Skip to main content
Top
Published in: Current Atherosclerosis Reports 12/2017

01-12-2017 | Vascular Biology (J. Hamilton, Section Editor)

Emerging Associations Between Neutrophils, Atherosclerosis, and Psoriasis

Authors: G. E. Sanda, A. D. Belur, H. L. Teague, Nehal N. Mehta

Published in: Current Atherosclerosis Reports | Issue 12/2017

Login to get access

Abstract

Purpose of Review

Atherogenesis, once thought to be a passive process, is now recognized as a dynamic, immune-driven process. The critical innate immune cells, including neutrophils, normal-density granulocytes, and their newly identified subset low-density granulocytes, are moving to the forefront of interest in cardiovascular medicine due to their abundance in atherosclerotic plaques and chronic inflammatory diseases associating with early cardiovascular disease (CVD) such as psoriasis. In this review, we discuss the emerging roles of neutrophils in CVD and how they play a potential role in early CVD observed in psoriasis patients. This review aims to describe the roles of neutrophils in both early atherosclerosis and psoriasis.

Recent Findings

Recent work has demonstrated mechanistic links between vascular inflammation and neutrophil frequency. Evolving mouse models and clinical trials targeting IL-17-associated pathways continue to elucidate contributions of neutrophils in both atherosclerosis and psoriasis.

