Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Current Bladder Dysfunction Reports 3/2012

01-09-2012 | Voiding Dysfunction Evaluation (JT Anger, Section Editor)

Evaluation of Urinary Retention in Women: Pelvic Floor Dysfunction or Primary Bladder Neck Obstruction

Authors: Benjamin M. Brucker, Victor W. Nitti

Published in: Current Bladder Dysfunction Reports | Issue 3/2012

Login to get access

Abstract

Urinary retention in women is a condition resulting from various etiologies. Pelvic floor dysfunction and primary bladder outlet obstruction are two relatively common causes of bladder outlet obstruction (the major treatable cause of urinary retention). These two entities are treated in drastically different ways, making accurate diagnosis paramount. Urodynamic testing with fluoroscopic imaging remains the gold standard to accurately complete this evaluation. In this article, we review these conditions, their evaluation, and treatment.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Dmochowski R. Urinary retention in women. Appell R, editor. Voiding dysfunction: diagnosis and treatment. 2000. Dmochowski R. Urinary retention in women. Appell R, editor. Voiding dysfunction: diagnosis and treatment. 2000.
2.
go back to reference Drake M, Mevcha A. Etiology and management of urinary retention in women. Indian J Urol. 2010;26(2):230–5.PubMedCrossRef Drake M, Mevcha A. Etiology and management of urinary retention in women. Indian J Urol. 2010;26(2):230–5.PubMedCrossRef
3.
go back to reference Brucker BM, Fong E, Shah S, Rosenblum N, Kelly C, Nitti VW. Urodynamic differences between dysfunctional voiding and primary bladder neck obstruction in women. Urology. 2012; Accepted for publication April 9. Brucker BM, Fong E, Shah S, Rosenblum N, Kelly C, Nitti VW. Urodynamic differences between dysfunctional voiding and primary bladder neck obstruction in women. Urology. 2012; Accepted for publication April 9.
4.
go back to reference Wein A, Barrett D. Voiding function and dysfunction. Chicago: Year Book Medical; 1988. p. 371. Wein A, Barrett D. Voiding function and dysfunction. Chicago: Year Book Medical; 1988. p. 371.
5.
go back to reference Patel R, Nitti V. Bladder outlet obstruction in women: prevalence, recognition, and management. Curr Urol Rep. 2001;2(5):379–87.PubMedCrossRef Patel R, Nitti V. Bladder outlet obstruction in women: prevalence, recognition, and management. Curr Urol Rep. 2001;2(5):379–87.PubMedCrossRef
6.
go back to reference Kuo H-C. Videourodynamic characteristics and lower urinary tract symptoms of female bladder outlet obstruction. Urology. 2005;66(5):1005–9.PubMedCrossRef Kuo H-C. Videourodynamic characteristics and lower urinary tract symptoms of female bladder outlet obstruction. Urology. 2005;66(5):1005–9.PubMedCrossRef
7.
go back to reference Nitti VW, Tu LM, Gitlin J. Diagnosing bladder outlet obstruction in women. J Urol. 1999;161(5):1535–40.PubMedCrossRef Nitti VW, Tu LM, Gitlin J. Diagnosing bladder outlet obstruction in women. J Urol. 1999;161(5):1535–40.PubMedCrossRef
8.
go back to reference •• Haylen BT, de Ridder D, Freeman RM, Swift SE, Berghmans B, Lee J, et al. An International Urogynecological Association (IUGA)/International Continence Society (ICS) joint report on the terminology for female pelvic floor dysfunction. Neurourol Urodyn. 2010;4–20. This is a comprehensive work that standardizes terminology for clinicians and researchers working in the field of female pelvic floor dysfunction. •• Haylen BT, de Ridder D, Freeman RM, Swift SE, Berghmans B, Lee J, et al. An International Urogynecological Association (IUGA)/International Continence Society (ICS) joint report on the terminology for female pelvic floor dysfunction. Neurourol Urodyn. 2010;4–20. This is a comprehensive work that standardizes terminology for clinicians and researchers working in the field of female pelvic floor dysfunction.
