, Pradeepa R, Mahanta J, Narain K, Das HK, et al. Prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes in 15 states of India: results from the ICMR–INDIAB population-based cross-sectional study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017;5(8):585–96.
27.
Geldsetzer P, Manne-Goehler J, Theilmann M, Davies JI, Awasthi A, Vollmer S, et al. Diabetes and hypertension in India a nationally representative study of 1.3 million adults. JAMA Intern Med. 2018;178(3):363–72.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
28.
Kautzky-Willer A, Dorner T, Jensby A, Rieder A. Women show a closer association between educational level and hypertension or diabetes mellitus than males: A secondary analysis from the Austrian HIS. BMC Public Health. 2012;12(1):1–9.
29.
Anjana RM, Pradeepa R, Deepa M, Datta M, Sudha V, Unnikrishnan R, et al. Prevalence of diabetes and prediabetes (impaired fasting glucose and/or impaired glucose tolerance) in urban and rural India: Phase I results of the Indian Council of Medical Research–INdia DIABetes (ICMR–INDIAB) study. Diabetologia. 2011;54(12):3022–7.
30.
Rosiek A, Maciejewska NF, Leksowski K, Rosiek-Kryszewska A, Leksowski Ł. Effect of television on obesity and excess of weight and consequences of health. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2015;12(8):9408–26.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
31.
Tandon A, Bordoloi B, Jaiswal R, Srivastava A, Singh R, Shafique U. Demographic and clinicopathological profile of oral squamous cell carcinoma patients of North India: A retrospective institutional study. SRM J Res Dent Sci. 2018;9(3):114–18.CrossRef
32.
33.
Vennu V, Abdulrahman TA, Bindawas SM. The prevalence of overweight, obesity, hypertension, and diabetes in India: Analysis of the 2015–2016 national family health survey. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2019;16(20):2–22.CrossRef
34.
Geldsetzer P, Manne-Goehler J, Theilmann M, Davies JI, Awasthi A, Vollmer S, et al. Diabetes and hypertension in India a nationally representative study of 1.3 million adults. JAMA Intern Med. 2018;178(3):363–72.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
35.
Daivadanam M, Absetz P, Sathish T, Thankappan KR, Fisher EB, Philip NE, et al. Lifestyle change in Kerala, India: Needs assessment and planning for a community-based diabetes prevention trial. BMC Public Health. 2013;13(1):1–16.CrossRef
36.
Sarma PS, Sadanandan R, Thulaseedharan JV, Soman B, Srinivasan K, Varma RP, et al. Prevalence of risk factors of non-communicable diseases in Kerala, India: results of a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2019;9(11):1–10.
37.
Mahajan A, Sharma S, Dhar MK, Bamezai RNK. Risk factors of type 2 diabetes in population of Jammu and Kashmir, India. J Biomed Res. 2013;27(5):372–79.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
38.
Lin BY, Genden K, Shen W, Wu PS, Yang WC, Hung HF, et al. The prevalence of obesity and metabolic syndrome in Tibetan immigrants living in high altitude areas in Ladakh, India. Obes Res Clin Pract. 2018;12(4):365–71.CrossRefPubMed
39.
Chanda S, Dogra V, Hazarika N, Bambrah H, Sudke AK, Vig A, et al. Original research: Prevalence and predictors of gestational diabetes mellitus in rural Assam: a cross-sectional study using mobile medical units. BMJ Open. 2020;10(11):1–7.CrossRef
40.
Patel NR, Kennedy A, Blickem C, Rogers A, Reeves D, Chew-Graham C. Having diabetes and having to fast: A qualitative study of British Muslims with diabetes. Health Expect. 2015;18(5):1698–708.CrossRefPubMed
41.
Hassanein M, Al-Arouj M, Hamdy O, Bebakar WMW, Jabbar A, Al-Madani A, et al. Diabetes and Ramadan: Practical guidelines. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2017;1(126):303–16.CrossRef
42.
Marbaniang SP, Chungkham HS, Lhungdim H. A structured additive modeling of diabetes and hypertension in Northeast India. PLoS ONE. 2022;17(1):1–20.
43.
Kposowa AJ, Ezzat DA, Breault K. Diabetes mellitus and marital status: Evidence from the national longitudinal mortality study on the effect of marital dissolution and the death of a spouse. Int J Gen Med. 2021;14:1881–8.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
44.
Gunderson EP. Childbearing and Obesity in Women: Weight Before, During, and After Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2009;36(2):317–32.
45.
Wang T, Zhao Z, Wang G, Li Q, Xu Y, Li M, et al. Age-related disparities in diabetes risk attributable to modifiable risk factor profiles in Chinese adults: a nationwide, population-based, cohort study. Lancet Healthy Longev. 2021;2(10):e618–28.CrossRefPubMed
46.
American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. 2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2022. Diabetes Care. 2021;45(Supplement_1):S17–38.
Metadata
Title
Bio-demographical determinants of diabetes among women in reproductive age group (15–49) in India: Evidence from National Family Health Survey (NFHS) of India, 2019–2021
Authors
Chandan Roy
Sourav Biswas
Vishwambhar Prasad Sati
Amit Biswas
Saurav Kumar
Publication date
29-08-2023
Publisher
Springer India
Published in
International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries
Print ISSN: 0973-3930
Electronic ISSN: 1998-3832
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13410-023-01237-w
Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Reserve your place

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin
Prof. Florian Limbourg
Prof. Anoop Chauhan
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

Read more

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine
Image Credits