Summary

Early animal, in vitro and human studies suggest an important emerging role of neutrophils in atherosclerosis and psoriasis.
Literature
1.
go back to reference Rachakonda TD, Schupp CW, Armstrong AW. Psoriasis prevalence among adults in the United States. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2014;70:512–6.PubMedCrossRef Rachakonda TD, Schupp CW, Armstrong AW. Psoriasis prevalence among adults in the United States. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2014;70:512–6.PubMedCrossRef
2.
go back to reference Prodanovich S, Kirsner RS, Kravetz JD, Ma F, Martinez L, Federman DG. Association of psoriasis with coronary artery, cerebrovascular, and peripheral vascular diseases and mortality. Arch Dermatol. 2009;145:700–3.PubMedCrossRef Prodanovich S, Kirsner RS, Kravetz JD, Ma F, Martinez L, Federman DG. Association of psoriasis with coronary artery, cerebrovascular, and peripheral vascular diseases and mortality. Arch Dermatol. 2009;145:700–3.PubMedCrossRef
3.
go back to reference Mehta NN, Azfar RS, Shin DB, Neimann AL, Troxel AB, Gelfand JM. Patients with severe psoriasis are at increased risk of cardiovascular mortality: cohort study using the general practice research database. Eur Heart J. 2010;31:1000–6.PubMedCrossRef Mehta NN, Azfar RS, Shin DB, Neimann AL, Troxel AB, Gelfand JM. Patients with severe psoriasis are at increased risk of cardiovascular mortality: cohort study using the general practice research database. Eur Heart J. 2010;31:1000–6.PubMedCrossRef
4.
go back to reference von Vietinghoff S, Ley K. Homeostatic regulation of blood neutrophil counts. J Immunol. 2008;181:5183–8.CrossRef von Vietinghoff S, Ley K. Homeostatic regulation of blood neutrophil counts. J Immunol. 2008;181:5183–8.CrossRef
6.
go back to reference Ley K, Laudanna C, Cybulsky MI, Nourshargh S. Getting to the site of inflammation: the leukocyte adhesion cascade updated. Nat Rev Immunol. 2007;7:678–89.PubMedCrossRef Ley K, Laudanna C, Cybulsky MI, Nourshargh S. Getting to the site of inflammation: the leukocyte adhesion cascade updated. Nat Rev Immunol. 2007;7:678–89.PubMedCrossRef
7.
go back to reference Steinberg D, Witztum JL. Lipoproteins and atherogenesis. Current concepts. JAMA. 1990;264:3047–52.PubMedCrossRef Steinberg D, Witztum JL. Lipoproteins and atherogenesis. Current concepts. JAMA. 1990;264:3047–52.PubMedCrossRef
8.
10.
go back to reference Kolaczkowska E, Kubes P. Neutrophil recruitment and function in health and inflammation. Nat Rev Immunol. 2013;13:159–75.PubMedCrossRef Kolaczkowska E, Kubes P. Neutrophil recruitment and function in health and inflammation. Nat Rev Immunol. 2013;13:159–75.PubMedCrossRef
11.
12.
go back to reference Weber C, Noels H. Atherosclerosis: current pathogenesis and therapeutic options. Nat Med. 2011;17:1410–22.PubMedCrossRef Weber C, Noels H. Atherosclerosis: current pathogenesis and therapeutic options. Nat Med. 2011;17:1410–22.PubMedCrossRef
14.
go back to reference Libby P, Ridker PM, Hansson GK. Progress and challenges in translating the biology of atherosclerosis. Nature. 2011;473:317–25.PubMedCrossRef Libby P, Ridker PM, Hansson GK. Progress and challenges in translating the biology of atherosclerosis. Nature. 2011;473:317–25.PubMedCrossRef
15.
go back to reference Seok J, Warren HS, Cuenca AG, Mindrinos MN, Baker HV, Xu W, et al. Genomic responses in mouse models poorly mimic human inflammatory diseases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013;110:3507–12.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Seok J, Warren HS, Cuenca AG, Mindrinos MN, Baker HV, Xu W, et al. Genomic responses in mouse models poorly mimic human inflammatory diseases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013;110:3507–12.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
16.
go back to reference Fan J, Kitajima S, Watanabe T, Xu J, Zhang J, Liu E, et al. Rabbit models for the study of human atherosclerosis: from pathophysiological mechanisms to translational medicine. Pharmacol Ther. 2015;146:104–19.PubMedCrossRef Fan J, Kitajima S, Watanabe T, Xu J, Zhang J, Liu E, et al. Rabbit models for the study of human atherosclerosis: from pathophysiological mechanisms to translational medicine. Pharmacol Ther. 2015;146:104–19.PubMedCrossRef
20.
go back to reference Weber C, Zernecke A, Libby P. The multifaceted contributions of leukocyte subsets to atherosclerosis: lessons from mouse models. Nat Rev Immunol. 2008;8:802–15.PubMedCrossRef Weber C, Zernecke A, Libby P. The multifaceted contributions of leukocyte subsets to atherosclerosis: lessons from mouse models. Nat Rev Immunol. 2008;8:802–15.PubMedCrossRef
21.
go back to reference Mantovani A, Cassatella MA, Costantini C, Jaillon S. Neutrophils in the activation and regulation of innate and adaptive immunity. Nat Rev Immunol. 2011;11:519–31.PubMedCrossRef Mantovani A, Cassatella MA, Costantini C, Jaillon S. Neutrophils in the activation and regulation of innate and adaptive immunity. Nat Rev Immunol. 2011;11:519–31.PubMedCrossRef
22.
23.
go back to reference Drechsler M, Megens RT, van Zandvoort M, Weber C, Soehnlein O. Hyperlipidemia-triggered neutrophilia promotes early atherosclerosis. Circulation. 2010;122:1837–45.PubMedCrossRef Drechsler M, Megens RT, van Zandvoort M, Weber C, Soehnlein O. Hyperlipidemia-triggered neutrophilia promotes early atherosclerosis. Circulation. 2010;122:1837–45.PubMedCrossRef
24.
go back to reference van Leeuwen M, Gijbels MJ, Duijvestijn A, Smook M, van de Gaar MJ, Heeringa P, et al. Accumulation of myeloperoxidase-positive neutrophils in atherosclerotic lesions in ldlr-/- mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2008;28:84–9.PubMedCrossRef van Leeuwen M, Gijbels MJ, Duijvestijn A, Smook M, van de Gaar MJ, Heeringa P, et al. Accumulation of myeloperoxidase-positive neutrophils in atherosclerotic lesions in ldlr-/- mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2008;28:84–9.PubMedCrossRef
25.
go back to reference Rotzius P, Thams S, Soehnlein O, Kenne E, Tseng CN, Bjorkstrom NK, et al. Distinct infiltration of neutrophils in lesion shoulders in apoe-/- mice. Am J Pathol. 2010;177:493–500.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Rotzius P, Thams S, Soehnlein O, Kenne E, Tseng CN, Bjorkstrom NK, et al. Distinct infiltration of neutrophils in lesion shoulders in apoe-/- mice. Am J Pathol. 2010;177:493–500.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
26.
27.
go back to reference Hyafil F, Cornily JC, Rudd JH, Machac J, Feldman LJ, Fayad ZA. Quantification of inflammation within rabbit atherosclerotic plaques using the macrophage-specific ct contrast agent n1177: a comparison with 18f-fdg pet/ct and histology. J Nucl Med. 2009;50:959–65.PubMedCrossRef Hyafil F, Cornily JC, Rudd JH, Machac J, Feldman LJ, Fayad ZA. Quantification of inflammation within rabbit atherosclerotic plaques using the macrophage-specific ct contrast agent n1177: a comparison with 18f-fdg pet/ct and histology. J Nucl Med. 2009;50:959–65.PubMedCrossRef
28.