9.
go back to reference Allen TD. The non-neurogenic neurogenic bladder. J Urol. 1977;117(2):232–8.PubMed Allen TD. The non-neurogenic neurogenic bladder. J Urol. 1977;117(2):232–8.PubMed
10.
go back to reference Abrams P, Cardozo L, Fall M, Griffiths D, Rosier P, Ulmsten U, et al. The standardisation of terminology of lower urinary tract function: report from the standardisation sub-committee of the International Continence Society. Neurourol Urodyn. 2002;167–78. Abrams P, Cardozo L, Fall M, Griffiths D, Rosier P, Ulmsten U, et al. The standardisation of terminology of lower urinary tract function: report from the standardisation sub-committee of the International Continence Society. Neurourol Urodyn. 2002;167–78.
11.
go back to reference Deindl, Vodusek, Bischoff, Hofmann, Hartung. Dysfunctional voiding in women: which muscles are responsible? BJU Int. 1998;82(6):814–9.CrossRef Deindl, Vodusek, Bischoff, Hofmann, Hartung. Dysfunctional voiding in women: which muscles are responsible? BJU Int. 1998;82(6):814–9.CrossRef
12.
go back to reference Hinman F. Nonneurogenic neurogenic bladder (the Hinman syndrome)–15 years later. J Urol. 1986;136(4):769–77.PubMed Hinman F. Nonneurogenic neurogenic bladder (the Hinman syndrome)–15 years later. J Urol. 1986;136(4):769–77.PubMed
13.
go back to reference Sinha S. Dysfunctional voiding: a review of the terminology, presentation, evaluation and management in children and adults. Indian J Urol. 2011;27(4):437–47.PubMedCrossRef Sinha S. Dysfunctional voiding: a review of the terminology, presentation, evaluation and management in children and adults. Indian J Urol. 2011;27(4):437–47.PubMedCrossRef
14.
go back to reference Groutz A, Blaivas J, Pies C. Learned voiding dysfunction (non-neurogenic, neurogenic bladder) among adults. Neurourol Urodyn. 2001;20:259–68.PubMedCrossRef Groutz A, Blaivas J, Pies C. Learned voiding dysfunction (non-neurogenic, neurogenic bladder) among adults. Neurourol Urodyn. 2001;20:259–68.PubMedCrossRef
15.
go back to reference Jørgensen T, Djurhuus J, Schrøder H. Idiopathic detrusor sphincter dyssynergia in neurologically normal patients with voiding abnormalities. Eur Urol. 1982;8(2):107–10. Jørgensen T, Djurhuus J, Schrøder H. Idiopathic detrusor sphincter dyssynergia in neurologically normal patients with voiding abnormalities. Eur Urol. 1982;8(2):107–10.
16.
17.
go back to reference Turner-Warwick R, Whiteside CG, Worth PH, Milroy EJ, Bates CP. A urodynamic view of the clinical problems associated with bladder neck dysfunction and its treatment by endoscopic incision and trans-trigonal posterior prostatectomy. Br J Urol. 1973;45(1):44–59.PubMed Turner-Warwick R, Whiteside CG, Worth PH, Milroy EJ, Bates CP. A urodynamic view of the clinical problems associated with bladder neck dysfunction and its treatment by endoscopic incision and trans-trigonal posterior prostatectomy. Br J Urol. 1973;45(1):44–59.PubMed
18.
go back to reference Diokno AC, Hollander JB, Bennett CJ. Bladder neck obstruction in women: a real entity. J Urol. 1984;132(2):294–8.PubMed Diokno AC, Hollander JB, Bennett CJ. Bladder neck obstruction in women: a real entity. J Urol. 1984;132(2):294–8.PubMed
19.
go back to reference Leadbetter GW, Leadbetter WF. Diagnosis and treatment of congenital bladder-neck obstruction in children. N Engl J Med. 1959;260(13):633–7.PubMedCrossRef Leadbetter GW, Leadbetter WF. Diagnosis and treatment of congenital bladder-neck obstruction in children. N Engl J Med. 1959;260(13):633–7.PubMedCrossRef
