Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

At a glance: The ONWARDS insulin icodec trials

A round-up of the ONWARDS phase 3 clinical trials evaluating the novel weekly insulin icodec in people with diabetes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
BMC Public Health
Published in: BMC Public Health 1/2016

Open Access 01-12-2016 | Research article

Epidemiology of breast cancer: retrospective study in the Central African Republic

Authors: Augustin Balekouzou, Ping Yin, Christian Maucler Pamatika, Ghose Bishwajit, Sylvain Wilfrid Nambei, Marceline Djeintote, Barbara Esther Ouansaba, Chang Shu, Minghui Yin, Zhen Fu, Tingting Qing, Mingming Yan, Yuanli Chen, Hongyu Li, Zhongyu Xu, Boniface Koffi

Published in: BMC Public Health | Issue 1/2016

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

Breast cancer is recognised as a major public health problem in developing countries; however, there is very limited evidence about its epidemiology in the Central African Republic. The aim of this study was to investigate the epidemiological and histopathological characteristics of breast cancer in Bangui.

Methods

This is a retrospective study based on the data collected from pathological anatomy records from 2003 to 2015 in Bangui. A questionnaire was designed to collect information and data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods.

Results

The mean age was 45.83 (SD = 13.5) years. The age group of 45–54 years represented the majority of the study population (29.3%). Over 69.5% of the women were housewives with a moderate economic status (56.9%). Less than 14% of the study population had a level of academic degree and 85.6% lived in cities. The breast cancer prevalence was 15.27%. The age-standardized incidence and death by world population (ASW) were 11.19/100,000 and 9.97/100,000 respectively. 50–54 years were most affected. Left breast cancer is mainly common and the time between first symptoms and consultation is more than 48 months. Most (69%) of the samples analysed were lumpectomy. The most common morphology of breast cancer was invasive ductal carcinoma (64.9%). Scarff Bloom Richardson III was the main grade in both common pathological types, but their proportion showed no significant increase along with time (χ2 = 7.06, p = 0.54). Invasion of regional lymph node differed significantly among the pathological type of breast cancer (χ2 = 24.6, p = 0.02). Surgery and chemotherapy were appropriate treatment yet 84.5% of the cases died.

