Top

Annals of Nuclear Medicine

Published in:

01-06-2014 | Original Article

Evaluation of analytical reconstruction with a new gap-filling method in comparison to iterative reconstruction in [\(_{ }^{11}\mathrm C\)]-raclopride PET studies

Authors: Uygar Tuna, Jarkko Johansson, Ulla Ruotsalainen

Published in: Annals of Nuclear Medicine | Issue 5/2014

Abstract

Aim

The aim of the study was (1) to evaluate the reconstruction strategies with dynamic [\(_{ }^{11}\mathrm C\)]-raclopride human positron emission tomography (PET) studies acquired from ECAT high-resolution research tomograph (HRRT) scanner and (2) to justify for the selected gap-filling method for analytical reconstruction with simulated phantom data.

Methods

A new transradial bicubic interpolation method has been implemented to enable faster analytical 3D-reprojection (3DRP) reconstructions for the ECAT HRRT PET scanner data. The transradial bicubic interpolation method was compared to the other gap-filling methods visually and quantitatively using the numerical Shepp–Logan phantom. The performance of the analytical 3DRP reconstruction method with this new gap-filling method was evaluated in comparison with the iterative statistical methods: ordinary Poisson ordered subsets expectation maximization (OPOSEM) and resolution modeled OPOSEM methods. The image reconstruction strategies were evaluated using human data at different count statistics and consequently at different noise levels. In the assessments, 14 [\(_{ }^{11}\mathrm C\)]-raclopride dynamic PET studies (test–retest studies of 7 healthy subjects) acquired from the HRRT PET scanner were used. Besides the visual comparisons of the methods, we performed regional quantitative evaluations over the cerebellum, caudate and putamen structures. We compared the regional time–activity curves (TACs), areas under the TACs and binding potential (BP\(_{\text {ND}}\)) values.

Results and conclusions

The results showed that the new gap-filling method preserves the linearity of the 3DRP method. Results with the 3DRP after gap-filling method exhibited hardly any dependency on the count statistics (noise levels) in the sinograms while we observed changes in the quantitative results with the EM-based methods for different noise contamination in the data. With this study, we showed that 3DRP with transradial bicubic gap-filling method is feasible for the reconstruction of high-resolution PET data with missing sinogram bins. The calculated intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) values were similar for all tested methods and validated the test–retest study. The gap-filling and 3DRP method can be used for quantitative PET studies in which high temporal information is crucial and can serve as a reference method for comparison studies of the other reconstruction methods.

http://www.nema.org.

http://www.fda.gov.

http://www.cs.tut.fi/sgn/m2obsi/m2obsiWWW/demos/gapfilling/Gap-Filling.html.

See footnote 3.

The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hospital District of Southwestern Finland. The study subjects were given written information about all the relevant issues involved in this study. A written consent was obtained from each subject. This study was performed according to the ethical guidelines given by the Declaration of Helsinki.

http://www.ndigital.com/medical.

http://www.fil.ion.ucl.ac.uk/spm.

http://www.mathworks.com.

http://dbm.neuro.uni-jena.de/vbm.

Yaqub M, Boellaard R, Kropholler MA, Lammertsma AA. Optimization algorithms and weighting factors for analysis of dynamic PET studies. Phys Med Biol. 2006;51(17):4217.PubMedCrossRef

Johansson J, Oikonen V, Teras M. Quantitative brain imaging using the new, fast iterative histogram-mode reconstruction for the HRRT PET scanner. In: IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record, vol 5. IEEE; 2007. p. 3463–67

Walker MD. Quantitative dynamic 3D pet scanning of the body and brain using LSO tomographs. Manchester: The University of Manchester; 2009

Walker MD, Asselin M, Julyan PJ, Feldmann M, Talbot P, Jones T, et al. Bias in iterative reconstruction of low-statistics PET data: benefits of a resolution model. Phys Med Biol. 2011;56(4):931.PubMedCrossRef

Kinahan PE, Rogers J. Analytic 3D image reconstruction using all detected events. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci. 1989;36(1):964–8.CrossRef

de Jong HW, van Velden FH, Kloet RW, Buijs FL, Boellaard R, Lammertsma AA. Performance evaluation of the ECAT HRRT: an LSO-LYSO double layer high resolution, high sensitivity scanner. Phys Med Biol. 2007;52(5):1505.PubMedCrossRef

de Jong HW, Boellaard R, Knoess C, Lenox M, Michel C, Casey M, et al. Correction methods for missing data in sinograms of the HRRT PET scanner. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci. 2003;50(5):1452–6.CrossRef

van Velden FH, Kloet RW, van Berckel BN, Molthoff CF, Lammertsma AA, Boellaard R. Gap filling strategies for 3-D-FBP reconstructions of high-resolution research tomograph scans. IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 2008;27(7):934–42.PubMedCrossRef

Tuna U, Peltonen S, Ruotsalainen U. Data estimation for the ECAT HRRT sinograms by utilizing the DCT domain. In: IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record. IEEE; 2008. p. 5076–80

10.

Tuna U, Peltonen S, Ruotsalainen U. Interpolation for the gap-filling of the HRRT PET sinograms by using the slices in the direction of the radial samples. In: IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record. IEEE; 2009. p. 3273–79

11.