go back to reference Hosokawa T, Kumon Y, Kobayashi T, Enzan H, Nishioka Y, Yuri K, et al. Neutrophil infiltration and oxidant-production in human atherosclerotic carotid plaques. Histol Histopathol. 2011;26:1–11.PubMed Hosokawa T, Kumon Y, Kobayashi T, Enzan H, Nishioka Y, Yuri K, et al. Neutrophil infiltration and oxidant-production in human atherosclerotic carotid plaques. Histol Histopathol. 2011;26:1–11.PubMed
29.
go back to reference Ionita MG, van den Borne P, Catanzariti LM, Moll FL, de Vries JP, Pasterkamp G, et al. High neutrophil numbers in human carotid atherosclerotic plaques are associated with characteristics of rupture-prone lesions. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2010;30:1842–8.PubMedCrossRef Ionita MG, van den Borne P, Catanzariti LM, Moll FL, de Vries JP, Pasterkamp G, et al. High neutrophil numbers in human carotid atherosclerotic plaques are associated with characteristics of rupture-prone lesions. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2010;30:1842–8.PubMedCrossRef
30.
go back to reference Naruko T, Ueda M, Haze K, van der Wal AC, van der Loos CM, Itoh A, et al. Neutrophil infiltration of culprit lesions in acute coronary syndromes. Circulation. 2002;106:2894–900.PubMedCrossRef Naruko T, Ueda M, Haze K, van der Wal AC, van der Loos CM, Itoh A, et al. Neutrophil infiltration of culprit lesions in acute coronary syndromes. Circulation. 2002;106:2894–900.PubMedCrossRef
31.
go back to reference Kramer MC, Rittersma SZ, de Winter RJ, Ladich ER, Fowler DR, Liang YH, et al. Relationship of thrombus healing to underlying plaque morphology in sudden coronary death. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55:122–32.PubMedCrossRef Kramer MC, Rittersma SZ, de Winter RJ, Ladich ER, Fowler DR, Liang YH, et al. Relationship of thrombus healing to underlying plaque morphology in sudden coronary death. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;55:122–32.PubMedCrossRef
32.
go back to reference Semerad CL, Liu F, Gregory AD, Stumpf K, Link DC. G-csf is an essential regulator of neutrophil trafficking from the bone marrow to the blood. Immunity. 2002;17:413–23.PubMedCrossRef Semerad CL, Liu F, Gregory AD, Stumpf K, Link DC. G-csf is an essential regulator of neutrophil trafficking from the bone marrow to the blood. Immunity. 2002;17:413–23.PubMedCrossRef
33.
go back to reference Singh RB, Mengi SA, Xu YJ, Arneja AS, Dhalla NS. Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: a multifactorial process. Exp Clin Cardiol. 2002;7:40–53.PubMedPubMedCentral Singh RB, Mengi SA, Xu YJ, Arneja AS, Dhalla NS. Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: a multifactorial process. Exp Clin Cardiol. 2002;7:40–53.PubMedPubMedCentral
34.
go back to reference Heidt T, Sager HB, Courties G, Dutta P, Iwamoto Y, Zaltsman A, et al. Chronic variable stress activates hematopoietic stem cells. Nat Med. 2014;20:754–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Heidt T, Sager HB, Courties G, Dutta P, Iwamoto Y, Zaltsman A, et al. Chronic variable stress activates hematopoietic stem cells. Nat Med. 2014;20:754–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
35.
go back to reference Zernecke A, Bot I, Djalali-Talab Y, Shagdarsuren E, Bidzhekov K, Meiler S, et al. Protective role of cxc receptor 4/cxc ligand 12 unveils the importance of neutrophils in atherosclerosis. Circ Res. 2008;102:209–17.PubMedCrossRef Zernecke A, Bot I, Djalali-Talab Y, Shagdarsuren E, Bidzhekov K, Meiler S, et al. Protective role of cxc receptor 4/cxc ligand 12 unveils the importance of neutrophils in atherosclerosis. Circ Res. 2008;102:209–17.PubMedCrossRef
36.
go back to reference Boisvert WA, Rose DM, Johnson KA, Fuentes ME, Lira SA, Curtiss LK, et al. Up-regulated expression of the cxcr2 ligand kc/gro-alpha in atherosclerotic lesions plays a central role in macrophage accumulation and lesion progression. Am J Pathol. 2006;168:1385–95.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Boisvert WA, Rose DM, Johnson KA, Fuentes ME, Lira SA, Curtiss LK, et al. Up-regulated expression of the cxcr2 ligand kc/gro-alpha in atherosclerotic lesions plays a central role in macrophage accumulation and lesion progression. Am J Pathol. 2006;168:1385–95.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
37.
go back to reference Haumer M, Amighi J, Exner M, Mlekusch W, Sabeti S, Schlager O, et al. Association of neutrophils and future cardiovascular events in patients with peripheral artery disease. J Vasc Surg. 2005;41:610–7.PubMedCrossRef Haumer M, Amighi J, Exner M, Mlekusch W, Sabeti S, Schlager O, et al. Association of neutrophils and future cardiovascular events in patients with peripheral artery disease. J Vasc Surg. 2005;41:610–7.PubMedCrossRef
38.
go back to reference Sibley CT, Estwick T, Zavodni A, Huang CY, Kwan AC, Soule BP, et al. Assessment of atherosclerosis in chronic granulomatous disease. Circulation. 2014;130:2031–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Sibley CT, Estwick T, Zavodni A, Huang CY, Kwan AC, Soule BP, et al. Assessment of atherosclerosis in chronic granulomatous disease. Circulation. 2014;130:2031–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
39.
go back to reference Gallin JI, Fletcher MP, Seligmann BE, Hoffstein S, Cehrs K, Mounessa N. Human neutrophil-specific granule deficiency: a model to assess the role of neutrophil-specific granules in the evolution of the inflammatory response. Blood. 1982;59:1317–29.PubMed Gallin JI, Fletcher MP, Seligmann BE, Hoffstein S, Cehrs K, Mounessa N. Human neutrophil-specific granule deficiency: a model to assess the role of neutrophil-specific granules in the evolution of the inflammatory response. Blood. 1982;59:1317–29.PubMed
40.
go back to reference Soehnlein O, Zernecke A, Eriksson EE, Rothfuchs AG, Pham CT, Herwald H, et al. Neutrophil secretion products pave the way for inflammatory monocytes. Blood. 2008;112:1461–71.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Soehnlein O, Zernecke A, Eriksson EE, Rothfuchs AG, Pham CT, Herwald H, et al. Neutrophil secretion products pave the way for inflammatory monocytes. Blood. 2008;112:1461–71.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
41.
go back to reference Lee TD, Gonzalez ML, Kumar P, Chary-Reddy S, Grammas P, Pereira HA. Cap37, a novel inflammatory mediator: its expression in endothelial cells and localization to atherosclerotic lesions. Am J Pathol. 2002;160:841–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Lee TD, Gonzalez ML, Kumar P, Chary-Reddy S, Grammas P, Pereira HA. Cap37, a novel inflammatory mediator: its expression in endothelial cells and localization to atherosclerotic lesions. Am J Pathol. 2002;160:841–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
42.
go back to reference Yu XH, Fu YC, Zhang DW, Yin K, Tang CK. Foam cells in atherosclerosis. Clin Chim Acta. 2013;424:245–52.PubMedCrossRef Yu XH, Fu YC, Zhang DW, Yin K, Tang CK. Foam cells in atherosclerosis. Clin Chim Acta. 2013;424:245–52.PubMedCrossRef
43.