Conclusion

The findings of this study showed that breast cancer is common and mostly affected women. Epidemiological trends are more or less common to those of developing countries with a predominance of invasive ductal carcinoma. However, most of the women studied live in an urban area and developed the disease in advanced stage. The establishment of an appropriate framework will effectively contribute to promoting the early detection and reducing the incidence of this disease in the population.
Appendix
Available only for authorised users
Literature
1.
Shaukat U, Ismail M, Mehmood N. Epidemiology, major risk factors and genetic predisposition for breast cancer in the Pakistani population. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2013;14(10):5625–9.CrossRefPubMed
2.
Ly M, Antoine M, André F, Callard P, Bernaudin JF, Diallo DA. Breast cancer in Sub-Saharan African women. Bull Cancer. 2011;98(7):797–806.PubMed
3.
Elgaili EM, Abuidriss D, Rahman M, Michalek AM, Mohammed SI. Breast cancer burden in central Sudan. Int J Womens Health. 2010;9(2):77–82.
4.
Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, Dikshit R, Eser S, Mathers C, et al. LOBOCAN 2012 v1.0, Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide: IARC Cancer Base No. 11 [Internet] Lyon, France. In: International Agency for Research on Cancer. globocan.iarc.fr; 2013.
5.
Naderimagham S, Alipour S, Djalalinia S, Kasaeian A, Noori A, Rahimzadeh S, et al. National and sub-national burden of breast cancer in Iran; 1990–2013. Arch Iran Med. 2014;17(12):794–9.PubMed
6.
Mandal A. Breast cancer epidemiology. In. Reviewed. Cashin-Garbutt, BA Hons (Cantab). Saved from URL, April 2014.; 2014.
7.
Bray F, Ren JS, Masuyer E, Ferlay J. Global estimates of cancer prevalence for 27 sites in the adult population in 2008. Int J Cancer. 2013;132(5):1133–45.CrossRefPubMed
8.
Wen S, Ying L, Yingjie H, Fan Z, Yingzhe W, Ying L, et al. Epidemiological and Clinicopathological Trends of Breas Cancer in Chinese Patients During 1993 to 2013. A Retrospective Study. Medicine. 2015;94(26):e820.CrossRef
9.
10.
Qian F, Ogundiran T, Hou N, Ndom P, Gakwaya A, Jombwe J, et al. Alcohol Consumption and Breast Cancer Risk among Women in Three Sub-Saharan African Countries.Fletcher O, ed PloS ONE. 2014;9(9): e106908.
11.
Majeed W, Aslam B, Javed I, Khaliq T, Muhammad F, Ali A, et al. Breast cancer: major risk factors and recent developments in treatment. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2014;15(8):3353–8.CrossRefPubMed
12.
13.
Seredouma E, Doui DA, Koffi B, Bagaza B, Nali MN. Epidemiological and clinical aspects of breast disease in women in Bangui (CAR) [French article]. Med Afr Noire. 2006;5310:572–6.
14.
Koffi B, Sepou A, Doui DA, Goumba C, Djabanga S. Epidemiological and histological characteristics of breast cancers in Bangui [French article]. Med Afr Noire. 2004;1(2):112–4.
15.
Mobima T, Ouiamon R, Koandongui F, Glamende, Koffi B. Histo-sonographic correlation of breast lesions in Bangui (CAR) [French article]. J Afr Imag Med. 2015;4(7):431–8.
16.
Ministere de la Sante Publique: Plan de transition du secteur santé en République Centrafricaine 2015–2016. In. Edited by document fpF; 2015. [French document]
17.
Harris L, Fritsche H, Mennel R, Norton L, Ravdin P, Taube S, American Society of Clinical Oncology, et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology 2007 update of recommendation for use tumor markers in breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(33):5287–12.CrossRefPubMed
18.
Smelser NJ, Baltes PB. International Encyclopaedia of the Social and Behavioural Sciences. In. Edited by Wright J, vol. 15. Elsevier Oxford Science Ltd; 2001.
19.
Adebamowo CA, Ayayi OO. Breast Cancer in Nigeria. West Afr J Med. 2000;19:179–81.PubMed
20.
Smith RA, Caleffi M, Albert US, Chen TH, Duffy SW, Franceschi D, et al. Breast cancer in limited-resource countries: early detection and access to care. Breast J. 2006;12(Suppl 1):S16–S26.CrossRefPubMed
21.
Jatoi I, Anderson W, Rao SR, Devesa SS. Breast cancer trends among black and white women in the United States. J Clin Oncol. 2005;23(31):7836–41.CrossRefPubMed
22.
Carey LA, Perou CM, Livasy CA, Dressler LG, Cowan D, Conway K, et al. Race, breast cancer subtypes, and survival in the Carolina Breast Cancer Study. JAMA. 2006;295(21):2492–02.CrossRefPubMed
23.
24.
25.
Jemal A, Center FM, DeSantis C, Ward EM. Global patterns of cancer incidence and mortality rates and trends. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2010;19(8):1893–07.CrossRefPubMed
26.
Kwong A, Mang OW, Wong CH, Chau WW, Law SC, Hong Kong Breast Cancer Research Group. Breast cancer in Hong Kong, Southern China: the first population-based analysis of epidemiological characteristics, stage-specific, cancer-specific, and disease-free survival in breast cancer patients: 1997–2001. Ann Surg Oncol. 2011;18(1):3072–8.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
27.
Chen W, Zhang R, Zhang S, Zhao P, Li G, Wu L, et al. The incidences and mortalities of Major cancers in China, 2009. Chin J Cancer. 2013;32(3):106–12.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
28.
Chen WQ, Zhang R, Zhang SW, Li N, Zhao P, Li GL, et al. Report of incidence and Mortality in china cancer registries, 2008. Chin J Cancer Res. 2012;24(3):171–80.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
29.
Huo D, Adebamowa C, Ogundiran TO, Akang EE, Campbell O, Adenipekun A, et al. Parity and breastfeeding are protective against breast cancer in Nigerian women. Br J Cancer. 2008;98(5):992–6.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
30.
Rosenberg L, Kelly J, Shapiro S, Hoffman M, Cooper D. Risk factors for breast cancer in South African women. S Afr Med J. 2002;92(6):447–8.PubMed