Tuna U, Peltonen S, Ruotsalainen U. Gap-filling for the high-resolution PET sinograms with a dedicated DCT-domain filter. IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 2010;29(3):830–9.PubMedCrossRef

12.

Karp J, Muehllehner G, Lewitt R. Constrained Fourier space method for compensation of missing data in emission computed tomography. IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 1988;7(1):21–5.PubMedCrossRef

13.

Tuna U, Johansson J, Ruotsalainen U. Comparison of 3D-RP and 3D-OPOSEM reconstructions of the ECAT HRRT PET data. In: IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record. IEEE; 2010. p. 3511–15

14.

Comtat C, Bataille F, Michel C, Jones J, Sibomana M, Janeiro L, et al. OSEM-3D reconstruction strategies for the ECAT HRRT. In: IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Recoed, vol 6. IEEE; 2004. p. 3492–96

15.

Comtat C, Sureau F, Sibomana M, Hong I, Sjoholm N, Trebossen R. Image based resolution modeling for the HRRT OSEM reconstructions software. In: IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Recoed. IEEE; 2008. p. 4120–23

16.

Sureau FC, Reader AJ, Comtat C, Leroy C, Ribeiro MJ, Buvat I, et al. Impact of image-space resolution modeling for studies with the high-resolution research tomograph. J Nucl Med. 2008;49(6):1000–8.PubMedCrossRef

17.

Schabel M. 3D Shepp–Logan Phantom. Math-works. 2006

18.

Alakurtti K, Aalto S, Johansson JJ, Någren K, Tuokkola T, Oikonen V, et al. Reproducibility of striatal and thalamic dopamine D2 receptor binding using [11C] raclopride with high-resolution positron emission tomography. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2010;31(1):155–65.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef

19.

Strother S, Casey M, Hoffman E. Measuring PET scanner sensitivity: relating countrates to image signal-to-noise ratios using noise equivalents counts. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci. 1990;37(2):783–8.CrossRef

20.

Watson C. New, faster, image-based scatter correction for 3D PET. IEEE Trans Nucl Sci. 2000;47(4):1587–94.CrossRef

21.

Keys R. Cubic convolution interpolation for digital image processing. IEEE Trans Acoust Speech. 1981;29(6):1153–60.CrossRef

22.

Loukiala A, Tuna U, Beer S, Jahnke S, Ruotsalainen U. Gap-filling methods for 3D PlanTIS data. Phys Med Biol. 2010;55(20):6125.PubMedCrossRef

23.

Innis RB, Cunningham VJ, Delforge J, Fujita M, Gjedde A, Gunn RN, et al. Consensus nomenclature for in vivo imaging of reversibly binding radioligands. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2007;27(9):1533–9.PubMedCrossRef

24.

Lammertsma AA, Hume SP. Simplified reference tissue model for PET receptor studies. Neuroimage. 1996;4(3):153–8.PubMedCrossRef

25.

Gunn RN, Lammertsma AA, Hume SP, Cunningham VJ. Parametric imaging of ligand-receptor binding in PET using a simplified reference region model. Neuroimage. 1997;6(4):279–87.PubMedCrossRef

26.

Weir JP. Quantifying test-retest reliability using the intraclass correlation coefficient. J Strength Cond Res. 2005;19(1):231–40.PubMed

27.

van Velden FH, Kloet RW, van Berckel BN, Lammertsma AA, Boellaard R. Accuracy of 3-dimensional reconstruction algorithms for the high-resolution research tomograph. J Nucl Med. 2009;50(1):72–80.PubMedCrossRef

28.

Johansson J, Teuho J, Linden J, Tuna U, Tolvanen T, Saunavaara V, et al. Image quantification in high-resolution PET assessed with a new anthropomorphic brain phantom. In: IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record. IEEE; 2013

29.

Akram M, Tuna U, Solevi P, Rafecas M, Ruotsalainen U. Analytical image reconstruction strategies for AX-PET data. In: IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Recoed. IEEE; 2011. p. 4244–48

Title: Evaluation of analytical reconstruction with a new gap-filling method in comparison to iterative reconstruction in []-raclopride PET studies
Authors: Uygar Tuna
Jarkko Johansson
Ulla Ruotsalainen
Publication date: 01-06-2014
Publisher: Springer Japan
Published in: Annals of Nuclear Medicine / Issue 5/2014
Print ISSN: 0914-7187
Electronic ISSN: 1864-6433
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12149-014-0832-y

At a glance: The STEP trials

Springer Medicine

Evaluation of analytical reconstruction with a new gap-filling method in comparison to iterative reconstruction in [\(_{ }^{11}\mathrm C\)]-raclopride PET studies

Abstract

Aim

Methods

Results and conclusions

At a glance: The STEP trials

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Aim

Methods

Results and conclusions

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 5/2014

Is 18F-FDG PET/CT more reliable than 99mTc-MDP planar bone scintigraphy in detecting bone metastasis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma?

Japanese consensus guidelines for pediatric nuclear medicine

Characteristics and trends of research on positron emission tomography: a bibliometric analysis, 2002–2012

Lymphoscintigraphy in early-stage non-small cell lung cancer with technetium-99m nanocolloids and hybrid SPECT/CT: a pilot project

Radioiodine uptake in a renal cyst mimicking a metastasis in a patient affected by differentiated thyroid cancer: case report and review of the literature

Correlation between 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and pathologic differentiation in pancreatic cancer