20.
go back to reference Awad SA, Downie JW, Lywood DW, Young RA, Jarzylo SV. Sympathetic activity in the proximal urethra in patients with urinary obstruction. J Urol. 1976;115(5):545–7.PubMed Awad SA, Downie JW, Lywood DW, Young RA, Jarzylo SV. Sympathetic activity in the proximal urethra in patients with urinary obstruction. J Urol. 1976;115(5):545–7.PubMed
21.
go back to reference Jin X-B, Qu H-W, Liu H, Li B, Wang J, Zhang Y-D. Modified transurethral incision for primary bladder neck obstruction in women: a method to improve voiding function without urinary incontinence. Urology. 2012;79(2):310–3.PubMedCrossRef Jin X-B, Qu H-W, Liu H, Li B, Wang J, Zhang Y-D. Modified transurethral incision for primary bladder neck obstruction in women: a method to improve voiding function without urinary incontinence. Urology. 2012;79(2):310–3.PubMedCrossRef
22.
go back to reference Bellina JH, Schenck D, Millet AH, Denicola CM, Kelly R, Cook A. Outflow uropathy: occupational disorder? J La State Med Soc. 1999;151(8):414–9.PubMed Bellina JH, Schenck D, Millet AH, Denicola CM, Kelly R, Cook A. Outflow uropathy: occupational disorder? J La State Med Soc. 1999;151(8):414–9.PubMed
23.
go back to reference Carlson KV, Rome S, Nitti VW. Dysfunctional voiding in women. J Urol. 2001;165(1):143–7. discussion 147–8.PubMedCrossRef Carlson KV, Rome S, Nitti VW. Dysfunctional voiding in women. J Urol. 2001;165(1):143–7. discussion 147–8.PubMedCrossRef
24.
go back to reference Athanasopoulos A, Gyftopoulos K, Giannitsas K, Perimenis P. Effect of alfuzosin on female primary bladder neck obstruction. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2009;20(2):217–22.PubMedCrossRef Athanasopoulos A, Gyftopoulos K, Giannitsas K, Perimenis P. Effect of alfuzosin on female primary bladder neck obstruction. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2009;20(2):217–22.PubMedCrossRef
25.
go back to reference Akbal C, Genc Y, Burgu B, Ozden E, Tekgul S. Dysfunctional voiding and incontinence scoring system: quantitative evaluation of incontinence symptoms in pediatric population. J Urol. 2005;173(3):969–73.PubMedCrossRef Akbal C, Genc Y, Burgu B, Ozden E, Tekgul S. Dysfunctional voiding and incontinence scoring system: quantitative evaluation of incontinence symptoms in pediatric population. J Urol. 2005;173(3):969–73.PubMedCrossRef
26.
go back to reference Tuygun C, Sertcelik N, Bakirtas H, Cakici H, Cetin K, Imamoglu AM. Usefulness of a new dysfunctional voiding and incontinence scoring system in predicting treatment effect in children with voiding dysfunction. Urol Int. 2007;79(1):76–82.PubMedCrossRef Tuygun C, Sertcelik N, Bakirtas H, Cakici H, Cetin K, Imamoglu AM. Usefulness of a new dysfunctional voiding and incontinence scoring system in predicting treatment effect in children with voiding dysfunction. Urol Int. 2007;79(1):76–82.PubMedCrossRef
27.
go back to reference Scarpero HM, Fiske J, Xue X, Nitti VW. American Urological Association Symptom Index for lower urinary tract symptoms in women: correlation with degree of bother and impact on quality of life. Urology. 2003;61(6):1118–22.PubMedCrossRef Scarpero HM, Fiske J, Xue X, Nitti VW. American Urological Association Symptom Index for lower urinary tract symptoms in women: correlation with degree of bother and impact on quality of life. Urology. 2003;61(6):1118–22.PubMedCrossRef
28.