31.
32.
Swede H, Gregorio D, Tannenbaum SH, Brockmeyer JA, Ambrosone C, Wilson LL, et al. Prevalence and prognostic role of triple negative breast cancer by race: a surveillance study. Clin Breast Cancer. 2011;11(5):332–41.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
33.
Vicini F, Jones P, Rivers A, Wallace M, Mitchell C, Kestin L, et al. Differences in disease presentation, management techniques, treatment outcome, and toxicities in African-American women with early stage breast cancer treated with breast-conserving therapy. Cancer. 2010;116(14):3485–92.CrossRefPubMed
34.
35.
36.
Brinton LA, Shermane M, Carreon JD, Anderson WF. Recent trends in breast cancer among younge women in the United States. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2008;100(22):1643–8.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
37.
Hoffman M, DePinho H, Cooper D, Sayed R, Dent DM, Gudgeon A, et al. Breast cancer incidence and determinants of cancer stage in the western Cape. S Afr Med J. 2000;92(10):1212–6.
38.
Ben Gobrane H, Fakhfakh R, Rahal K, Ben Ayed F, Maalej M, Ben Abdallah M, et al. Pronostic du Cancer du sein a l’Institut de carcinologie Salah Azaiez de Tunis [French]. East Mediterr Health J. 2007;13(2):309–18.PubMed
39.
Ekortarl A, Ndom P, Sacks A. A study of patients who appear with far advanced cancer at Yaoundé General Hospital, Cameroon, Africa. Psychooncology. 2007;16(3):255–7.CrossRefPubMed
40.
Tabar L, Dean PB. A new era in the diagnosis and traetment of breast cancer. Breast J. 2010;16(Suppl 1):S2–S4.CrossRefPubMed
41.
42.
Tre-Yavo M, Sakho SS, Mensah Ado I, Yao Gnagoran V, Laurent L, Ehouman A, et al. FNA of breast malignancies: results of cytology laboratory of the University Hospital of Abidjan [Article in French]. Medecine Afr Noire. 1992;39(1):62–7.
43.
Mengue S. Breast cancer in women at Libreville Hospital Centre: epidemiological, diagnostic and therapeutic. Thesis, 2002, Libreville [Document in French].
44.
Khairy GA, Guraya SY, Ahmed ME, Ahmed MA. Bilateral breast cancer: Incidence, diagnosis and histological patterns. Saudi Med J. 2005;26(4):612–5.PubMed
45.
Darré T, Amegbor K, Sonhayé L, Kouyate M, Aboubaraki A, N’Timo B, et al. Histo-epidemiological profile of breast cancers a report of 450 cases observed in the university teaching hospital of Lome [Article in French]. Med Afr Noire. 2013;60(2):53–8.
46.
Echimane AK, Ahnour A, Adoubi I, Hien S, M’Bra K, D’Horpock A, et al. Cancer incidence in Abidjan, Ivory Coast: first results from the cancer registry, 1995–1997. Cancer. 2000;89(3):653–63.CrossRefPubMed
47.
Edmund DM, Naaeder S, Tettey Y, Gyasi RK. Breast cancer in Ghanaian women: what has changed? Am J Clin Pathol. 2013;140(1):97–102.CrossRefPubMed
48.
Ndamba Engbang JP, Essome H, Mve Koh V, Simo G, Sime Essam JD, Sone Mouelle A, et al. Breast cancer in Cameroon, epidemiological profile histo-epidemiological: about 3044 cases [Article in French]. Pan African Medical Journal. 2015;21(242):7269.
49.
Ohene-Yeboah M, Adjei E. Breast cancer in Kumasi, Ghana. Ghana Med J. 2006;46(1):8–13.
50.
Essiben F, Foumane P, Mboudou ET, Dohbit JS, Mve Koh V, Ndom P. Diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer in Cameroon: a series of 65 cases. Mali Med. 2013;28(1):1–5.
51.
Meye JF, Ngomo KM, Diallo I. Breast cancer hospital in Libreville [Article in French]. Med Afr Noire. 2004;51(8–9):479–72.
52.
Wasserman LJ, Apffelstaedt JP, Odendaal J. Conservative management of breast cancer in the elderly in a developing country. World J Surgical Oncol. 2007;5:108.CrossRef
53.
Amir H, Kwesigabo G, Aziz MR, Kitinya JN. Breast cancer and conservative surgery in Sub Saharan Africa. East Afr Med J. 1996;73(2):83–7.PubMed
54.
Gakwaya A, Kigula-Mugambe JB, Kavuma A, Luwaga A, Fualal J, Jombwe J, et al. Cancer of the breast: 5-year survival in a tertiary hospital in Uganda. Br J Cancer. 2008;99(1):63–7.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral
55.
Central African Republic: National Strategic Framework for the Fight against HIV / AIDS. In. Edited by Health Mo; 2006: 80. [French Document]
Metadata
Title
Epidemiology of breast cancer: retrospective study in the Central African Republic
Authors
Augustin Balekouzou
Ping Yin
Christian Maucler Pamatika
Ghose Bishwajit
Sylvain Wilfrid Nambei
Marceline Djeintote
Barbara Esther Ouansaba
Chang Shu
Minghui Yin
Zhen Fu
Tingting Qing
Mingming Yan
Yuanli Chen
Hongyu Li
Zhongyu Xu
Boniface Koffi
Publication date
01-12-2016
Publisher
BioMed Central
Published in
BMC Public Health / Issue 1/2016
Electronic ISSN: 1471-2458
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-3863-6

Other articles of this Issue 1/2016

BMC Public Health 1/2016 Go to the issue

Study protocol

Study Protocol: A randomized controlled trial evaluating the effect of family-based behavioral treatment of childhood and adolescent obesity–The FABO-study

Research article

Socio-demographic caracteristics and prevalence of risk factors in a hypertensive and diabetics population: a cross-sectional study in primary health care in Brazil

Research article

Comparing the effect of a leaflet and a movie in preventing tick bites and Lyme disease in The Netherlands

Research article

Risk factors for possible serious bacterial infection in a rural cohort of young infants in central India

Research article

Psychosocial determinants of parental human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine decision-making for sons: Methodological challenges and initial results of a pan-Canadian longitudinal study

Research article

The incidence risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in female nurses: a nationwide matched cohort study