go back to reference Quinn KL, Henriques M, Tabuchi A, Han B, Yang H, Cheng WE, et al. Human neutrophil peptides mediate endothelial-monocyte interaction, foam cell formation, and platelet activation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2011;31:2070–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Quinn KL, Henriques M, Tabuchi A, Han B, Yang H, Cheng WE, et al. Human neutrophil peptides mediate endothelial-monocyte interaction, foam cell formation, and platelet activation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2011;31:2070–9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
44.
go back to reference Podrez EA, Schmitt D, Hoff HF, Hazen SL. Myeloperoxidase-generated reactive nitrogen species convert ldl into an atherogenic form in vitro. J Clin Invest. 1999;103:1547–60.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Podrez EA, Schmitt D, Hoff HF, Hazen SL. Myeloperoxidase-generated reactive nitrogen species convert ldl into an atherogenic form in vitro. J Clin Invest. 1999;103:1547–60.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
45.
go back to reference Daugherty A, Dunn JL, Rateri DL, Heinecke JW. Myeloperoxidase, a catalyst for lipoprotein oxidation, is expressed in human atherosclerotic lesions. J Clin Invest. 1994;94:437–44.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Daugherty A, Dunn JL, Rateri DL, Heinecke JW. Myeloperoxidase, a catalyst for lipoprotein oxidation, is expressed in human atherosclerotic lesions. J Clin Invest. 1994;94:437–44.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
46.
go back to reference Nahrendorf M, Swirski FK. Immunology. Neutrophil-macrophage communication in inflammation and atherosclerosis. Science. 2015;349:237–8.PubMedCrossRef Nahrendorf M, Swirski FK. Immunology. Neutrophil-macrophage communication in inflammation and atherosclerosis. Science. 2015;349:237–8.PubMedCrossRef
47.
go back to reference •• Warnatsch A, Ioannou M, Wang Q, Papayannopoulos V. Inflammation. Neutrophil extracellular traps license macrophages for cytokine production in atherosclerosis. Science. 2015;349:316–20. First manuscript to define cross-talk in atherosclerosis between neutrophils and macrophages. PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef •• Warnatsch A, Ioannou M, Wang Q, Papayannopoulos V. Inflammation. Neutrophil extracellular traps license macrophages for cytokine production in atherosclerosis. Science. 2015;349:316–20. First manuscript to define cross-talk in atherosclerosis between neutrophils and macrophages. PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
48.
go back to reference Zhang R, Brennan ML, Fu X, Aviles RJ, Pearce GL, Penn MS, et al. Association between myeloperoxidase levels and risk of coronary artery disease. JAMA. 2001;286:2136–42.PubMedCrossRef Zhang R, Brennan ML, Fu X, Aviles RJ, Pearce GL, Penn MS, et al. Association between myeloperoxidase levels and risk of coronary artery disease. JAMA. 2001;286:2136–42.PubMedCrossRef
49.
go back to reference Brinkmann V, Reichard U, Goosmann C, Fauler B, Uhlemann Y, Weiss DS, et al. Neutrophil extracellular traps kill bacteria. Science. 2004;303:1532–5.PubMedCrossRef Brinkmann V, Reichard U, Goosmann C, Fauler B, Uhlemann Y, Weiss DS, et al. Neutrophil extracellular traps kill bacteria. Science. 2004;303:1532–5.PubMedCrossRef
50.
go back to reference Fuchs TA, Abed U, Goosmann C, Hurwitz R, Schulze I, Wahn V, et al. Novel cell death program leads to neutrophil extracellular traps. J Cell Biol. 2007;176:231–41.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Fuchs TA, Abed U, Goosmann C, Hurwitz R, Schulze I, Wahn V, et al. Novel cell death program leads to neutrophil extracellular traps. J Cell Biol. 2007;176:231–41.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
51.
go back to reference Urban CF, Ermert D, Schmid M, Abu-Abed U, Goosmann C, Nacken W, et al. Neutrophil extracellular traps contain calprotectin, a cytosolic protein complex involved in host defense against candida albicans. PLoS Pathog. 2009;5:e1000639.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Urban CF, Ermert D, Schmid M, Abu-Abed U, Goosmann C, Nacken W, et al. Neutrophil extracellular traps contain calprotectin, a cytosolic protein complex involved in host defense against candida albicans. PLoS Pathog. 2009;5:e1000639.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
52.
go back to reference Doring Y, Soehnlein O, Weber C. Neutrophil extracellular traps in atherosclerosis and atherothrombosis. Circ Res. 2017;120:736–43.PubMedCrossRef Doring Y, Soehnlein O, Weber C. Neutrophil extracellular traps in atherosclerosis and atherothrombosis. Circ Res. 2017;120:736–43.PubMedCrossRef
53.
go back to reference • Quillard T, Araujo HA, Franck G, Shvartz E, Sukhova G, Libby P. Tlr2 and neutrophils potentiate endothelial stress, apoptosis and detachment: implications for superficial erosion. Eur Heart J. 2015;36:1394–404. This manuscript defines a potential mechanism by which nuetrophils induce endothelial stress. PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef • Quillard T, Araujo HA, Franck G, Shvartz E, Sukhova G, Libby P. Tlr2 and neutrophils potentiate endothelial stress, apoptosis and detachment: implications for superficial erosion. Eur Heart J. 2015;36:1394–404. This manuscript defines a potential mechanism by which nuetrophils induce endothelial stress. PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
54.
go back to reference Villanueva E, Yalavarthi S, Berthier CC, Hodgin JB, Khandpur R, Lin AM, et al. Netting neutrophils induce endothelial damage, infiltrate tissues, and expose immunostimulatory molecules in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Immunol. 2011;187:538–52.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Villanueva E, Yalavarthi S, Berthier CC, Hodgin JB, Khandpur R, Lin AM, et al. Netting neutrophils induce endothelial damage, infiltrate tissues, and expose immunostimulatory molecules in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Immunol. 2011;187:538–52.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
55.
go back to reference Gupta AK, Joshi MB, Philippova M, Erne P, Hasler P, Hahn S, et al. Activated endothelial cells induce neutrophil extracellular traps and are susceptible to netosis-mediated cell death. FEBS Lett. 2010;584:3193–7.PubMedCrossRef Gupta AK, Joshi MB, Philippova M, Erne P, Hasler P, Hahn S, et al. Activated endothelial cells induce neutrophil extracellular traps and are susceptible to netosis-mediated cell death. FEBS Lett. 2010;584:3193–7.PubMedCrossRef
56.
go back to reference Carmona-Rivera C, Zhao W, Yalavarthi S, Kaplan MJ. Neutrophil extracellular traps induce endothelial dysfunction in systemic lupus erythematosus through the activation of matrix metalloproteinase-2. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015;74:1417–24.PubMedCrossRef Carmona-Rivera C, Zhao W, Yalavarthi S, Kaplan MJ. Neutrophil extracellular traps induce endothelial dysfunction in systemic lupus erythematosus through the activation of matrix metalloproteinase-2. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015;74:1417–24.PubMedCrossRef
57.