go back to reference Groutz A, Blaivas JG, Rosenthal JE. A simplified urinary incontinence score for the evaluation of treatment outcomes. Neurourol Urodyn. 2000;19(2):127–35.PubMedCrossRef Groutz A, Blaivas JG, Rosenthal JE. A simplified urinary incontinence score for the evaluation of treatment outcomes. Neurourol Urodyn. 2000;19(2):127–35.PubMedCrossRef
29.
go back to reference Rosenblum N, Scarpero H. Voiding dysfunction in young, nulliparous women: symptoms and urodynamic findings. Int Urogynecol. 2004;15(6):373–7. Rosenblum N, Scarpero H. Voiding dysfunction in young, nulliparous women: symptoms and urodynamic findings. Int Urogynecol. 2004;15(6):373–7.
30.
go back to reference Dupont M, Raz S. Urodynamics: contemporary evolution. In: Nitti V, editor. Practical urodynamics. 1st ed. Philadel: W.B. Saunders Company; 1998. p. 2–4. Dupont M, Raz S. Urodynamics: contemporary evolution. In: Nitti V, editor. Practical urodynamics. 1st ed. Philadel: W.B. Saunders Company; 1998. p. 2–4.
31.
go back to reference Combs AJ, Grafstein N, Horowitz M, Glassberg KI. Primary bladder neck dysfunction in children and adolescents I: pelvic floor electromyography lag time—a new noninvasive method to screen for and monitor therapeutic response. J Urol. 2005;173(1):207–10. discussion 210–1.PubMedCrossRef Combs AJ, Grafstein N, Horowitz M, Glassberg KI. Primary bladder neck dysfunction in children and adolescents I: pelvic floor electromyography lag time—a new noninvasive method to screen for and monitor therapeutic response. J Urol. 2005;173(1):207–10. discussion 210–1.PubMedCrossRef
32.
go back to reference Bradley CS, Smith KE, Kreder KJ. Urodynamic evaluation of the bladder and pelvic floor. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2008;37(3):539–52. vii.PubMedCrossRef Bradley CS, Smith KE, Kreder KJ. Urodynamic evaluation of the bladder and pelvic floor. Gastroenterol Clin North Am. 2008;37(3):539–52. vii.PubMedCrossRef
33.
go back to reference Wein A, Barrett D. Etiologic possibilities for increased pelvic floor electromyography activity during cystometry. J Urol. 1982;127(5):949–52.PubMed Wein A, Barrett D. Etiologic possibilities for increased pelvic floor electromyography activity during cystometry. J Urol. 1982;127(5):949–52.PubMed
34.
go back to reference Kirby AC, Nager CW, Litman HJ, FitzGerald MP, Kraus S, Norton P, et al. Perineal surface electromyography does not typically demonstrate expected relaxation during normal voiding. Neurourol Urodyn. 2011;30(8):1591–6. Kirby AC, Nager CW, Litman HJ, FitzGerald MP, Kraus S, Norton P, et al. Perineal surface electromyography does not typically demonstrate expected relaxation during normal voiding. Neurourol Urodyn. 2011;30(8):1591–6.
35.
go back to reference Mahajan ST, Fitzgerald MP, Kenton K, Shott S, Brubaker L. Concentric needle electrodes are superior to perineal surface-patch electrodes for electromyographic documentation of urethral sphincter relaxation during voiding. BJU Int. 2006;97(1):117–20.PubMedCrossRef Mahajan ST, Fitzgerald MP, Kenton K, Shott S, Brubaker L. Concentric needle electrodes are superior to perineal surface-patch electrodes for electromyographic documentation of urethral sphincter relaxation during voiding. BJU Int. 2006;97(1):117–20.PubMedCrossRef
36.
go back to reference Kessler TM, Fowler CJ. Sacral neuromodulation for urinary retention. Nat Clin Pract Urol. 2008;5(12):657–66.PubMedCrossRef Kessler TM, Fowler CJ. Sacral neuromodulation for urinary retention. Nat Clin Pract Urol. 2008;5(12):657–66.PubMedCrossRef
37.
