Efficacy of minimally invasive techniques for enhancement of fracture healing: evidence today

go back to reference Al Mukaimi A, Mokhtar A, Abo El Nass M (2005) The use of locked nails in the treatment of humeral shaft: delayed union and nonunion. Med Princ Pract 14:245–249PubMed Al Mukaimi A, Mokhtar A, Abo El Nass M (2005) The use of locked nails in the treatment of humeral shaft: delayed union and nonunion. Med Princ Pract 14:245–249PubMed

go back to reference Axelrad TW, Kakar S, Einhorn TA (2007) New technologies for the enhancement of skeletal repair. Injury 38:S49–S62PubMed Axelrad TW, Kakar S, Einhorn TA (2007) New technologies for the enhancement of skeletal repair. Injury 38:S49–S62PubMed

go back to reference Babhulkar SS, Pande KC, Babhulkar S (1995) Ankle instability after fibular resection. J Bone Joint Surg Br 77:258–261PubMed Babhulkar SS, Pande KC, Babhulkar S (1995) Ankle instability after fibular resection. J Bone Joint Surg Br 77:258–261PubMed

go back to reference Betz OB, Betz VM, Nazarian A, Pilapil CG, Vrahas MS, Bouxsein ML, Gerstenfeld LC, Einhorn TA, Evans CH (2006) Direct percutaneous gene delivery to enhance healing of segmental bone defects. J Bone Joint Surg Am 88:355–365PubMed Betz OB, Betz VM, Nazarian A, Pilapil CG, Vrahas MS, Bouxsein ML, Gerstenfeld LC, Einhorn TA, Evans CH (2006) Direct percutaneous gene delivery to enhance healing of segmental bone defects. J Bone Joint Surg Am 88:355–365PubMed

go back to reference Betz VM, Betz OB, Glatt V, Gerstenfeld LC, Einhorn TA, Bouxsein ML, Vrahas MS, Evans CH (2007) Healing of segmental bone defects by direct percutaneous gene delivery: effect of vector dose. Hum Gene Ther 18:907–915PubMed Betz VM, Betz OB, Glatt V, Gerstenfeld LC, Einhorn TA, Bouxsein ML, Vrahas MS, Evans CH (2007) Healing of segmental bone defects by direct percutaneous gene delivery: effect of vector dose. Hum Gene Ther 18:907–915PubMed

go back to reference Bhan S, Mehara AK (1993) Percutaneous bone grafting for nonunion and delayed union of fractures of the tibial shaft. Int Orthop 17:310–312PubMed Bhan S, Mehara AK (1993) Percutaneous bone grafting for nonunion and delayed union of fractures of the tibial shaft. Int Orthop 17:310–312PubMed

go back to reference Bilic R, Simic P, Jelic M, Stern-Padovan R, Dodig D, van Meerdervoort HP, Martinovic S, Ivankovic D, Pecina M, Vukicevic S (2006) Osteogenic protein-1 (BMP-7) accelerates healing of scaphoid non-union with proximal pole sclerosis. Int Orthop 30:128–134PubMed Bilic R, Simic P, Jelic M, Stern-Padovan R, Dodig D, van Meerdervoort HP, Martinovic S, Ivankovic D, Pecina M, Vukicevic S (2006) Osteogenic protein-1 (BMP-7) accelerates healing of scaphoid non-union with proximal pole sclerosis. Int Orthop 30:128–134PubMed

go back to reference Bishop GB, Einhorn TA (2007) Current and future clinical applications of bone morphogenetic proteins in orthopaedic trauma surgery. Int Orthop 31:721–727PubMed Bishop GB, Einhorn TA (2007) Current and future clinical applications of bone morphogenetic proteins in orthopaedic trauma surgery. Int Orthop 31:721–727PubMed

go back to reference Burwell RG (1964) Studies in the transplantation of bone. VII. The fresh composite homograft-autograft of cancellous bone; an analysis of factors leading to osteonecrosis in marrow transplants and in marrow-containing bone grafts. J Bone Joint Surg Br 46:110–140PubMed Burwell RG (1964) Studies in the transplantation of bone. VII. The fresh composite homograft-autograft of cancellous bone; an analysis of factors leading to osteonecrosis in marrow transplants and in marrow-containing bone grafts. J Bone Joint Surg Br 46:110–140PubMed

go back to reference Calori GM, Albisetti W, Agus A, Iori S, Tagliabue S (2007) Risk factors contributing to fracture non-unions. Injury 38:S11–S18PubMed Calori GM, Albisetti W, Agus A, Iori S, Tagliabue S (2007) Risk factors contributing to fracture non-unions. Injury 38:S11–S18PubMed

go back to reference Calori GM, D'Avino M, Tagliabue L, Albisetti W, d'Imporzano M, Peretti G (2006) An ongoing research for evaluation of treatment with BMPs or AGFs in long bone non-union: protocol description and preliminary results. Injury 37:S43–S50PubMed Calori GM, D'Avino M, Tagliabue L, Albisetti W, d'Imporzano M, Peretti G (2006) An ongoing research for evaluation of treatment with BMPs or AGFs in long bone non-union: protocol description and preliminary results. Injury 37:S43–S50PubMed

go back to reference Caylan R, Bektas D, Dikmen T, Bektas O, Omay SB, Ovali E (2006) Mesenchymal stem cells in iatrogenic facial nerve paralysis: a possible role in the future. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 263:963–967PubMed Caylan R, Bektas D, Dikmen T, Bektas O, Omay SB, Ovali E (2006) Mesenchymal stem cells in iatrogenic facial nerve paralysis: a possible role in the future. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 263:963–967PubMed

go back to reference Centeno CJ, Kisiday J, Freeman M, Schultz JR (2006) Partial regeneration of the human hip via autologous bone marrow nucleated cell transfer: a case study. Pain Physician 9:253–256PubMed Centeno CJ, Kisiday J, Freeman M, Schultz JR (2006) Partial regeneration of the human hip via autologous bone marrow nucleated cell transfer: a case study. Pain Physician 9:253–256PubMed

