Top

Published in:

01-04-2024 | Original Paper

Ethical Implications of the Impact of Fracking on Brain Health

Authors: Ava Grier, Judy Illes

Published in: Neuroethics | Issue 1/2024

Abstract

Environmental ethicists and experts in human health have raised concerns about the effects of hydraulic fracking to access natural oil and gas resources found deep in shale rock formations on surrounding ecosystems and communities. In this study, we analyzed the prevalence of discourse on brain and mental health, and ethics, in the peer-reviewed and grey literature in the five-year period between 2016 and 2022. A total of 84 articles met inclusion criteria for analysis. Seventy-six percent (76%) mentioned impacts on brain (e.g., neural tube defects, neurological symptoms), and mental health (e.g., negative psychological effects, stress, depression) briefly; 11 reports dedicated substantive discourse to either or both together. References to safety (77%) dominated the ethics context. Discussion of environmental injustices as fracking sites disproportionately affect vulnerable communities appeared in 38% of the papers. We examine the findings through the lens of environmental neuroethics that brings human-made changes to the environment, brain and mental health, and ethics together into three interwoven lines of inquiry.

Hausman, C. and R. Kellogg. 2015. welfare and distributional implications of shale gas. Brookings Papers on Economic Activity. 71–139. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43684099

Feyrer, J., E.T. Mansur, and B. Sacerdote. 2017. geographic dispersion of economic shocks: evidence from the fracking revolution. American Economic Review 107 (4): 1313–1334. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20151326.CrossRef

Wang, Q., X. Chen, A.N. Jha, and H. Rogers. 2014. Natural gas from shale formation – The evolution, evidences and challenges of shale gas revolution in United States. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 30: 1–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.08.065.CrossRef

Hassett, K., and A. Mathur. 2013. Benefits of Hydraulic Fracking. Oil and Natural Gas, Oxford Energy Forum. 91: 11–14.

Loomis, J., and M. Haefele. 2017. Quantifying Market and Non-market Benefits and Costs of Hydraulic Fracturing in the United States: A Summary of the Literature. Ecological Economics. 138: 160–167.CrossRef

NES Fircroft. 2022. A brief history of fracking. https://www.nesfircroft.com/resources/blog/a-brief-history-offracking/#:~:text=The%20process%20of%20fracturing%20to,in%20%27shooting%20the%20well%27. Accessed 30 Jan 2024.

Thomas, M., N. Pidgeon, D. Evensen, T. Partridge, A. Hasell, C. Enders, B.H. Harthorn, and M. Bradshaw. 2017. Public perceptions of hydraulic fracturing for shale gas and oil in the United States and Canada: Public perceptions of hydraulic fracturing. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change 8: E450. https://doi.org/10.1002/wcc.450.CrossRef

Brown, E., K. Hartman, C. P. Borick, B. G. Rabe, and T. M. Ivacko. 2013. The national surveys on energy and environment public opinion on fracking: Perspectives from Michigan and Pennsylvania. Center for Local, State, and Urban Policy (CLOSUP), Survery Report: Climate Policy Options. SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2313276.

Theodori, G. 2009. Paradoxical perceptions of problems associated with unconventional natural gas development. Journal of Rural Social Sciences 24 (3): Article 7.

10.

Mayer, A., S.K. Olson-Hazboun, and S. Malin. 2018. Fracking Fortunes: Economic Well-being and Oil and Gas Development along the Urban-Rural Continuum. Rural Sociology 83: 532–567. https://doi.org/10.1111/ruso.12198.CrossRef

11.

Wu, K., G. Paranjothi, J.B. Milford, and F. Kreith. 2016. Transition to sustainability with natural gas from fracking. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments 14: 26–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2016.01.003.CrossRef

12.

Legrand, C. 2020. Why fracking is not an energy transition. Interamerican Association for Environmental Defense (AIDA). https://aida-americas.org/en/blog/why-fracking-is-not-an-energy-transition

13.