go back to reference Fowler CJ, Christmas TJ, Chapple CR, Parkhouse HF, Kirby RS, Jacobs HS. Abnormal electromyographic activity of the urethral sphincter, voiding dysfunction, and polycystic ovaries: a new syndrome? BMJ. 1988;297(6661):1436–8.PubMedCrossRef Fowler CJ, Christmas TJ, Chapple CR, Parkhouse HF, Kirby RS, Jacobs HS. Abnormal electromyographic activity of the urethral sphincter, voiding dysfunction, and polycystic ovaries: a new syndrome? BMJ. 1988;297(6661):1436–8.PubMedCrossRef
38.
go back to reference Wiseman O, Kitchen N, Fowler C. Long-term results of sacral neuromodulation for women with urinary retention. BJU Int. 2004;335–337. Wiseman O, Kitchen N, Fowler C. Long-term results of sacral neuromodulation for women with urinary retention. BJU Int. 2004;335–337.
39.
go back to reference Smith PP, Appell RA. Functional obstructed voiding in the neurologically normal patient. Curr Urol Rep. 2006;7(5):346–53.PubMedCrossRef Smith PP, Appell RA. Functional obstructed voiding in the neurologically normal patient. Curr Urol Rep. 2006;7(5):346–53.PubMedCrossRef
40.
go back to reference Voorham-Van Der Zalm P, Pelger R, Stiggelbout A, Elzeveveir H, Nijeholt GAL. Effects of magnetic stimulation in the treatment of pelvic floor dysfunction. BJU Int. 2006;97:1035–8.PubMedCrossRef Voorham-Van Der Zalm P, Pelger R, Stiggelbout A, Elzeveveir H, Nijeholt GAL. Effects of magnetic stimulation in the treatment of pelvic floor dysfunction. BJU Int. 2006;97:1035–8.PubMedCrossRef
41.
go back to reference McKenna PH, Herndon CDA, Connery S, Ferrer FA. Pelvic floor muscle retraining for pediatric voiding dysfuntion using interactive computer games. J Urol. 1999;162(3):1056–62.PubMedCrossRef McKenna PH, Herndon CDA, Connery S, Ferrer FA. Pelvic floor muscle retraining for pediatric voiding dysfuntion using interactive computer games. J Urol. 1999;162(3):1056–62.PubMedCrossRef
42.
go back to reference Barroso U, Lordêlo P, Lopes AA, Andrade J, Macedo A, Ortiz V. Nonpharmacological treatment of lower urinary tract dysfunction using biofeedback and transcutaneous electrical stimulation: a pilot study. BJU Int. 2006;98(1):166–71.PubMedCrossRef Barroso U, Lordêlo P, Lopes AA, Andrade J, Macedo A, Ortiz V. Nonpharmacological treatment of lower urinary tract dysfunction using biofeedback and transcutaneous electrical stimulation: a pilot study. BJU Int. 2006;98(1):166–71.PubMedCrossRef
43.
go back to reference • Minardi D, d'Anzeo G, Parri G, Polito M, Piergallina M, Asmar El Z, et al. The role of uroflowmetry biofeedback and biofeedback training of the pelvic floor muscles in the treatment of recurrent urinary tract infections in women with dysfunctional voiding: a randomized controlled prospective study. Urology. 2010;75(6):1299–304. This is a secondary analysis of EMG data from the SISTer trial (a multicenter trial for stress urinary incontinence). EMG activity measured by perineal surface patch electrodes did not measure the expected pelvic floor and urethral sphincter relaxation during voiding. This highlights that increased EMG activity needs to be interpreted in the appropriate clinical context.PubMedCrossRef • Minardi D, d'Anzeo G, Parri G, Polito M, Piergallina M, Asmar El Z, et al. The role of uroflowmetry biofeedback and biofeedback training of the pelvic floor muscles in the treatment of recurrent urinary tract infections in women with dysfunctional voiding: a randomized controlled prospective study. Urology. 2010;75(6):1299–304. This is a secondary analysis of EMG data from the SISTer trial (a multicenter trial for stress urinary incontinence). EMG activity measured by perineal surface patch electrodes did not measure the expected pelvic floor and urethral sphincter relaxation during voiding. This highlights that increased EMG activity needs to be interpreted in the appropriate clinical context.PubMedCrossRef
44.
