Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
BMC Public Health
Published in: BMC Public Health 1/2016

Open Access 01-12-2016 | Research article

Factors associated with secondhand smoke exposure in different settings: Results from the German Health Update (GEDA) 2012

Authors: Florian Fischer, Alexander Kraemer

Published in: BMC Public Health | Issue 1/2016

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

The ubiquity of secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure at home or in private establishments, workplaces and public areas poses several challenges for the reduction of SHS exposure. This study aimed to describe the prevalence of SHS exposure in Germany and key factors associated with exposure. Results were also differentiated by place of exposure.

Methods

A secondary data analysis based on the public use file of the German Health Update 2012 was conducted (n = 13,933). Only non-smokers were included in the analysis. In a multivariable logistic regression model the factors associated with SHS exposure were calculated. In addition, a further set of multivariable logistic regressions were calculated for factors associated with the place of SHS exposure (workplace, at home, bars/discotheques, restaurants, at the house of a friend).

Results

More than a quarter of non-smoking study participants were exposed to SHS. The main area of exposure was the workplace (40.9 %). The multivariable logistic regression indicated young age as the most important factor associated with SHS exposure. The odds for SHS exposure was higher in men than in women. The likelihood of SHS exposure decreased with higher education. SHS exposure and the associated factors varied between different places of exposure.