U.S. Chamber of Commerce, Global Energy Institute. energy accountability series 2020. What if. . . Hydraulic fracturing was banned? https://www.globalenergyinstitute.org/what-if-hydraulic-fracturing-was-banned-2020-edition.

14.

Concerned Health Professionals of New York and Physicians for Social Responsibility, “Compendium of Scientific, Medical, and Media Findings Demonstrating Risks and Harms of Fracking and Associated Gas and Oil Infrastructure (Ninth Edition),” 2023. http://concernedhealthny.org/compendium/.

15.

McHenry, K. 2017. Fracking Women: A Feminist Critical Analysis of Hydraulic Fracturing in Pennsylvania. IJFAB: International Journal of Feminist Approaches to Bioethics, 10. 79–104. https://doi.org/10.3138/ijfab.10.2.79.

16.

Beebeejaun, Y. 2021. Fracking and epistemic injustice: A feminist critique of knowledge formation. Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space. 2–21; 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1177/23996544211036465

17.

McHenry, K. 2021. Getting Fracked: Gender Politics in Fracking Discourse. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 47, 191 – 207.

18.

Howarth, R., A. Ingraffea, and T. Engelder. 2011. Should fracking stop? Nature 477: 271–275. https://doi.org/10.1038/477271a.

19.

Goldman, G., D. Bailin, P. Rogerson, J. Agatstein, J. Imm, and P. Phartiyal. 2013. Toward an evidence-based fracking debate: Science, democracy, and community right to know in unconventional oil and gas development. Union of Concerned Scientists. Retrieved from https://www.ucsusa.org/sites/default/files/2019-09/fracking-report-full_0.pdf.

20.

Clough, E., and D. Bell. 2016. Just Fracking: A Distributive Environmental Justice Analysis of Unconventional Gas Development in Pennsylvania, USA. Environmental Research Letters. 11: 025001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/2/025001.CrossRef

21.

Cabrera, L. 2017. Pesticides: A Case Domain for Environmental Neuroethics. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 26 (4): 602–615. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0963180117000111.CrossRef

22.

Cabrera, L.Y., J. Tesluk, M. Chakraborti, R. Matthews, and J. Illes. 2016. Brain matters: From environmental ethics to environmental neuroethics. Environmental health : A global access science source 15: 20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12940-016-0114-3.CrossRef

23.

Wilke, R.A., and J.W. Freeman. 2017. Potential Health Implications Related to Fracking. JAMA 318 (17): 1645–1646. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2017.14239.CrossRef

24.

Biggs, S. 2022. Fracking water report. Retrieved from https://stand.earth/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Fracking-water-reportpdf.pdf.

25.

Chen, H., and K.E. Carter. 2017. Characterization of the chemicals used in hydraulic fracturing fluids for wells located in the Marcellus Shale Play. Journal of Environmental Management 200: 312–324.CrossRef

26.

Webb, R., and K.R. Zodrow. 2020. Disposal of water for hydraulic fracturing: Case study on the U.S. In Regulating water security in unconventional oil and gas. Water security in a new world. Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18342-4_11.CrossRef

27.

Holzman, D.C. 2011. Methane found in well water near fracking sites. Environmental health perspectives 119 (7): A289. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.119-a289.CrossRef

28.

Center for Biological Diversity. 2015. Cancer-causing chemicals found in fracking flowback from california oil wells. Retrieved from https://www.biologicaldiversity.org/news/press_releases/2015/fracking-02-11-2015.html.

29.

Lutz, B.D., A.N. Lewis, and M.W. Doyle. 2013. Generation, transport, and disposal of wastewater associated with Marcellus Shale gas development. Water Resources Research 49: 647–656. https://doi.org/10.1002/wrcr.20096.CrossRef

30.

U.S. EPA. 2016. Hydraulic fracturing for oil and gas: Impacts from the hydraulic fracturing water cycle on drinking water resources in the United States (final report). Washington, DC, EPA/600/R-16/236F: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

31.

Bonetti, P., C. Leuz, and G. Michelon. 2021. Large-sample evidence on the impact of unconventional oil an gas development on surface waters. Science 373 (6557): 896–902. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaz2185.CrossRef

32.