go back to reference Franco I, Landau-Dyer L, Isom-Batz G, Collett T, Reda EF. The use of botulinum toxin A injection for the management of external sphincter dyssynergia in neurologically normal children. J Urol. 2007;178(4, Supplement 1):1775–80. Franco I, Landau-Dyer L, Isom-Batz G, Collett T, Reda EF. The use of botulinum toxin A injection for the management of external sphincter dyssynergia in neurologically normal children. J Urol. 2007;178(4, Supplement 1):1775–80.
45.
go back to reference Fan Y-H, Lin ATL, Wu H-M, Hong C-J, Chen K-K. Psychological profile of female patients with dysfunctional voiding. Urology. 2008;71(4):625–9.PubMedCrossRef Fan Y-H, Lin ATL, Wu H-M, Hong C-J, Chen K-K. Psychological profile of female patients with dysfunctional voiding. Urology. 2008;71(4):625–9.PubMedCrossRef
46.
go back to reference Pannek J, Einig E-M, Einig W. Clinical management of bladder dysfunction caused by sexual abuse. Urol Int. 2009;82(4):420–5.PubMedCrossRef Pannek J, Einig E-M, Einig W. Clinical management of bladder dysfunction caused by sexual abuse. Urol Int. 2009;82(4):420–5.PubMedCrossRef
47.
go back to reference Fandel T, Tanagho EA. Neuromodulation in voiding dysfunction: a historical overview of neurostimulation and its application. Urol Clin North Am. 2005;32(1):1–10.PubMedCrossRef Fandel T, Tanagho EA. Neuromodulation in voiding dysfunction: a historical overview of neurostimulation and its application. Urol Clin North Am. 2005;32(1):1–10.PubMedCrossRef
48.
go back to reference Roth TJ, Vandersteen DR, Hollatz P, Inman BA, Reinberg YE. Sacral neuromodulation for the dysfunctional elimination syndrome: a single center experience with 20 children. J Urol. 2008;180(1):306–11.PubMedCrossRef Roth TJ, Vandersteen DR, Hollatz P, Inman BA, Reinberg YE. Sacral neuromodulation for the dysfunctional elimination syndrome: a single center experience with 20 children. J Urol. 2008;180(1):306–11.PubMedCrossRef
49.
go back to reference Xu D, Qu C, Meng H, Ren J, Zhu Y, Min Z, et al. Dysfunctional voiding confirmed by transdermal perineal electromyography, and its effective treatment with baclofen in women with lower urinary tract symptoms: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial. BJU Int. 2007;100(3):588–92.PubMedCrossRef Xu D, Qu C, Meng H, Ren J, Zhu Y, Min Z, et al. Dysfunctional voiding confirmed by transdermal perineal electromyography, and its effective treatment with baclofen in women with lower urinary tract symptoms: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover trial. BJU Int. 2007;100(3):588–92.PubMedCrossRef
50.
go back to reference Ayan S, Kaya K, Topsakal K, Kilicarslan H. Efficacy of tolterodine as a first-line treatment for non-neurogenic voiding dysfunction in children. BJU Int. 2005;96:411–4.PubMedCrossRef Ayan S, Kaya K, Topsakal K, Kilicarslan H. Efficacy of tolterodine as a first-line treatment for non-neurogenic voiding dysfunction in children. BJU Int. 2005;96:411–4.PubMedCrossRef
51.
go back to reference Ayan S, Topsakal K, Gokce G, Gultekin EY. Efficacy of combined anticholinergic treatment and behavioral modification as a first line treatment for nonneurogenic and nonanatomical voiding dysfunction in children: a randomized controlled trial. J Urol. 2007;177(6):2325–9.PubMedCrossRef Ayan S, Topsakal K, Gokce G, Gultekin EY. Efficacy of combined anticholinergic treatment and behavioral modification as a first line treatment for nonneurogenic and nonanatomical voiding dysfunction in children: a randomized controlled trial. J Urol. 2007;177(6):2325–9.PubMedCrossRef
52.