Conclusions

Despite several actions to protect non-smokers which were implemented in Germany during the past years, SHS exposure still remains a relevant risk factor at a population level. According to the results of this study, particularly the workplace and other public places such as bars and discotheques have to be taken into account for the development of strategies to reduce SHS exposure.
Literature
1.
Ádám B, Molnár A, Gulis G, Ádány R. Integrating a quantitative risk appraisal in a health impact assessment: analysis of the novel smoke-free policy in Hungary. Eur J Public Health. 2013;23(2):211–7.CrossRefPubMed
2.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health Human Services; 2006.
3.
Frazer K, Callinan JE, McHugh J, van Baarsel S, Clarke A, Doherty K, Kelleher C. Legislative smoking bans for reducing harms from secondhand smoke exposure, smoking prevalence and tobacco consumption. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;2. doi: 10.​1002/​14651858.​CD005992.​pub3.
4.
Trédaniel J, Boffetta P, Saracci R, Hirsch A. Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and adult non-neoplastic respiratory diseases. Eur Respir J. 1994;7(1):173–85.CrossRefPubMed
5.
Reijula JP, Johnsson TS, Kaleva PS, Reijula KE. Exposure to tobacco smoke and prevalence of symptoms decreased among Finnish restaurant workers after the smoke-free law. Am J Ind Med. 2012;55(1):37–43.CrossRefPubMed
6.
Madureira J, Mendes A, Almeida S, Teixeira JP. Positive impact of the Portuguese smoking law on respiratory health of restaurant workers. J Toxicol Environ Health. 2012;75(13–15):776–87.CrossRef
7.
8.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Best practices for comprehensive tobacco control programs. Atlanta: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 1999.
9.
National Cancer Policy Board. State programs can reduce tobacco use. Washington, DC: Institute of Medicine; 2000.
10.
Bundesnichtraucherschutzgesetz. Gesetz zur Einführung eines Rauchverbotes in Einrichtungen des Bundes und öffentlichen Verkehrsmitteln. BGBl. I, 1595. 2007.
11.
Arbeitsstättenverordnung. Verordnung über Arbeitsstätten. BGBl. I. 2179–2189. 2004.
12.
Kohler S, Minkner P. Smoke-free laws and direct democracy initiatives on smoking bans in Germany: a systematic review and quantitative assessment. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2014;11(1):685–700.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
13.
Iglesias V, Erazo M, Droppelmann A, Steenland K, Aceituno P, Orellana C, Acuna M, Peruga A, Breysse PN, Navas-Acien A. Occupational secondhand smoke is the main determinant of hair nicotine concentrations in bar and restaurant workers. Environ Res. 2014;132:206–11.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
14.
Cai L, Wu X, Goyal A, Han Y, Cui W, He J, Xiao X, Zhao K, Jiao F, Song Y. Multilevel analysis of the determinants of smoking and second-hand smoke exposure in a tobacco-cultivating rural area of southwest China. Tob Control. 2013.Epub ahead of print.
15.
Webber WL, van Erp B, Stoddard P, Tsoh JY. Determinants of exposure to secondhand smoke among Vietnamese adults: California Vietnamese Adult Tobacco Use Survey, 2007–2008. Prev Chronic Dis. 2014;11:E81.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
16.
Yang T, Jiang S, Barnett R, Peng S, Yu L. Individual and city-level determinants of secondhand smoke exposure in China. Int J Health Geogr. 2015;14(1):36.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
17.
Charoenca N, Kungskulniti N, Tipayamongkholgul M, Sujirarat D, Lohchindarat S, Mock J, Hamann SL. Determining the burden of secondhand smoke exposure on the respiratory health of Thai children. Tob Induc Dis. 2013;11(1):7.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
18.
Fischer F, Minnwegen M, Kaneider U, Kraemer A, Khan MMH. Prevalence and determinants of secondhand smoke exposure among women in Bangladesh, 2011. Nicotine Tob Res. 2015;17(1):58–65.CrossRefPubMed
19.
Raute LJ, Pednekar MS, Mistry R, Gupta PC, Pimple SA, Shastri SS. Determinants of exposure to second-hand smoke at home and outside the home among students aged 11–17 years: Results from the Mumbai Student Tobacco Survey 2010. Indian J Cancer. 2012;49(4):419–24.CrossRefPubMed
20.
Peltzer K. Determinants of exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke (SHS) among current non-smoking in-school adolescents (aged 11–18 years) in South Africa: results from the 2008 GYTS study. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2011;8(9):3553–61.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
21.
Veglia F, Vineis P, Berrino F, Cerulli Ddel S, Giurdanella MC, Tumino R, Fiorini L, Sacerdote C, Panico S, Mattiello A, et al. Determinants of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke in 21,588 Italian non-smokers. Tumori. 2003;89(6):665–8.PubMed
22.
Scherer G, Krämer U, Meger-Kossien I, Riedel K, Heller WD, Link E, Gostomzyk JG, Ring J, Behrendt H. Determinants of children’s exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS): a study in Southern Germany. J Expo Anal Environ Epidemiol. 2004;14(4):284–92.CrossRefPubMed
23.
Robert Koch Institute. Gesundheit in Deutschland aktuell 2012. Public USE File - Dokumentation des Datensatzes. Berlin: Robert Koch Institute; 2015.
24.
Robert Koch Institute. Daten und Fakten: Ergebnisse der Studie “Gesundheit in Deutschland aktuell 2012”. Berlin: Robert Koch Institute; 2014.
25.
Liu R, Bohac DL, Gundel LA, Hewett MJ, Apte MG, Hammond SK. Assessment of risk for asthma initiation and cancer and heart disease deaths among patrons and servers due to secondhand smoke exposure in restaurants and bars. Tob Control. 2014;23(4):332–8.CrossRefPubMed