Lloyd-Smith, M. 2016. Unconventional gas exploration and production: Human health impacts and environmental legacy. National Toxics Network. Retrieved from https://ntn.org.au/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/NTN-Unconventional-Gas-Report-April-2016-1.pdf.

33.

Kassotis, C.D., K.C. Klemp, D.C. Vu, C. Lin, C. Meng, C.L. Besch-Williford, L. Pinatti, R.T. Zoeller, E.Z. Drobnis, V.D. Balise, C.J. Isiguzo, M.A. Williams, D.E. Tillitt, and S.C. Nagel. 2015. Endocrine-disrupting activity of hydraulic fracturing chemicals and adverse health outcomes after prenatal exposure in male mice. Endocrinology 156 (12): 4458–4473. https://doi.org/10.1210/en.2015-1375.CrossRef

34.

Webb, E., J. Moon, L. Dyrszka, B. Rodriguez, C. Cox, H. Patisaul, S. Bushkin, and E. London. 2018. Neurodevelopmental and neurological effects of chemicals associated with unconventional oil and natural gas operations and their potential effects on infants and children. Reviews on Environmental Health 33 (1): 3–29. https://doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2017-0008.CrossRef

35.

Alawattegama, S. 2013. Survey of Well Water Contamination in a Rural Southwestern Pennsylvania Community with Unconventional Shale Gas Drilling (Master’s thesis, Duquesne University). Retrieved from https://dsc.duq.edu/etd/285

36.

Wollin, K.M., G. Damm, H. Foth, A. Freyberger, T. Gebel, A. Mangerich, U. Gundert-Remy, F. Partosch, C. Rohl, T. Schupp, and J.G. Hengstler. 2020. Critical evaluation of human health risks due to hydraulic fracturing in natural gas and petroleum production. Archives of Toxicology 94 (4): 967–1016. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00204-020-02758-7.CrossRef

37.

Guilarte, T.R. 2010. Manganese and Parkinson’s disease: A critical review and new findings. Environmental Health Perspectives 118 (8): 1071–1080. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.0901748.CrossRef

38.

Gaughan, C., K.M. Sorrentino, Z. Liew, N.P. Johnson, C.J. Clark, M. Soriano Jr., J. Plano, D.L. Plata, J.E. Saiers, and N.C. Deziel. 2023. Residential proximity to unconventional oil and gas development and birth defects in Ohio. Environmental Research 229: 115937. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2023.115937.CrossRef

39.

McKenzie, L.M., R. Guo, R.Z. Witter, D.A. Savitz, L.S. Newman, and J.L. Adgate. 2014. Birth outcomes and maternal residential proximity to natural gas development in rural Colorado. Environmental Health Perspectives 122 (4): 412–417. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1306722.CrossRef

40.

Silbergeld, E.K. 2016. Drinking water and the developing brain. Cerebrum. cer-09–16.

41.

Fontenot, B.E., L.R. Hunt, Z.L. Hildenbrand, D.D. Carlton Jr., H. Oka, J.L. Walton, D. Hopkins, A. Osorio, B. Bjorndal, Q.H. Hu, and K.A. Schug. 2013. An evaluation of water quality in private drinking water wells near natural gas extraction sites in the Barnett Shale formation. Environmental Science and Technology 47 (17): 10032–10040. https://doi.org/10.1021/es4011724.CrossRef

42.

Mazumdar, M. 2017. Does arsenic increase the risk of neural tube defects among a highly exposed population? A new case control study in Bangladesh. Birth Defects Research 109 (2): 92–98. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdra.23577.CrossRef

43.

Soyer, M., K. Kaminski, and S. Ziyanak. 2020. Socio-psychological impacts of hydraulic fracturing on community health and well-being. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17 (4): 1186.CrossRef

44.