go back to reference Chang CH, Stanton RP, Glutting J (2002) Unicameral bone cysts treated by injection of bone marrow or methylprednisolone. J Bone Joint Surg Br 84:407–412PubMed Chang CH, Stanton RP, Glutting J (2002) Unicameral bone cysts treated by injection of bone marrow or methylprednisolone. J Bone Joint Surg Br 84:407–412PubMed

go back to reference Chapman MW, Bucholz R, Cornell C (1997) Treatment of acute fractures with a collagen-calcium phosphate graft material. A randomized clinical trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am 79:495–502PubMed Chapman MW, Bucholz R, Cornell C (1997) Treatment of acute fractures with a collagen-calcium phosphate graft material. A randomized clinical trial. J Bone Joint Surg Am 79:495–502PubMed

go back to reference Clokie CM, Moghadam H, Jackson MT, Sandor GK (2002) Closure of critical sized defects with allogenic and alloplastic bone substitutes. J Craniofac Surg 13:111–121PubMed Clokie CM, Moghadam H, Jackson MT, Sandor GK (2002) Closure of critical sized defects with allogenic and alloplastic bone substitutes. J Craniofac Surg 13:111–121PubMed

go back to reference Colterjohn NR, Bednar DA (1997) Procurement of bone graft from the iliac crest. An operative approach with decreased morbidity. J Bone Joint Surg Am 79:756–759PubMed Colterjohn NR, Bednar DA (1997) Procurement of bone graft from the iliac crest. An operative approach with decreased morbidity. J Bone Joint Surg Am 79:756–759PubMed

go back to reference Connolly JF, Guse R, Tiedeman J, Dehne R (1991) Autologous marrow injection as a substitute for operative grafting of tibial nonunions. Clin Orthop Relat Res 266:259–270PubMed Connolly JF, Guse R, Tiedeman J, Dehne R (1991) Autologous marrow injection as a substitute for operative grafting of tibial nonunions. Clin Orthop Relat Res 266:259–270PubMed

go back to reference Connolly JF, Shindell R (1986) Percutaneous marrow injection for an ununited tibia. Nebr Med J 71:105–107PubMed Connolly JF, Shindell R (1986) Percutaneous marrow injection for an ununited tibia. Nebr Med J 71:105–107PubMed

go back to reference Connolly JF (1995) Injectable bone marrow preparations to stimulate osteogenic repair. Clin Orthop 313:8–18PubMed Connolly JF (1995) Injectable bone marrow preparations to stimulate osteogenic repair. Clin Orthop 313:8–18PubMed

go back to reference Dallari D, Fini M, Stagni C, Torricelli P, Nicoli Aldini N, Giavaresi G, Cenni E, Baldini N, Cenacchi A, Bassi A, Giardino R, Fornasari PM, Giunti A (2006) In vivo study on the healing of bone defects treated with bone marrow stromal cells, platelet rich plasma and freeze-dried bone allografts, alone and in combination. J Orthop Res 24:877–888PubMed Dallari D, Fini M, Stagni C, Torricelli P, Nicoli Aldini N, Giavaresi G, Cenni E, Baldini N, Cenacchi A, Bassi A, Giardino R, Fornasari PM, Giunti A (2006) In vivo study on the healing of bone defects treated with bone marrow stromal cells, platelet rich plasma and freeze-dried bone allografts, alone and in combination. J Orthop Res 24:877–888PubMed

go back to reference Devine MJ, Mierisch CM, Jang E, Anderson PC, Balian G (2002) Transplanted bone marrow cells localize to fracture callus in a mouse model. J Orthop Res 20:1232–1239PubMed Devine MJ, Mierisch CM, Jang E, Anderson PC, Balian G (2002) Transplanted bone marrow cells localize to fracture callus in a mouse model. J Orthop Res 20:1232–1239PubMed

go back to reference Einhorn TA, Majeska RJ, Mohaideen A, Kagel EM, Bouxsein ML, Turek TJ, Wozney JM (2003) A single percutaneous injection of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 accelerates fracture repair. J Bone Joint Surg Am 85-A:1425–1435PubMed Einhorn TA, Majeska RJ, Mohaideen A, Kagel EM, Bouxsein ML, Turek TJ, Wozney JM (2003) A single percutaneous injection of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 accelerates fracture repair. J Bone Joint Surg Am 85-A:1425–1435PubMed

go back to reference Faundez AA, Taylor S, Kaelin AJ (2006) Instrumented fusion of thoracolumbar fracture with type I mineralized collagen matrix combined with autogenous bone marrow as a bone graft substitute: a four-case report. Eur Spine J 15:630–635PubMed Faundez AA, Taylor S, Kaelin AJ (2006) Instrumented fusion of thoracolumbar fracture with type I mineralized collagen matrix combined with autogenous bone marrow as a bone graft substitute: a four-case report. Eur Spine J 15:630–635PubMed

go back to reference Feldman DS, Shin SS, Madan S, Koval KJ (2003) Correction of tibial malunion and nonunion with six-axis analysis deformity correction using the Taylor Spatial Frame. J Orthop Trauma 17:549–554PubMed Feldman DS, Shin SS, Madan S, Koval KJ (2003) Correction of tibial malunion and nonunion with six-axis analysis deformity correction using the Taylor Spatial Frame. J Orthop Trauma 17:549–554PubMed

go back to reference Finkemeier CG (2002) Bone-grafting and bone-graft substitutes. J Bone Joint Surg Am 84-A:454–464PubMed Finkemeier CG (2002) Bone-grafting and bone-graft substitutes. J Bone Joint Surg Am 84-A:454–464PubMed

go back to reference Frangakis EK (1966) Intracapsular fractures of the neck of the femur. Factors influencing non-union and ischaemic necrosis. J Bone Joint Surg Br 48:17–30PubMed Frangakis EK (1966) Intracapsular fractures of the neck of the femur. Factors influencing non-union and ischaemic necrosis. J Bone Joint Surg Br 48:17–30PubMed