go back to reference Knight JS, Kaplan MJ. Lupus neutrophils: ‘Net’ gain in understanding lupus pathogenesis. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2012;24:441–50.PubMedCrossRef Knight JS, Kaplan MJ. Lupus neutrophils: ‘Net’ gain in understanding lupus pathogenesis. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2012;24:441–50.PubMedCrossRef
58.
go back to reference Kahlenberg JM, Carmona-Rivera C, Smith CK, Kaplan MJ. Neutrophil extracellular trap-associated protein activation of the nlrp3 inflammasome is enhanced in lupus macrophages. J Immunol. 2013;190:1217–26.PubMedCrossRef Kahlenberg JM, Carmona-Rivera C, Smith CK, Kaplan MJ. Neutrophil extracellular trap-associated protein activation of the nlrp3 inflammasome is enhanced in lupus macrophages. J Immunol. 2013;190:1217–26.PubMedCrossRef
60.
go back to reference Tollefson MM, Crowson CS, McEvoy MT, Maradit Kremers H. Incidence of psoriasis in children: a population-based study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010;62:979–87.PubMedCrossRef Tollefson MM, Crowson CS, McEvoy MT, Maradit Kremers H. Incidence of psoriasis in children: a population-based study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2010;62:979–87.PubMedCrossRef
61.
go back to reference Icen M, Crowson CS, McEvoy MT, Dann FJ, Gabriel SE, Maradit Kremers H. Trends in incidence of adult-onset psoriasis over three decades: a population-based study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2009;60:394–401.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Icen M, Crowson CS, McEvoy MT, Dann FJ, Gabriel SE, Maradit Kremers H. Trends in incidence of adult-onset psoriasis over three decades: a population-based study. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2009;60:394–401.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
64.
go back to reference Rahman P, Elder JT. Genetic epidemiology of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005;64(Suppl 2):ii37–9. discussion ii40-1PubMedPubMedCentral Rahman P, Elder JT. Genetic epidemiology of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005;64(Suppl 2):ii37–9. discussion ii40-1PubMedPubMedCentral
65.
go back to reference Lonnberg AS, Skov L, Skytthe A, Kyvik KO, Pedersen OB, Thomsen SF. Heritability of psoriasis in a large twin sample. Br J Dermatol. 2013;169:412–6.PubMedCrossRef Lonnberg AS, Skov L, Skytthe A, Kyvik KO, Pedersen OB, Thomsen SF. Heritability of psoriasis in a large twin sample. Br J Dermatol. 2013;169:412–6.PubMedCrossRef
66.
go back to reference Tsoi LC, Spain SL, Knight J, Ellinghaus E, Stuart PE, Capon F, et al. Identification of 15 new psoriasis susceptibility loci highlights the role of innate immunity. Nat Genet. 2012;44:1341–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Tsoi LC, Spain SL, Knight J, Ellinghaus E, Stuart PE, Capon F, et al. Identification of 15 new psoriasis susceptibility loci highlights the role of innate immunity. Nat Genet. 2012;44:1341–8.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
67.
go back to reference Risch N, Merikangas K. The future of genetic studies of complex human diseases. Science. 1996;273:1516–7.PubMedCrossRef Risch N, Merikangas K. The future of genetic studies of complex human diseases. Science. 1996;273:1516–7.PubMedCrossRef
68.
go back to reference Langley RG, Ellis CN. Evaluating psoriasis with psoriasis area and severity index, psoriasis global assessment, and lattice system physician’s global assessment. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2004;51:563–9.PubMedCrossRef Langley RG, Ellis CN. Evaluating psoriasis with psoriasis area and severity index, psoriasis global assessment, and lattice system physician’s global assessment. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2004;51:563–9.PubMedCrossRef
69.
go back to reference Lande R, Gregorio J, Facchinetti V, Chatterjee B, Wang YH, Homey B, et al. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells sense self-DNA coupled with antimicrobial peptide. Nature. 2007;449:564–9.PubMedCrossRef Lande R, Gregorio J, Facchinetti V, Chatterjee B, Wang YH, Homey B, et al. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells sense self-DNA coupled with antimicrobial peptide. Nature. 2007;449:564–9.PubMedCrossRef
71.
go back to reference Kim N, Thrash B, Menter A. Comorbidities in psoriasis patients. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2010;29:10–5.PubMedCrossRef Kim N, Thrash B, Menter A. Comorbidities in psoriasis patients. Semin Cutan Med Surg. 2010;29:10–5.PubMedCrossRef
72.
go back to reference Mehta NN, Yu Y, Pinnelas R, Krishnamoorthy P, Shin DB, Troxel AB, et al. Attributable risk estimate of severe psoriasis on major cardiovascular events. Am J Med. 2011;124:775. e1-6PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Mehta NN, Yu Y, Pinnelas R, Krishnamoorthy P, Shin DB, Troxel AB, et al. Attributable risk estimate of severe psoriasis on major cardiovascular events. Am J Med. 2011;124:775. e1-6PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
73.
go back to reference Gelfand JM, Neimann AL, Shin DB, Wang X, Margolis DJ, Troxel AB. Risk of myocardial infarction in patients with psoriasis. JAMA. 2006;296:1735–41.PubMedCrossRef Gelfand JM, Neimann AL, Shin DB, Wang X, Margolis DJ, Troxel AB. Risk of myocardial infarction in patients with psoriasis. JAMA. 2006;296:1735–41.PubMedCrossRef
74.
go back to reference •• Naik HB, Natarajan B, Stansky E, Ahlman MA, Teague H, Salahuddin T, et al. Severity of psoriasis associates with aortic vascular inflammation detected by fdg pet/ct and neutrophil activation in a prospective observational study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2015;35:2667–76. Manuscript demonstrates that vascular inflammation is associated with psoriasis severity and that circulating neutrophil frequecies and their associated proteins are elevated in psoriasis patients. PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef •• Naik HB, Natarajan B, Stansky E, Ahlman MA, Teague H, Salahuddin T, et al. Severity of psoriasis associates with aortic vascular inflammation detected by fdg pet/ct and neutrophil activation in a prospective observational study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2015;35:2667–76. Manuscript demonstrates that vascular inflammation is associated with psoriasis severity and that circulating neutrophil frequecies and their associated proteins are elevated in psoriasis patients. PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
75.
go back to reference Gonzalez-Juanatey C, Llorca J, Amigo-Diaz E, Dierssen T, Martin J, Gonzalez-Gay MA. High prevalence of subclinical atherosclerosis in psoriatic arthritis patients without clinically evident cardiovascular disease or classic atherosclerosis risk factors. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;57:1074–80.PubMedCrossRef Gonzalez-Juanatey C, Llorca J, Amigo-Diaz E, Dierssen T, Martin J, Gonzalez-Gay MA. High prevalence of subclinical atherosclerosis in psoriatic arthritis patients without clinically evident cardiovascular disease or classic atherosclerosis risk factors. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;57:1074–80.PubMedCrossRef