Hirsch, J.K., K. Bryant Smalley, E.M. Selby-Nelson, J.M. Hamel-Lambert, M.R. Rosmann, T.A. Barnes, D. Abrahamson, S.S. Meit, I. GreyWolf, S. Beckmann, and T. LaFromboise. 2018. Psychosocial impact of fracking: A review of the literature on the mental health consequences of hydraulic fracturing. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction 16: 1–15.CrossRef

45.

Casey, J.A., H.C. Wilcox, A.G. Hirsch, J. Pollak, and B.S. Schwartz. 2018. Associations of unconventional natural gas development with depression symptoms and disordered sleep in Pennsylvania. Scientific Reports 8: 11375. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-29747-2.CrossRef

46.

Gorski-Steiner, I., K. Bandeen-Roche, H.E. Volk, S. O’Dell, and B.S. Schwartz. 2022. The association of unconventional natural gas development with diagnosis and treatment of internalizing disorders among adolescents in Pennsylvania using electronic health records. Environmental Research 212 (Pt A): 113167.CrossRef

47.

Hays J., McCawley M., and S.B.C. Shonkoff. 2017. Public health implications of environmental noise associated with unconventional oil and gas development. Sci Total Environ. Feb 15;580:448–456.

48.

Aryee, F., A. Szolucha, P.B. Stretesky, D. Short, M.A. Long, L.A. Ritchie, and D.A. Gill. 2020. Shale gas development and community distress: Evidence from England. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17 (14): 5069.CrossRef

49.

Schultz, P. 2002. Environmental attitudes and behaviors across cultures. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 8(1).

50.

Huntington, H.P. 1998. Observations on the utility of the semi-directive interview for documenting traditional ecological knowledge. Arctic 51 (3): 237–242 http://www.jstor.org/stable/40512135.CrossRef

51.

Menzies, C. 2006. Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Natural Resource Management. Traditional Ecological Knowledge and Natural Resource Management. 1–273.

52.

Coffey, Y., N. Bhullar, J. Durkin, M.S. Islam, and K. Usher. 2021. Understanding eco-anxiety: A systematic scoping review of current literature and identified knowledge gaps. J. Clim. Change Health. 3: 100047.CrossRef

53.

Moore, M., S. von der Porten, and H. Castleden. 2016. Consultation is not consent: hydraulic fracturing and water governance on Indigenous lands in Canada: Consultation is not consent. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Water 4. https://doi.org/10.1002/wat2.1180.

54.

Gochfeld M, and J. Burger. 2011 Disproportionate exposures in environmental justice and other populations: the importance of outliers. Am J Public Health. ;101 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S53–63

55.

Peña-Parr, V. 2020. "The Complicated History of Environmental Racism." https://digitalrepository.unm.edu/black-history/10

56.

Johnston, J.E., K. Chau, M. Franklin, and L. Cushing. 2020. Environmental justice dimensions of oil and gas flaring in South Texas: Disproportionate exposure among Hispanic communities. Environmental Science & Technology 54 (10): 6289–6298.CrossRef

57.

Cotton, M. 2016. Fair fracking? Ethics and environmental justice in United Kingdom shale gas policy and planning. International Journal of Justice and Sustainability. 22(2):

58.

Omidire, K. 2020. Access to courts by vulnerable persons in relation to hydraulic fracturing in South Africa. Commonwealth Law Bulletin. 46 (4): 662–688.CrossRef

59.

Behn, C. 2020. Fracking. Ecological Justice. kairoscanada.org

60.

Parfitt, B. 2017. Fracking, first nations and water. Canadian centre for policy alternatives. Retrieved from: https://policyalternatives.ca/sites/default/files/uploads/publications/BC%20Office/2017/06/ccpa-bc_Fracking-FirstNations-Water_Jun2017.pdf.

61.

Hsieh, H.F., and S.E. Shannon. 2005. Three approaches to qualitative content analysis. Qualitative Health Research 15 (9): 1277–1288. https://doi.org/10.1177/1049732305276687.CrossRef

62.

Bondy, S.C., and A. Campbell. 2017. Water Quality and Brain Function. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15 (1): 2.CrossRef

63.