go back to reference Friedlaender GE, Perry CR, Cole JD, Cook SD, Cierny G, Muschler GF, Zych GA, Calhoun JH, LaForte AJ, Yin S (2001) Osteogenic protein-1 (bone morphogenetic protein-7) in the treatment of tibial nonunions. J Bone Joint Surg Am 83-A:S151–S158PubMed Friedlaender GE, Perry CR, Cole JD, Cook SD, Cierny G, Muschler GF, Zych GA, Calhoun JH, LaForte AJ, Yin S (2001) Osteogenic protein-1 (bone morphogenetic protein-7) in the treatment of tibial nonunions. J Bone Joint Surg Am 83-A:S151–S158PubMed

go back to reference Friedlaender GE (2004) Osteogenic protein-1 in treatment of tibial nonunions: current status. Surg Technol Int 13:249–252PubMed Friedlaender GE (2004) Osteogenic protein-1 in treatment of tibial nonunions: current status. Surg Technol Int 13:249–252PubMed

go back to reference Gangji V, Hauzeur JP, Matos C, De Maertelaer V, Toungouz M, Lambermont M (2004) Treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head with implantation of autologous bone-marrow cells. A pilot study. J Bone Joint Surg Am 86-A(6):1153–1160PubMed Gangji V, Hauzeur JP, Matos C, De Maertelaer V, Toungouz M, Lambermont M (2004) Treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head with implantation of autologous bone-marrow cells. A pilot study. J Bone Joint Surg Am 86-A(6):1153–1160PubMed

go back to reference Gangji V, Hauzeur JP (2005) Treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head with implantation of autologous bone-marrow cells. Surgical technique. J Bone Joint Surg Am 87:106–112PubMed Gangji V, Hauzeur JP (2005) Treatment of osteonecrosis of the femoral head with implantation of autologous bone-marrow cells. Surgical technique. J Bone Joint Surg Am 87:106–112PubMed

go back to reference Garg NK, Gaur S, Sharma S (1993) Percutaneous autogenous bone marrow grafting in 20 cases of ununited fracture. Acta Orthop Scand 64:671–672PubMed Garg NK, Gaur S, Sharma S (1993) Percutaneous autogenous bone marrow grafting in 20 cases of ununited fracture. Acta Orthop Scand 64:671–672PubMed

go back to reference Garg NK, Gaur S (1995) Percutaneous autogenous bone-marrow grafting in congenital tibial pseudarthrosis. J Bone Joint Surg Br 77:830–831PubMed Garg NK, Gaur S (1995) Percutaneous autogenous bone-marrow grafting in congenital tibial pseudarthrosis. J Bone Joint Surg Br 77:830–831PubMed

go back to reference Giannoudis P, Psarakis S, Kontakis G (2007) Can we accelerate fracture healing? A critical analysis of the literature. Injury 38:S81–S89PubMed Giannoudis P, Psarakis S, Kontakis G (2007) Can we accelerate fracture healing? A critical analysis of the literature. Injury 38:S81–S89PubMed

go back to reference Giannoudis PV, Einhorn TA, Marsh D (2007) Fracture healing: the diamond concept. Injury 38:S3–S6 Giannoudis PV, Einhorn TA, Marsh D (2007) Fracture healing: the diamond concept. Injury 38:S3–S6

go back to reference Giannoudis PV, Psarakis S, Kanakaris NK, Pape HC (2007) Biological enhancement of bone healing with bone morphogenetic protein-7 at the clinical setting of pelvic girdle non-unions. Injury 38:S43–S48PubMed Giannoudis PV, Psarakis S, Kanakaris NK, Pape HC (2007) Biological enhancement of bone healing with bone morphogenetic protein-7 at the clinical setting of pelvic girdle non-unions. Injury 38:S43–S48PubMed

go back to reference Giannoudis PV, Tzioupis C (2005) Clinical applications of BMP-7: the UK perspective. Injury 36:S47–S50PubMed Giannoudis PV, Tzioupis C (2005) Clinical applications of BMP-7: the UK perspective. Injury 36:S47–S50PubMed

go back to reference Goel A, Sangwan SS, Siwach RC, Ali AM (2005) Percutaneous bone marrow grafting for the treatment of tibial non-union. Injury 36:203–206PubMed Goel A, Sangwan SS, Siwach RC, Ali AM (2005) Percutaneous bone marrow grafting for the treatment of tibial non-union. Injury 36:203–206PubMed

go back to reference Goulet JA, Senunas LE, DeSilva GL, Greenfield ML (1997) Autogenous iliac crest bone graft. Complications and functional assessment. Clin Orthop Relat Res 339:76–81PubMed Goulet JA, Senunas LE, DeSilva GL, Greenfield ML (1997) Autogenous iliac crest bone graft. Complications and functional assessment. Clin Orthop Relat Res 339:76–81PubMed