76.
go back to reference •• Dey AK, Joshi AA, Chaturvedi A, Lerman JB, Aberra TM, Rodante JA, et al. Association between skin and aortic vascular inflammation in patients with psoriasis: a case-cohort study using positron emission tomography/computed tomography. JAMA Cardiol. 2017;2(9):1013–8. This manuscript shows treatment of psoriasis skin disease leads to improvement in vascular inflammation. PubMedCrossRef •• Dey AK, Joshi AA, Chaturvedi A, Lerman JB, Aberra TM, Rodante JA, et al. Association between skin and aortic vascular inflammation in patients with psoriasis: a case-cohort study using positron emission tomography/computed tomography. JAMA Cardiol. 2017;2(9):1013–8. This manuscript shows treatment of psoriasis skin disease leads to improvement in vascular inflammation. PubMedCrossRef
77.
go back to reference •• Lerman JB, Joshi AA, Chaturvedi A, Aberra TM, Dey AK, Rodante JA, et al. Coronary plaque characterization in psoriasis reveals high risk features which improve following treatment in a prospective observational study. Circulation. 2017;36(3):263–76. This manuscript shows treatment of psoriasis skin disease improves non-calcified coronary plaque. CrossRef •• Lerman JB, Joshi AA, Chaturvedi A, Aberra TM, Dey AK, Rodante JA, et al. Coronary plaque characterization in psoriasis reveals high risk features which improve following treatment in a prospective observational study. Circulation. 2017;36(3):263–76. This manuscript shows treatment of psoriasis skin disease improves non-calcified coronary plaque. CrossRef
78.
go back to reference Linton MF, Yancey PG, Davies SS, Jerome WGJ, Linton EF, Vickers KC. The role of lipids and lipoproteins in atherosclerosis. Science. 2000;111(2877):166–71. Linton MF, Yancey PG, Davies SS, Jerome WGJ, Linton EF, Vickers KC. The role of lipids and lipoproteins in atherosclerosis. Science. 2000;111(2877):166–71.
79.
go back to reference Mehta NN, Li R, Krishnamoorthy P, Yu Y, Farver W, Rodrigues A, et al. Abnormal lipoprotein particles and cholesterol efflux capacity in patients with psoriasis. Atherosclerosis. 2012;224:218–21.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Mehta NN, Li R, Krishnamoorthy P, Yu Y, Farver W, Rodrigues A, et al. Abnormal lipoprotein particles and cholesterol efflux capacity in patients with psoriasis. Atherosclerosis. 2012;224:218–21.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
80.
go back to reference Fleming P, Kraft J, Gulliver WP, Lynde C. The relationship of obesity with the severity of psoriasis: a systematic review. J Cutan Med Surg. 2015;19:450–6.PubMedCrossRef Fleming P, Kraft J, Gulliver WP, Lynde C. The relationship of obesity with the severity of psoriasis: a systematic review. J Cutan Med Surg. 2015;19:450–6.PubMedCrossRef
81.
go back to reference Gyldenlove M, Storgaard H, Holst JJ, Vilsboll T, Knop FK, Skov L. Patients with psoriasis are insulin resistant. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2015;72:599–605.PubMedCrossRef Gyldenlove M, Storgaard H, Holst JJ, Vilsboll T, Knop FK, Skov L. Patients with psoriasis are insulin resistant. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2015;72:599–605.PubMedCrossRef
82.
go back to reference Harrington CL, Dey AK, Yunus R, Joshi AA, Mehta NN. Psoriasis as a human model of disease to study inflammatory atherogenesis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2017;312:H867–H73.PubMedCrossRef Harrington CL, Dey AK, Yunus R, Joshi AA, Mehta NN. Psoriasis as a human model of disease to study inflammatory atherogenesis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2017;312:H867–H73.PubMedCrossRef
83.
go back to reference Kim J, Krueger JG. Highly effective new treatments for psoriasis target the il-23/type 17 t cell autoimmune axis. Annu Rev Med. 2017;68:255–69.PubMedCrossRef Kim J, Krueger JG. Highly effective new treatments for psoriasis target the il-23/type 17 t cell autoimmune axis. Annu Rev Med. 2017;68:255–69.PubMedCrossRef
84.
go back to reference Millonig G, Malcom GT, Wick G. Early inflammatory-immunological lesions in juvenile atherosclerosis from the pathobiological determinants of atherosclerosis in youth (pday)-study. Atherosclerosis. 2002;160:441–8.PubMedCrossRef Millonig G, Malcom GT, Wick G. Early inflammatory-immunological lesions in juvenile atherosclerosis from the pathobiological determinants of atherosclerosis in youth (pday)-study. Atherosclerosis. 2002;160:441–8.PubMedCrossRef
85.
go back to reference Jonasson L, Holm J, Skalli O, Bondjers G, Hansson GK. Regional accumulations of t cells, macrophages, and smooth muscle cells in the human atherosclerotic plaque. Arteriosclerosis. 1986;6:131–8.PubMedCrossRef Jonasson L, Holm J, Skalli O, Bondjers G, Hansson GK. Regional accumulations of t cells, macrophages, and smooth muscle cells in the human atherosclerotic plaque. Arteriosclerosis. 1986;6:131–8.PubMedCrossRef
86.
go back to reference Galkina E, Kadl A, Sanders J, Varughese D, Sarembock IJ, Ley K. Lymphocyte recruitment into the aortic wall before and during development of atherosclerosis is partially l-selectin dependent. J Exp Med. 2006;203:1273–82.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Galkina E, Kadl A, Sanders J, Varughese D, Sarembock IJ, Ley K. Lymphocyte recruitment into the aortic wall before and during development of atherosclerosis is partially l-selectin dependent. J Exp Med. 2006;203:1273–82.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
87.
88.
go back to reference Gong F, Liu Z, Liu J, Zhou P, Liu Y, Lu X. The paradoxical role of il-17 in atherosclerosis. Cell Immunol. 2015;297:33–9.PubMedCrossRef Gong F, Liu Z, Liu J, Zhou P, Liu Y, Lu X. The paradoxical role of il-17 in atherosclerosis. Cell Immunol. 2015;297:33–9.PubMedCrossRef
89.
go back to reference Cheng X, Yu X, Ding YJ, Fu QQ, Xie JJ, Tang TT, et al. The th17/treg imbalance in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Clin Immunol. 2008;127:89–97.PubMedCrossRef Cheng X, Yu X, Ding YJ, Fu QQ, Xie JJ, Tang TT, et al. The th17/treg imbalance in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Clin Immunol. 2008;127:89–97.PubMedCrossRef
90.
go back to reference Smith E, Prasad KM, Butcher M, Dobrian A, Kolls JK, Ley K, et al. Blockade of interleukin-17a results in reduced atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein e-deficient mice. Circulation. 2010;121:1746–55.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Smith E, Prasad KM, Butcher M, Dobrian A, Kolls JK, Ley K, et al. Blockade of interleukin-17a results in reduced atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein e-deficient mice. Circulation. 2010;121:1746–55.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
91.
go back to reference Ley K, Smith E, Stark MA. Il-17a-producing neutrophil-regulatory tn lymphocytes. Immunol Res. 2006;34:229–42.PubMedCrossRef Ley K, Smith E, Stark MA. Il-17a-producing neutrophil-regulatory tn lymphocytes. Immunol Res. 2006;34:229–42.PubMedCrossRef