26.
Liu R, Jiang Y, Travers MJ, Li Q, Hammond SK. Evaluating the efficacy of different smoking policies in restaurants and bars in Beijing, China: A four-year follow-up study. Int J Hyg Environ Health. 2014;217(1):1–10.CrossRefPubMed
27.
Mbah AK, Salihu HM, Dagne G, Wilson RE, Bruder K. Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke and risk of antenatal depression: application of latent variable modeling. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2013;16(4):293–302.CrossRefPubMed
28.
Park S, Lim S, Kim J, Lee H, June KJ. Socioeconomic disparities in household secondhand smoke exposure among non-smoking adolescents in the Republic of Korea. Glob Public Health. 2015;13:1–18.CrossRef
29.
Gallus S. Second-hand smoke in Italy. Eur J Paediatr Dent. 2015;16(4):257.PubMed
30.
Jain RB. Trends in exposure to second hand smoke at home among children and nonsmoker adolescents. Sci Total Environ. 2016;542(Pt A):144–52.CrossRefPubMed
31.
Abdullah AS, Driezen P, Sansone G, Nargis N, Hussain GA, Quah AC, Fong GT. Correlates of exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) at home among non-smoking adults in Bangladesh: findings from the ITC Bangladesh survey. BMC Pulm Med. 2014;14:117.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
32.
King BA, Homa DM, Dube SR, Babb SD. Exposure to secondhand smoke and attitudes toward smoke-free workplaces among employed U.S. adults: findings from the National Adult Tobacco Survey. Nicotine Tob Res. 2014;16(10):1307–18.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
33.
Pisinger C, Hammer-Helmich L, Andreasen AH, Jorgensen T, Glumer C. Social disparities in children’s exposure to second hand smoke at home: a repeated cross-sectional survey. Environ Health. 2012;11:65.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
34.
Hiscock R, Bauld L, Amos A, Fidler JA, Munafò M. Socioeconomic status and smoking: a review. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2012;1248:107–23.CrossRefPubMed
35.
Klingshirn H, Hendrowarsito L, Fromme H, Bolte G. Die Bedeutung des Migrationshintergrundes für die Tabakrauchbelastung von Kindern - Eine Querschnittstudie im Rahmen der Gesundheits-Monitoring-Einheiten (GME) in Bayern. Gesundheitswesen. 2014;76(5):e14–22.PubMed
36.
Gleich F, Mons U, Potschke-Langer M. Air contamination due to smoking in German restaurants, bars, and other venues - before and after the implementation of a partial smoking ban. Nicotine Tob Res. 2011;13(11):1155–60.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
37.
Ong MK, Glantz SA. Cardiovascular health and economic effects of smoke-free workplaces. Am J Med. 2004;117(1):32–8.CrossRefPubMed
38.
Brownson RC, Eriksen MP, Davis RM, Warner KE. Environmental tobacco smoke: health effects and policies to reduce exposure. Annu Rev Public Health. 1997;18:163–85.CrossRefPubMed
39.
40.
Longo DR, Brownson RC, Johnson JC, Hewett JE, Kruse RL, Novotny TE, Logan RA. Hospital smoking bans and employee smoking behavior: Results of a national survey. JAMA. 1996;275(16):1252–7.CrossRefPubMed
41.
Sorsensen G, Rigotti N, Rosen A, Pinney J, Prible R. Effects of a worksite nonsmoking policy: evidence for increased cessation. Am J Public Health. 1991;81(2):202–4.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
42.
Moore GF, Currie D, Gilmore G, Holliday JC, Moore L. Socioeconomic inequalities in childhood exposure to secondhand smoke before and after smoke-free legislation in three UK countries. J Public Health. 2012;34(4):599–608.CrossRef
43.
Reardon JZ. Environmental tobacco smoke: respiratory and other health effects. Clin Chest Med. 2007;28(3):559–73.CrossRefPubMed
44.
Ng TP, Hui KP, Tan WC. Respiratory symptoms and lung function effects of domestic exposure to tobacco smoke and cooking by gas in non-smoking women in Singapore. J Epidemiol Community Health. 1993;47(6):454–8.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
45.
Naiman A, Glazier RH, Moineddin R. Association of anti-smoking legislation with rates of hospital admission for cardiovascular and respiratory conditions. CMAJ. 2010;182(8):761–7.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
46.
Alamar B, Glantz SA. Effect of increased social unacceptability of cigarette smoking on reduction in cigarette consumption. Am J Public Health. 2006;96(8):1359–63.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
Metadata
Title
Factors associated with secondhand smoke exposure in different settings: Results from the German Health Update (GEDA) 2012
Authors
Florian Fischer
Alexander Kraemer
Publication date
01-12-2016
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
BMC Public Health / Issue 1/2016
Electronic ISSN: 1471-2458
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3007-z

Other articles of this Issue 1/2016

BMC Public Health 1/2016 Go to the issue

Research article

Prevalence and determinants of diabetes among older adults in Ghana

Research article

Relationship between body mass index and depressive symptoms: the “fat and jolly” hypothesis for the middle-aged and elderly in China

Study protocol

Comparative effectiveness of adding weight control simultaneously or sequentially to smoking cessation quitlines: study protocol of a randomized controlled trial

Research article

A faecal exposure assessment of farm workers in Accra, Ghana: a cross sectional study

Research article

Dependence symptoms and cessation intentions among US adult daily cigarette, cigar, and e-cigarette users, 2012-2013

Research article

Impact of neighborhood resources on cardiovascular disease: a nationwide six-year follow-up