go back to reference Govender S, Csimma C, Genant HK, Valentin-Opran A, Amit Y, Arbel R, Aro H, Atar D, Bishay M, Borner MG, Chiron P, Choong P, Cinats J, Courtenay B, Feibel R, Geulette B, Gravel C, Haas N, Raschke M, Hammacher E, van der Velde D, Hardy P, Holt M, Josten C, Ketterl RL, Lindeque B, Lob G, Mathevon H, McCoy G, Marsh D, Miller R, Munting E, Oevre S, Nordsletten L, Patel A, Pohl A, Rennie W, Reynders P, Rommens PM, Rondia J, Rossouw WC, Daneel PJ, Ruff S, Ruter A, Santavirta S, Schildhauer TA, Gekle C, Schnettler R, Segal D, Seiler H, Snowdowne RB, Stapert J, Taglang G, Verdonk R, Vogels L, Weckbach A, Wentzensen A, Wisniewski T, BMP-2 Evaluation in Surgery for Tibial Trauma (BESTT) study group (2002) Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 for treatment of open tibial fractures: a prospective, controlled, randomized study of four hundred and fifty patients. J Bone Joint Surg Am 84-A:2123–2134PubMed Govender S, Csimma C, Genant HK, Valentin-Opran A, Amit Y, Arbel R, Aro H, Atar D, Bishay M, Borner MG, Chiron P, Choong P, Cinats J, Courtenay B, Feibel R, Geulette B, Gravel C, Haas N, Raschke M, Hammacher E, van der Velde D, Hardy P, Holt M, Josten C, Ketterl RL, Lindeque B, Lob G, Mathevon H, McCoy G, Marsh D, Miller R, Munting E, Oevre S, Nordsletten L, Patel A, Pohl A, Rennie W, Reynders P, Rommens PM, Rondia J, Rossouw WC, Daneel PJ, Ruff S, Ruter A, Santavirta S, Schildhauer TA, Gekle C, Schnettler R, Segal D, Seiler H, Snowdowne RB, Stapert J, Taglang G, Verdonk R, Vogels L, Weckbach A, Wentzensen A, Wisniewski T, BMP-2 Evaluation in Surgery for Tibial Trauma (BESTT) study group (2002) Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 for treatment of open tibial fractures: a prospective, controlled, randomized study of four hundred and fifty patients. J Bone Joint Surg Am 84-A:2123–2134PubMed

go back to reference Green E, Lubahn JD, Evans J (2005) Risk factors, treatment, and outcomes associated with nonunion of the midshaft humerus fracture. J Surg Orthop Adv 14:64–72PubMed Green E, Lubahn JD, Evans J (2005) Risk factors, treatment, and outcomes associated with nonunion of the midshaft humerus fracture. J Surg Orthop Adv 14:64–72PubMed

go back to reference Grundel RE, Chapman MW, Yee T, Moore DC (1991) Autogeneic bone marrow and porous biphasic calcium phosphate ceramic for segmental bone defects in the canine ulna. Clin Orthop Relat Res 266:244–258PubMed Grundel RE, Chapman MW, Yee T, Moore DC (1991) Autogeneic bone marrow and porous biphasic calcium phosphate ceramic for segmental bone defects in the canine ulna. Clin Orthop Relat Res 266:244–258PubMed

go back to reference Hak DJ, Lee SS, Goulet JA (2000) Success of exchange reamed intramedullary nailing for femoral shaft nonunion or delayed union. J Orthop Trauma 14:178–182PubMed Hak DJ, Lee SS, Goulet JA (2000) Success of exchange reamed intramedullary nailing for femoral shaft nonunion or delayed union. J Orthop Trauma 14:178–182PubMed

go back to reference Hase T, Miki T (2000) Autogenous bone marrow graft to non-ossifying fibroma with a pathologic fracture. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 120:458–459PubMed Hase T, Miki T (2000) Autogenous bone marrow graft to non-ossifying fibroma with a pathologic fracture. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 120:458–459PubMed

go back to reference Healey JH, Zimmerman PA, McDonnell JM, Lane JM (1990) Percutaneous bone marrow grafting of delayed union and nonunion in cancer patients. Clin Orthop Relat Res 256:280–285PubMed Healey JH, Zimmerman PA, McDonnell JM, Lane JM (1990) Percutaneous bone marrow grafting of delayed union and nonunion in cancer patients. Clin Orthop Relat Res 256:280–285PubMed

go back to reference Hernigou P, Beaujean F (2002) Treatment of osteonecrosis with autologous bone marrow grafting. Clin Orthop Relat Res 405:14–23PubMed Hernigou P, Beaujean F (2002) Treatment of osteonecrosis with autologous bone marrow grafting. Clin Orthop Relat Res 405:14–23PubMed

go back to reference Hernigou P, Poignard A, Beaujean F, Rouard H (2005) Percutaneous autologous bone-marrow grafting for nonunions. Influence of the number and concentration of progenitor cells. J Bone Joint Surg Am 87:1430–1437PubMed Hernigou P, Poignard A, Beaujean F, Rouard H (2005) Percutaneous autologous bone-marrow grafting for nonunions. Influence of the number and concentration of progenitor cells. J Bone Joint Surg Am 87:1430–1437PubMed

go back to reference Hierholzer C, Sama D, Toro JB, Peterson M, Helfet DL (2006) Plate fixation of ununited humeral shaft fractures: effect of type of bone graft on healing. J Bone Joint Surg Am 88:1442–1447PubMed Hierholzer C, Sama D, Toro JB, Peterson M, Helfet DL (2006) Plate fixation of ununited humeral shaft fractures: effect of type of bone graft on healing. J Bone Joint Surg Am 88:1442–1447PubMed

go back to reference Hill NM, Horne JG, Devane PA (1999) Donor site morbidity in the iliac crest bone graft. Aust NZ J Surg 69:726–728 Hill NM, Horne JG, Devane PA (1999) Donor site morbidity in the iliac crest bone graft. Aust NZ J Surg 69:726–728

go back to reference Hollinger JO, Hart CE, Hirsch SN, Lynch S, Friedlaender GE (2008) Recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor: biology and clinical applications. J Bone Joint Surg Am 90:48–54PubMed Hollinger JO, Hart CE, Hirsch SN, Lynch S, Friedlaender GE (2008) Recombinant human platelet-derived growth factor: biology and clinical applications. J Bone Joint Surg Am 90:48–54PubMed

go back to reference Johnson LL, Morrison KM, Wood DL (2000) The application of arthroscopic principles to bone grafting of delayed union of long bone fractures. Arthroscopy 16:279–289PubMedCrossRef Johnson LL, Morrison KM, Wood DL (2000) The application of arthroscopic principles to bone grafting of delayed union of long bone fractures. Arthroscopy 16:279–289PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Jones CB, Mayo KA (2005) Nonunion treatment: iliac crest bone graft techniques. J Orthop Trauma 19:S11–S13PubMed Jones CB, Mayo KA (2005) Nonunion treatment: iliac crest bone graft techniques. J Orthop Trauma 19:S11–S13PubMed