Janitz, A.E., H.D. Dao, J.E. Campbell, J.A. Stoner, and J.D. Peck. 2019. The association between natural gas well activity and specific congenital anomalies in Oklahoma, 1997–2009. Environment International 122: 381–388. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2018.12.011.CrossRef

64.

Aker, A.M., K.W. Whitworth, D. Bosson-Rieutort, G. Wendling, A. Ibrahim, M. Verner, A.C. Benoit, and E. Caron-Beaudoin. 2022. Proximity and density of unconventional natural gas wells and mental illness and substance use among pregnant individuals: An exploratory study in Canada. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health 242: 113962. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheh.2022.113962.CrossRef

65.

Gorski-Steiner, I. and B. Schwartz. 2019. Environmental health concerns from unconventional natural gas developmenthttps://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190632366.013.44

66.

Casey, J.A., D.E. Goin, K.E. Rudolph, B.S. Schwartz, D. Mercer, H. Elser, E.A. Eisen, and R. Morello-Frosch. 2019. Unconventional natural gas development and adverse birth outcomes in Pennsylvania: The potential mediating role of antenatal anxiety and depression. Environmental Research 177: 108598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2019.108598.CrossRef

67.

Tesluk, J., J. Illes, and R. Matthews. 2017. Neuroethics: Perspectives on brain health from a world of change. In Neuroethics: Anticipating the future, 455.

68.

Aczel, M. and K. Makuch. 2019. Shale, Quakes, and High Stakes: Regulating Fracking-Induced Seismicity in Oklahoma, USA and Lancashire, UK. Case Studies in the Environment. 3.

69.

Boyle, M.D., D.C. Payne-Sturges, T. Sangaramoorthy, S. Wilson, K.E. Nachman, K. Babik, C.C. Jenkins, J. Trowell, D.K. Milton, and A. Sapkota. 2016. Hazard ranking methodology for assessing health impacts of unconventional natural gas development and production: The Maryland case study. PLoS One 11(1):e0145368.CrossRef

70.

Haswell, M. R., and A. Bethmont. 2016. Health concerns associated with unconventional gas mining in rural Australia. Rural Remote Health. 2016 ;16(4):3825.

71.

Gorski, I., and B.S. Schwartz. 2019. Environmental health concerns from unconventional natural gas development. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Global Public Health. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190632366.013.44.CrossRef

72.

Malin, S.A. 2020. Depressed democracy, environmental injustice: Exploring the negative mental health implications of unconventional oil and gas production in the United States. Energy Research & Social Science 70: 101720. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2020.101720.CrossRef

73.

Boslett, A., E. Hill, L. Ma, and L. Zhang. 2021. Rural light pollution from shale gas development and associated sleep and subjective well-being. Resource and Energy Economics 64. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reseneeco.2021.101220.

74.

Fisher, M.P., A. Mayer, K. Vollet, E.L. Hill, and E.N. Haynes. 2018. Psychosocial implications of unconventional natural gas development: Quality of life in Ohio’s Guernsey and Noble Counties. Journal of Environmental Psychology 55: 90–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2017.12.008.CrossRef

75.

Mayer, A., S. Malin, L. Mckenzie, J. Peel, and J. Adgate. 2020. Understanding self-rated health and unconventional oil and gas development in three colorado communities. Society & Natural Resources 34: 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920.2020.1734702.CrossRef

76.

Lai, P., K.D. Lyons, G.T. Kyle, and U.P. Kreuter. 2017. Coping with change in rural landscapes: The psychological stress of rural residents experiencing unconventional gas developments. Land Use Policy 67: 487–497. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2017.05.033.CrossRef

77.

Stacy, S.L. 2017. A review of the human health impacts of unconventional natural gas development. Current Epidemiology Reports 4 (1): 38–45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40471-017-0097-9.CrossRef

78.

Bastian, E. 2017. "Drilling and Community Consent: How Oil and Gas Boards Can Address the Public Health Threats Posed by Fracking". Minnesota Law Review. 87. https://scholarship.law.umn.edu/mlr/87

79.