92.
go back to reference Chiricozzi A, Guttman-Yassky E, Suarez-Farinas M, Nograles KE, Tian S, Cardinale I, et al. Integrative responses to il-17 and tnf-alpha in human keratinocytes account for key inflammatory pathogenic circuits in psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol. 2011;131:677–87.PubMedCrossRef Chiricozzi A, Guttman-Yassky E, Suarez-Farinas M, Nograles KE, Tian S, Cardinale I, et al. Integrative responses to il-17 and tnf-alpha in human keratinocytes account for key inflammatory pathogenic circuits in psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol. 2011;131:677–87.PubMedCrossRef
93.
go back to reference Ramirez-Carrozzi V, Sambandam A, Luis E, Lin Z, Jeet S, Lesch J, et al. Il-17c regulates the innate immune function of epithelial cells in an autocrine manner. Nat Immunol. 2011;12:1159–66.PubMedCrossRef Ramirez-Carrozzi V, Sambandam A, Luis E, Lin Z, Jeet S, Lesch J, et al. Il-17c regulates the innate immune function of epithelial cells in an autocrine manner. Nat Immunol. 2011;12:1159–66.PubMedCrossRef
94.
go back to reference Nograles KE, Zaba LC, Guttman-Yassky E, Fuentes-Duculan J, Suarez-Farinas M, Cardinale I, et al. Th17 cytokines interleukin (il)-17 and il-22 modulate distinct inflammatory and keratinocyte-response pathways. Br J Dermatol. 2008;159:1092–102.PubMedPubMedCentral Nograles KE, Zaba LC, Guttman-Yassky E, Fuentes-Duculan J, Suarez-Farinas M, Cardinale I, et al. Th17 cytokines interleukin (il)-17 and il-22 modulate distinct inflammatory and keratinocyte-response pathways. Br J Dermatol. 2008;159:1092–102.PubMedPubMedCentral
95.
go back to reference Keijsers RR, Joosten I, van Erp PE, Koenen HJ, van de Kerkhof PC. Cellular sources of il-17 in psoriasis: a paradigm shift? Exp Dermatol. 2014;23:799–803.PubMedCrossRef Keijsers RR, Joosten I, van Erp PE, Koenen HJ, van de Kerkhof PC. Cellular sources of il-17 in psoriasis: a paradigm shift? Exp Dermatol. 2014;23:799–803.PubMedCrossRef
96.
go back to reference Lin AM, Rubin CJ, Khandpur R, Wang JY, Riblett M, Yalavarthi S, et al. Mast cells and neutrophils release il-17 through extracellular trap formation in psoriasis. J Immunol. 2011;187:490–500.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Lin AM, Rubin CJ, Khandpur R, Wang JY, Riblett M, Yalavarthi S, et al. Mast cells and neutrophils release il-17 through extracellular trap formation in psoriasis. J Immunol. 2011;187:490–500.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
97.
go back to reference Taylor PR, Roy S, Leal SM Jr, Sun Y, Howell SJ, Cobb BA, et al. Activation of neutrophils by autocrine il-17a-il-17rc interactions during fungal infection is regulated by il-6, il-23, rorgammat and dectin-2. Nat Immunol. 2014;15:143–51.PubMedCrossRef Taylor PR, Roy S, Leal SM Jr, Sun Y, Howell SJ, Cobb BA, et al. Activation of neutrophils by autocrine il-17a-il-17rc interactions during fungal infection is regulated by il-6, il-23, rorgammat and dectin-2. Nat Immunol. 2014;15:143–51.PubMedCrossRef
98.
go back to reference • Wang Y, Gao H, Loyd CM, Fu W, Diaconu D, Liu S, et al. Chronic skin-specific inflammation promotes vascular inflammation and thrombosis. J Invest Dermatol. 2012;132:2067–75. Manuscript demonstrates that chronic skin inflammation in a murine model leads to increased vascular inflammation and thrombosis. PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef • Wang Y, Gao H, Loyd CM, Fu W, Diaconu D, Liu S, et al. Chronic skin-specific inflammation promotes vascular inflammation and thrombosis. J Invest Dermatol. 2012;132:2067–75. Manuscript demonstrates that chronic skin inflammation in a murine model leads to increased vascular inflammation and thrombosis. PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
99.
go back to reference Madsen M, Hansen PR, Nielsen LB, Hartvigsen K, Pedersen AE, Christensen JP, et al. Effect of 12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced psoriasis-like skin lesions on systemic inflammation and atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolaemic apolipoprotein e deficient mice. BMC Dermatol. 2016;16:9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Madsen M, Hansen PR, Nielsen LB, Hartvigsen K, Pedersen AE, Christensen JP, et al. Effect of 12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced psoriasis-like skin lesions on systemic inflammation and atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolaemic apolipoprotein e deficient mice. BMC Dermatol. 2016;16:9.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
100.
go back to reference Langley RG, Elewski BE, Lebwohl M, Reich K, Griffiths CE, Papp K, et al. Secukinumab in plaque psoriasis—results of two phase 3 trials. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:326–38.PubMedCrossRef Langley RG, Elewski BE, Lebwohl M, Reich K, Griffiths CE, Papp K, et al. Secukinumab in plaque psoriasis—results of two phase 3 trials. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:326–38.PubMedCrossRef
101.
go back to reference Griffiths CE, Reich K, Lebwohl M, van de Kerkhof P, Paul C, Menter A, et al. Comparison of ixekizumab with etanercept or placebo in moderate-to-severe psoriasis (uncover-2 and uncover-3): results from two phase 3 randomised trials. Lancet. 2015;386:541–51.PubMedCrossRef Griffiths CE, Reich K, Lebwohl M, van de Kerkhof P, Paul C, Menter A, et al. Comparison of ixekizumab with etanercept or placebo in moderate-to-severe psoriasis (uncover-2 and uncover-3): results from two phase 3 randomised trials. Lancet. 2015;386:541–51.PubMedCrossRef
102.
go back to reference Jameel A, Ooi KG, Jeffs NR, Galatowicz G, Lightman SL, Calder VL. Statin modulation of human t-cell proliferation, il-1beta and il-17 production, and ifn-gamma t cell expression: synergy with conventional immunosuppressive agents. Int J Inflam. 2013;2013:434586.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef Jameel A, Ooi KG, Jeffs NR, Galatowicz G, Lightman SL, Calder VL. Statin modulation of human t-cell proliferation, il-1beta and il-17 production, and ifn-gamma t cell expression: synergy with conventional immunosuppressive agents. Int J Inflam. 2013;2013:434586.PubMedPubMedCentralCrossRef
103.
go back to reference Salic K, Morrison MC, Verschuren L, Wielinga PY, Wu L, Kleemann R, et al. Resolvin e1 attenuates atherosclerosis in absence of cholesterol-lowering effects and on top of atorvastatin. Atherosclerosis. 2016;250:158–65.PubMedCrossRef Salic K, Morrison MC, Verschuren L, Wielinga PY, Wu L, Kleemann R, et al. Resolvin e1 attenuates atherosclerosis in absence of cholesterol-lowering effects and on top of atorvastatin. Atherosclerosis. 2016;250:158–65.PubMedCrossRef
Metadata
Title
Emerging Associations Between Neutrophils, Atherosclerosis, and Psoriasis
Authors
G. E. Sanda
A. D. Belur
H. L. Teague
Nehal N. Mehta
Publication date
01-12-2017
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Current Atherosclerosis Reports / Issue 12/2017
Print ISSN: 1523-3804
Electronic ISSN: 1534-6242
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11883-017-0692-8