go back to reference Kanakaris NK, Giannoudis PV (2007) The health economics of the treatment of long-bone non-unions. Injury 38:S77–S84PubMed Kanakaris NK, Giannoudis PV (2007) The health economics of the treatment of long-bone non-unions. Injury 38:S77–S84PubMed

go back to reference Kanakaris NK, Paliobeis C, Nlanidakis N, Giannoudis PV (2007) Biological enhancement of tibial diaphyseal aseptic non-unions: the efficacy of autologous bone grafting, BMPs and reaming by-products. Injury 38:S65–S75PubMed Kanakaris NK, Paliobeis C, Nlanidakis N, Giannoudis PV (2007) Biological enhancement of tibial diaphyseal aseptic non-unions: the efficacy of autologous bone grafting, BMPs and reaming by-products. Injury 38:S65–S75PubMed

go back to reference Kawcak CE, Trotter GW, Powers BE, Park RD, Turner AS (2000) Comparison of bone healing by demineralized bone matrix and autogenous cancellous bone in horses. Vet Surg 29:218–226PubMed Kawcak CE, Trotter GW, Powers BE, Park RD, Turner AS (2000) Comparison of bone healing by demineralized bone matrix and autogenous cancellous bone in horses. Vet Surg 29:218–226PubMed

go back to reference Kettunen J, Makela EA, Turunen V, Suomalainen O, Partanen K (2002) Percutaneous bone grafting in the treatment of the delayed union and non-union of tibial fractures. Injury 33:239–245PubMed Kettunen J, Makela EA, Turunen V, Suomalainen O, Partanen K (2002) Percutaneous bone grafting in the treatment of the delayed union and non-union of tibial fractures. Injury 33:239–245PubMed

go back to reference Khanal GP, Garg M, Singh GK (2004) A prospective randomized trial of percutaneous marrow injection in a series of closed fresh tibial fractures. Int Orthop 28(3):167–170PubMed Khanal GP, Garg M, Singh GK (2004) A prospective randomized trial of percutaneous marrow injection in a series of closed fresh tibial fractures. Int Orthop 28(3):167–170PubMed

go back to reference Kitoh H, Kitakoji T, Tsuchiya H, Mitsuyama H, Nakamura H, Katoh M, Ishiguro N (2004) Transplantation of marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and platelet-rich plasma during distraction osteogenesis—a preliminary result of three cases. Bone 35:892–898PubMed Kitoh H, Kitakoji T, Tsuchiya H, Mitsuyama H, Nakamura H, Katoh M, Ishiguro N (2004) Transplantation of marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells and platelet-rich plasma during distraction osteogenesis—a preliminary result of three cases. Bone 35:892–898PubMed

go back to reference Kocialkowski A, Wallace WA, Prince HG (1990) Clinical experience with a new artificial bone graft: preliminary results of a prospective study. Injury 21:142–144PubMed Kocialkowski A, Wallace WA, Prince HG (1990) Clinical experience with a new artificial bone graft: preliminary results of a prospective study. Injury 21:142–144PubMed

go back to reference Koller M, Lorenz W (2007) Study types and study issues in clinical medicine. Forensic Sci Int 165:98–107PubMed Koller M, Lorenz W (2007) Study types and study issues in clinical medicine. Forensic Sci Int 165:98–107PubMed

go back to reference Liang YT, Zhang BX, Lu SB (1999) Experimental study and clinical application on osteogenesis of percutaneous autogenous bone marrow grafting in bone defects. Zhongguo Xiu Fu Chong Jian Wai Ke Za Zhi 13:148–151PubMed Liang YT, Zhang BX, Lu SB (1999) Experimental study and clinical application on osteogenesis of percutaneous autogenous bone marrow grafting in bone defects. Zhongguo Xiu Fu Chong Jian Wai Ke Za Zhi 13:148–151PubMed

go back to reference Lim JK, Hui J, Li L, Thambyah A, Goh J, Lee EH (2004) Enhancement of tendon graft osteointegration using mesenchymal stem cells in a rabbit model of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy 20:899–910PubMed Lim JK, Hui J, Li L, Thambyah A, Goh J, Lee EH (2004) Enhancement of tendon graft osteointegration using mesenchymal stem cells in a rabbit model of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Arthroscopy 20:899–910PubMed

go back to reference Ma HL, Chen TH, Hung SC (2004) Development of a new method in promoting fracture healing: multiple cryopreserved bone marrow injections using a rabbit model. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 124:448–454PubMed Ma HL, Chen TH, Hung SC (2004) Development of a new method in promoting fracture healing: multiple cryopreserved bone marrow injections using a rabbit model. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 124:448–454PubMed

go back to reference Maghsudi M, Neumann C, Hente R, Nerlich M (1998) Percutaneous minimal invasive autologous spongiosa transplantation. Langenbecks Arch Chir Suppl Kongressbd 115:1218–1220PubMed Maghsudi M, Neumann C, Hente R, Nerlich M (1998) Percutaneous minimal invasive autologous spongiosa transplantation. Langenbecks Arch Chir Suppl Kongressbd 115:1218–1220PubMed

go back to reference Mahendra A, Maclean AD (2007) Available biological treatments for complex non-unions. Injury 38:S7–S12PubMed Mahendra A, Maclean AD (2007) Available biological treatments for complex non-unions. Injury 38:S7–S12PubMed

go back to reference Majors AK, Boehm CA, Nitto H, Midura RJ, Muschler GF (1997) Characterization of human bone marrow stromal cells with respect to osteoblastic differentiation. J Orthop Res 15:546–557PubMed Majors AK, Boehm CA, Nitto H, Midura RJ, Muschler GF (1997) Characterization of human bone marrow stromal cells with respect to osteoblastic differentiation. J Orthop Res 15:546–557PubMed

go back to reference Makino T, Kokubu T, Kurosaka M (2006) Effect of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein on preventing atrophic nonunion. Clin Calcium 16(5):823–827PubMed Makino T, Kokubu T, Kurosaka M (2006) Effect of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein on preventing atrophic nonunion. Clin Calcium 16(5):823–827PubMed