Mazur, A. 2018. Birth and Death(?) of the Anti-Fracking Movement: Inferences from Quantity of Coverage Theory. Soc 55, 531–539 (2018)https://doi.org/10.1007/s12115-018-0305-3

80.

Griffiths, J. 2019. Fracking in the UK: Expanding the application of an environmental justice frame. Local Environment. 24: 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2019.1566891.CrossRef

81.

Holding, S., D.M. Allen, C. Notte, and N. Olewiler. 2017. Enhancing water security in a rapidly developing shale gas region. Journal of Hydrology 11: 266–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2015.09.005.CrossRef

82.

Montpetit, É., E. Lachapelle, and A. Harvey. 2016. Advocacy coalitions, the media, and hydraulic fracturing in the Canadian Provinces of British Columbia and Quebec. In Policy debates on hydraulic fracturing, eds. C. Weible, T. Heikkila, K. Ingold, and M. Fischer. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-59574-4_3.CrossRef

83.

Olive, A. 2016. What Is the Fracking Story in Canada. The Canadian Geographer / Le Géographe canadien. 60. n/a-n/a. https://doi.org/10.1111/cag.12257.

84.

Lachapelle, E., S. Kiss, and E. Montpetit. 2018. Public perceptions of hydraulic fracturing (Fracking) in Canada: Economic nationalism, issue familiarity, and cultural bias. The Extractive Industries and Society 5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exis.2018.07.003.

85.

Berardo, R., F. Holm, T. Heikkila, C.M. Weible, H. Yi, J. Kagan, C. Chen, and J. Yordy. 2020. Hydraulic fracturing and political conflict: News media coverage of topics and themes across nine states. Energy Research & Social Science 70: 101660. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2020.101660.CrossRef

86.

Deziel, N.C., B. Shamasunder, and L. Pejchar. 2022. Synergies and Trade-Offs in Reducing Impacts of Unconventional Oil and Gas Development on Wildlife and Human Health. BioScience 72 (5): 472–480. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biac014.CrossRef

87.

British Columbia Oil and Gas Development Scientific Review Panel. 2019. Scientific Review of Hydraulic Fracturing in British Columbia [PDF]. Government of British Columbia. https://www2.gov.bc.ca/assets/gov/farming-natural-resources-and-industry/natural-gas-oil/responsible-oil-gas-development/scientific_hydraulic_fracturing_review_panel_final_report.pdf

88.

Saiers, J. 2020. Science as a Foundation for Policy: The Case of Fracking. Yale School of the Environment. https://environment.yale.edu/news/article/science-as-a-foundation-for-policy-the-case-of-fracking

89.

Caron-Beaudoin, C., and C.G. Armstrong. 2019. Biomonitoring and Ethnobiology: Approaches to Fill Gaps in Indigenous Public and Environmental Health. Journal of Ethnobiology 39 (1). https://doi.org/10.2993/0278-0771-39.1.50..

90.

Kern, T.A. 2011. A human rights assessment of hydraulic fracturing for natural gas. Environmental and Human Rights Advisory

Title: Ethical Implications of the Impact of Fracking on Brain Health
Authors: Ava Grier
Judy Illes
Publication date: 01-04-2024
Publisher: Springer Netherlands
Published in: Neuroethics / Issue 1/2024
Print ISSN: 1874-5490
Electronic ISSN: 1874-5504
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-024-09546-5

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Ethical Implications of the Impact of Fracking on Brain Health

Abstract

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Springer Medicine

Abstract

Please log in to get access to this content

Other articles of this Issue 1/2024

Health Aspirations for Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS)

Safeguarding Users of Consumer Mental Health Apps in Research and Product Improvement Studies: an Interview Study

Rewriting the Script: the Need for Effective Education to Address Racial Disparities in Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Uptake in BIPOC Communities

Rationales and Approaches to Protecting Brain Data: a Scoping Review

Revisiting Maher’s One-Factor Theory of Delusion, Again

Caregivers of ALS Patients: Their Experiences and Needs