Other articles of this Issue 12/2017

Current Atherosclerosis Reports 12/2017 Go to the issue

Cardiovascular Disease and Stroke (Shyam Prabhakaran, Section Editor)

Improving Regional Stroke Systems of Care

Lipid and Metabolic Effects of Gastrointestinal Surgery (R. Cohen, Section Editor)

Is Mini-Gastric Bypass a Rational Approach for Type-2 Diabetes?

Cardiovascular Disease and Stroke (S. Prabhakaran, Section Editor)

Early Rehabilitation After Stroke: a Narrative Review

Cardiovascular Disease and Stroke (Shyam Prabhakaran, Section Editor)

Community Interventions to Increase Stroke Preparedness and Acute Stroke Treatment Rates

Lipid and Metabolic Effects of Gastrointestinal Surgery (R. Cohen, Section Editor)

The Emergence of “Simpler” Surgical Options to Treat Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome

Live Webinar | 27-06-2024 | 18:00 (CEST)

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

Live: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)

WHO estimates that half of all patients worldwide are non-adherent to their prescribed medication. The consequences of poor adherence can be catastrophic, on both the individual and population level.

Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.

Prof. Kevin Dolgin
Prof. Florian Limbourg
Prof. Anoop Chauhan
Developed by: Springer Medicine
Obesity Clinical Trial Summary

At a glance: The STEP trials

A round-up of the STEP phase 3 clinical trials evaluating semaglutide for weight loss in people with overweight or obesity.

Developed by: Springer Medicine