go back to reference Maneerit J, Meknavin S, Hanpanitkitkan S (2004) Percutaneous versus open bone grafting in the treatment of tibial fractures: a randomized prospective trial. J Med Assoc Thai 87:1034–1040PubMed Maneerit J, Meknavin S, Hanpanitkitkan S (2004) Percutaneous versus open bone grafting in the treatment of tibial fractures: a randomized prospective trial. J Med Assoc Thai 87:1034–1040PubMed

go back to reference Matsuda Y, Sakayama K, Okumura H, Kawatani Y, Mashima N, Shibata T (1998) Percutaneous autologous bone marrow transplantation for nonunion of the femur. Nippon Geka Hokan 67:10–17PubMed Matsuda Y, Sakayama K, Okumura H, Kawatani Y, Mashima N, Shibata T (1998) Percutaneous autologous bone marrow transplantation for nonunion of the femur. Nippon Geka Hokan 67:10–17PubMed

go back to reference Metheny-Barlow LJ, Tian S, Hayes AJ, Li LY (2004) Direct chemotactic action of angiopoietin-1 on mesenchymal cells in the presence of VEGF. Microvasc Res 68:221–230PubMed Metheny-Barlow LJ, Tian S, Hayes AJ, Li LY (2004) Direct chemotactic action of angiopoietin-1 on mesenchymal cells in the presence of VEGF. Microvasc Res 68:221–230PubMed

go back to reference Milovancev M, Muir P, Manley PA, Seeherman HJ, Schaefer S (2007) Clinical application of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 in 4 dogs. Vet Surg 36:132–140PubMed Milovancev M, Muir P, Manley PA, Seeherman HJ, Schaefer S (2007) Clinical application of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 in 4 dogs. Vet Surg 36:132–140PubMed

go back to reference Mukaimi A, Mokhtar A, Abo El Nass M (2005) The use of locked nails in the treatment of humeral shaft: delayed union and nonunion. Med Princ Pract 14:245–249PubMed Mukaimi A, Mokhtar A, Abo El Nass M (2005) The use of locked nails in the treatment of humeral shaft: delayed union and nonunion. Med Princ Pract 14:245–249PubMed

go back to reference Muller ME (1965) Treatment of nonunion by compression. Clin Orthop Relat Res 43:83–92 Muller ME (1965) Treatment of nonunion by compression. Clin Orthop Relat Res 43:83–92

go back to reference Muschler GF, Boehm C, Easley K (1997) Aspiration to obtain osteoblast progenitor cells from human bone marrow: the influence of aspiration volume. J Bone Joint Surg Am 79:1699–1709PubMed Muschler GF, Boehm C, Easley K (1997) Aspiration to obtain osteoblast progenitor cells from human bone marrow: the influence of aspiration volume. J Bone Joint Surg Am 79:1699–1709PubMed

go back to reference Muschler GF, Nitto H, Boehm CA, Easley KA (2001) Age- and gender-related changes in the cellularity of human bone marrow and the prevalence of osteoblastic progenitors. J Orthop Res 19:117–125PubMed Muschler GF, Nitto H, Boehm CA, Easley KA (2001) Age- and gender-related changes in the cellularity of human bone marrow and the prevalence of osteoblastic progenitors. J Orthop Res 19:117–125PubMed

go back to reference Muschler GF, Nitto H, Matsukura Y, Boehm C, Valdevit A, Kambic H, Davros W, Powell K, Easley K (2003) Spine fusion using cell matrix composites enriched in bone marrow-derived cells. Clin Orthop Relat Res 407:102–118PubMed Muschler GF, Nitto H, Matsukura Y, Boehm C, Valdevit A, Kambic H, Davros W, Powell K, Easley K (2003) Spine fusion using cell matrix composites enriched in bone marrow-derived cells. Clin Orthop Relat Res 407:102–118PubMed

go back to reference Nakajima F, Nakajima A, Ogasawara A, Moriya H, Yamazaki M (2007) Effects of a single percutaneous injection of basic fibroblast growth factor on the healing of a closed femoral shaft fracture in the rat. Calcif Tissue Int 81:132–138PubMed Nakajima F, Nakajima A, Ogasawara A, Moriya H, Yamazaki M (2007) Effects of a single percutaneous injection of basic fibroblast growth factor on the healing of a closed femoral shaft fracture in the rat. Calcif Tissue Int 81:132–138PubMed

go back to reference Niikura T, Hak DJ, Reddi AH (2006) Global gene profiling reveals a downregulation of BMP gene expression in experimental atrophic nonunions compared to standard healing fractures. J Orthop Res 24:1463–1471PubMed Niikura T, Hak DJ, Reddi AH (2006) Global gene profiling reveals a downregulation of BMP gene expression in experimental atrophic nonunions compared to standard healing fractures. J Orthop Res 24:1463–1471PubMed

go back to reference Nishimori M, Tateoka A, Tojyo A, Nakao Y, Yamada Y, Hanaoka K (2001) Self-reported recovery time of daily activity after bone marrow harvesting from healthy donors. J Anesth 15:1–5PubMed Nishimori M, Tateoka A, Tojyo A, Nakao Y, Yamada Y, Hanaoka K (2001) Self-reported recovery time of daily activity after bone marrow harvesting from healthy donors. J Anesth 15:1–5PubMed

go back to reference Nizankowski R, Petriczek T, Skotnicki A, Szczeklik A (2005) The treatment of advanced chronic lower limb ischaemia with marrow stem cell autotransplantation. Kardiol Pol 63(4):351–360PubMed Nizankowski R, Petriczek T, Skotnicki A, Szczeklik A (2005) The treatment of advanced chronic lower limb ischaemia with marrow stem cell autotransplantation. Kardiol Pol 63(4):351–360PubMed