go back to reference Rogalski MJ, Kellogg-Spadt S, Hoffmann AR, Fariello JY, Whitmore KE. Retrospective chart review of vaginal diazepam suppository use in high-tone pelvic floor dysfunction. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2010;21(7):895–9.CrossRef Rogalski MJ, Kellogg-Spadt S, Hoffmann AR, Fariello JY, Whitmore KE. Retrospective chart review of vaginal diazepam suppository use in high-tone pelvic floor dysfunction. Int Urogynecol J Pelvic Floor Dysfunct. 2010;21(7):895–9.CrossRef
53.
go back to reference Heymen S, Scarlett Y, Jones K, Ringel Y, Drossman D, Whitehead WE. Randomized, controlled trial shows biofeedback to be superior to alternative treatments for patients with pelvic floor dyssynergia-type constipation. Dis Colon Rectum. 2007;50(4):428–41.PubMedCrossRef Heymen S, Scarlett Y, Jones K, Ringel Y, Drossman D, Whitehead WE. Randomized, controlled trial shows biofeedback to be superior to alternative treatments for patients with pelvic floor dyssynergia-type constipation. Dis Colon Rectum. 2007;50(4):428–41.PubMedCrossRef
54.
go back to reference Padmanabhan P, Nitti VW. Primary bladder neck obstruction in men, women, and children. Curr Urol Rep. 2007;8(5):379–84.PubMedCrossRef Padmanabhan P, Nitti VW. Primary bladder neck obstruction in men, women, and children. Curr Urol Rep. 2007;8(5):379–84.PubMedCrossRef
55.
go back to reference Kumar A, Mandhani A, Gogoi S, Srivastava A. Management of functional bladder neck obstruction in women: use of alpha-blockers and pediatric resectoscope for bladder neck incision. J Urol. 1999;162(6):2061–5.PubMedCrossRef Kumar A, Mandhani A, Gogoi S, Srivastava A. Management of functional bladder neck obstruction in women: use of alpha-blockers and pediatric resectoscope for bladder neck incision. J Urol. 1999;162(6):2061–5.PubMedCrossRef
56.
go back to reference Kessler TM, Studer UE, Burkhard FC. The effect of terazosin on functional bladder outlet obstruction in women: a pilot study. J Urol. 2006;176(4):1487–92.PubMedCrossRef Kessler TM, Studer UE, Burkhard FC. The effect of terazosin on functional bladder outlet obstruction in women: a pilot study. J Urol. 2006;176(4):1487–92.PubMedCrossRef
57.
go back to reference Peng C-H, Kuo H-C. Transurethral incision of bladder neck in treatment of bladder neck obstruction in women. Urology. 2005;65(2):275–8.PubMedCrossRef Peng C-H, Kuo H-C. Transurethral incision of bladder neck in treatment of bladder neck obstruction in women. Urology. 2005;65(2):275–8.PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Evaluation of Urinary Retention in Women: Pelvic Floor Dysfunction or Primary Bladder Neck Obstruction
Authors
Benjamin M. Brucker
Victor W. Nitti
Publication date
01-09-2012
Publisher
Current Science Inc.
Published in
Current Bladder Dysfunction Reports / Issue 3/2012
Print ISSN: 1931-7212
Electronic ISSN: 1931-7220
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11884-012-0146-7

Other articles of this Issue 3/2012

Current Bladder Dysfunction Reports 3/2012 Go to the issue

Stress Incontinence and Pelvic Prolapse (RR Dmochowski, Section Editor)

Biologic Materials for Pelvic Floor Reconstruction

Stress Incontinence and Pelvic Prolapse (RR Dmochowski, Section Editor)

Mesh for Anterior Pelvic Organ Prolapse: Where Do We Go Now?

Voiding Dysfunction Evaluation (JT Anger, Section Editor)

Neurological Work-Up for Urge Urinary Incontinence: When and in Whom?

Stress Incontinence and Pelvic Prolapse (RR Dmochowski, Section Editor)

Functional Outcomes for Incontinence and Prolapse Surgery

Stress Incontinence and Pelvic Prolapse (RR Dmochowski, Section Editor)

Lessons Learned from a Decade of Multicenter Cooperative Clinical Trials in Stress Urinary Incontinence