go back to reference Orozco L, Rodriguez L, Torrico C, Douville J, Hock JM, Armstrong RD, Garcia J, Solano C. Clinical feasibility study: the use of cultured enriched autologous bone marrow cells to treat refractory atrophic and hypotrophic nonunion fractures. http://files.shareholder.com/downloads/ASTM/98210462x0xS950134-05-10343/887359/filing.pdf. Accessed 07 October 2009 Orozco L, Rodriguez L, Torrico C, Douville J, Hock JM, Armstrong RD, Garcia J, Solano C. Clinical feasibility study: the use of cultured enriched autologous bone marrow cells to treat refractory atrophic and hypotrophic nonunion fractures. http://​files.​shareholder.​com/​downloads/​ASTM/​98210462x0xS9501​34-05-10343/​887359/​filing.​pdf. Accessed 07 October 2009

go back to reference Otto WR, Rao J (2004) Tomorrow's skeleton staff: mesenchymal stem cells and the repair of bone and cartilage. Cell Prolif 37:97–110PubMed Otto WR, Rao J (2004) Tomorrow's skeleton staff: mesenchymal stem cells and the repair of bone and cartilage. Cell Prolif 37:97–110PubMed

go back to reference Paley D, Young MC, Wiley AM, Fornasier VL, Jackson RW (1986) Percutaneous bone marrow grafting of fractures and bony defects. An experimental study in rabbits. Clin Orthop Relat Res 208:300–312PubMed Paley D, Young MC, Wiley AM, Fornasier VL, Jackson RW (1986) Percutaneous bone marrow grafting of fractures and bony defects. An experimental study in rabbits. Clin Orthop Relat Res 208:300–312PubMed

go back to reference Parikh SN (2002) Bone graft substitutes: past, present, future. J Postgrad Med 48:142–148PubMed Parikh SN (2002) Bone graft substitutes: past, present, future. J Postgrad Med 48:142–148PubMed

go back to reference Patel AA, Ricci WM, McDonald DJ, Borrelli J, Clohisy JC (2006) Treatment of periprosthetic femoral shaft nonunion. J Arthroplast 21:435–442 Patel AA, Ricci WM, McDonald DJ, Borrelli J, Clohisy JC (2006) Treatment of periprosthetic femoral shaft nonunion. J Arthroplast 21:435–442

go back to reference Patil S, Montgomery R (2006) Management of complex tibial and femoral nonunion using the Ilizarov technique, and its cost implications. J Bone Joint Surg Br 88:928–932PubMed Patil S, Montgomery R (2006) Management of complex tibial and femoral nonunion using the Ilizarov technique, and its cost implications. J Bone Joint Surg Br 88:928–932PubMed

go back to reference Pecina M, Vukicevic S (2007) Biological aspects of bone, cartilage and tendon regeneration. Int Orthop 31:719–720PubMed Pecina M, Vukicevic S (2007) Biological aspects of bone, cartilage and tendon regeneration. Int Orthop 31:719–720PubMed

go back to reference Piriou P, Martin JN, Garreau de Loubresse C, Judet T (2005) Tibia nonunion after intramedullar nailing for fracture: decortication and osteosynthesis by medial plating. Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot 91:222–231PubMed Piriou P, Martin JN, Garreau de Loubresse C, Judet T (2005) Tibia nonunion after intramedullar nailing for fracture: decortication and osteosynthesis by medial plating. Rev Chir Orthop Reparatrice Appar Mot 91:222–231PubMed

go back to reference Pountos I, Corscadden D, Emery P, Giannoudis PV (2007) Mesenchymal stem cell tissue engineering: techniques for isolation, expansion and application. Injury 38:S23–S33PubMed Pountos I, Corscadden D, Emery P, Giannoudis PV (2007) Mesenchymal stem cell tissue engineering: techniques for isolation, expansion and application. Injury 38:S23–S33PubMed

go back to reference Pountos I, Georgouli T, Blokhuis TJ, Pape HC, Giannoudis PV (2008) Pharmacological agents and impairment of fracture healing: what is the evidence? Injury 39:384–394PubMed Pountos I, Georgouli T, Blokhuis TJ, Pape HC, Giannoudis PV (2008) Pharmacological agents and impairment of fracture healing: what is the evidence? Injury 39:384–394PubMed

go back to reference Pountos I, Giannoudis PV (2005) Biology of mesenchymal stem cells. Injury 3:S8–S12 Pountos I, Giannoudis PV (2005) Biology of mesenchymal stem cells. Injury 3:S8–S12

go back to reference Pountos I, Jones E, Tzioupis C, McGonagle D, Giannoudis PV (2006) Growing bone and cartilage. The role of mesenchymal stem cells. J Bone Joint Surg Br 88:421–426PubMed Pountos I, Jones E, Tzioupis C, McGonagle D, Giannoudis PV (2006) Growing bone and cartilage. The role of mesenchymal stem cells. J Bone Joint Surg Br 88:421–426PubMed

go back to reference Quarto R, Mastrogiacomo M, Cancedda R, Kutepov SM, Mukhachev V, Lavroukov A, Kon E, Marcacci M (2001) Repair of large bone defects with the use of autologous bone marrow stromal cells. N Engl J Med 344:385–386PubMed Quarto R, Mastrogiacomo M, Cancedda R, Kutepov SM, Mukhachev V, Lavroukov A, Kon E, Marcacci M (2001) Repair of large bone defects with the use of autologous bone marrow stromal cells. N Engl J Med 344:385–386PubMed

go back to reference Richmond J, Colleran K, Borens O, Kloen P, Helfet DL (2004) Nonunions of the distal tibia treated by reamed intramedullary nailing. J Orthop Trauma 18:603–610PubMed Richmond J, Colleran K, Borens O, Kloen P, Helfet DL (2004) Nonunions of the distal tibia treated by reamed intramedullary nailing. J Orthop Trauma 18:603–610PubMed

go back to reference Rozen N, Lewinson D, Bick T, Jacob ZC, Stein H, Soudry M (2007) Fracture repair: modulation of fracture-callus and mechanical properties by sequential application of IL-6 following PTH 1–34 or PTH 28–48. Bone 41:437–445PubMed Rozen N, Lewinson D, Bick T, Jacob ZC, Stein H, Soudry M (2007) Fracture repair: modulation of fracture-callus and mechanical properties by sequential application of IL-6 following PTH 1–34 or PTH 28–48. Bone 41:437–445PubMed

go back to reference Russell JL, Block JE (2000) Surgical harvesting of bone graft from the ilium: point of view. Med Hypotheses 55:474–479PubMed Russell JL, Block JE (2000) Surgical harvesting of bone graft from the ilium: point of view. Med Hypotheses 55:474–479PubMed

go back to reference Saito N, Okada T, Horiuchi H, Ota H, Takahashi J, Murakami N, Nawata M, Kojima S, Nozaki K, Takaoka K (2003) Local bone formation by injection of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 contained in polymer carriers. Bone 32:381–386PubMed Saito N, Okada T, Horiuchi H, Ota H, Takahashi J, Murakami N, Nawata M, Kojima S, Nozaki K, Takaoka K (2003) Local bone formation by injection of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 contained in polymer carriers. Bone 32:381–386PubMed

go back to reference Schmidmaier G, Schwabe P, Wildemann B, Haas NP (2007) Use of bone morphogenetic proteins for treatment of non-unions and future perspectives. Injury 38:S35–S41PubMed Schmidmaier G, Schwabe P, Wildemann B, Haas NP (2007) Use of bone morphogenetic proteins for treatment of non-unions and future perspectives. Injury 38:S35–S41PubMed

go back to reference Sebecic B, Gabelica V, Patrlj L, Sosa T (1999) Percutaneous autologous bone marrow grafting on the site of tibial delayed union. Croat Med J 40:429–432PubMed Sebecic B, Gabelica V, Patrlj L, Sosa T (1999) Percutaneous autologous bone marrow grafting on the site of tibial delayed union. Croat Med J 40:429–432PubMed

go back to reference Seeherman HJ, Azari K, Bidic S, Rogers L, Li XJ, Hollinger JO, Wozney JM (2006) rhBMP-2 delivered in a calcium phosphate cement accelerates bridging of critical-sized defects in rabbit radii. J Bone Joint Surg Am 88:1553–1565PubMed Seeherman HJ, Azari K, Bidic S, Rogers L, Li XJ, Hollinger JO, Wozney JM (2006) rhBMP-2 delivered in a calcium phosphate cement accelerates bridging of critical-sized defects in rabbit radii. J Bone Joint Surg Am 88:1553–1565PubMed

go back to reference Sen MK, Miclau T (2007) Autologous iliac crest bone graft: should it still be the gold standard for treating nonunions? Injury 38:S75–S80PubMed Sen MK, Miclau T (2007) Autologous iliac crest bone graft: should it still be the gold standard for treating nonunions? Injury 38:S75–S80PubMed

go back to reference Sim R, Liang TS, Tay BK (1993) Autologous marrow injection in the treatment of delayed and non-union in long bones. Singapore Med J 34:412–417PubMed Sim R, Liang TS, Tay BK (1993) Autologous marrow injection in the treatment of delayed and non-union in long bones. Singapore Med J 34:412–417PubMed

go back to reference Siwach RC, Sangwan SS, Singh R, Goel A (2001) Role of percutaneous bone marrow grafting in delayed unions, non-unions and poor regenerates. Indian J Med Sci 55:326–336PubMed Siwach RC, Sangwan SS, Singh R, Goel A (2001) Role of percutaneous bone marrow grafting in delayed unions, non-unions and poor regenerates. Indian J Med Sci 55:326–336PubMed

go back to reference Sugiyama O, An DS, Kung SP, Feeley BT, Gamradt S, Liu NQ, Chen IS, Lieberman JR (2005) Lentivirus-mediated gene transfer induces long-term transgene expression of BMP-2 in vitro and new bone formation in vivo. Mol Ther 11:390–398PubMed Sugiyama O, An DS, Kung SP, Feeley BT, Gamradt S, Liu NQ, Chen IS, Lieberman JR (2005) Lentivirus-mediated gene transfer induces long-term transgene expression of BMP-2 in vitro and new bone formation in vivo. Mol Ther 11:390–398PubMed

go back to reference Summers BN, Eisenstein SM (1989) Donor site pain from the ilium. A complication of lumbar spine fusion. J Bone Joint Surg Br 71:677–680PubMed Summers BN, Eisenstein SM (1989) Donor site pain from the ilium. A complication of lumbar spine fusion. J Bone Joint Surg Br 71:677–680PubMed

go back to reference Taguchi K, Ogawa R, Migita M, Hanawa H, Ito H, Orimo H (2005) The role of bone marrow-derived cells in bone fracture repair in a green fluorescent protein chimeric mouse model. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 331:31–36PubMed Taguchi K, Ogawa R, Migita M, Hanawa H, Ito H, Orimo H (2005) The role of bone marrow-derived cells in bone fracture repair in a green fluorescent protein chimeric mouse model. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 331:31–36PubMed

go back to reference Tetreault P, Ouellette HA (2007) Healing of a clavicle fracture nonunion with bone marrow injection. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 16:e23–e24PubMed Tetreault P, Ouellette HA (2007) Healing of a clavicle fracture nonunion with bone marrow injection. J Shoulder Elbow Surg 16:e23–e24PubMed

go back to reference Tiedeman JJ, Connolly JF, Strates BS, Lippiello L (1991) Treatment of nonunion by percutaneous injection of bone marrow and demineralized bone matrix. An experimental study in dogs. Clin Orthop Relat Res 268:294–302PubMed Tiedeman JJ, Connolly JF, Strates BS, Lippiello L (1991) Treatment of nonunion by percutaneous injection of bone marrow and demineralized bone matrix. An experimental study in dogs. Clin Orthop Relat Res 268:294–302PubMed

go back to reference Turner TM, Urban RM, Hall DJ, Cheema N, Lim TH (2003) Restoration of large bone defects using a hard-setting, injectable putty containing demineralized bone particles compared to cancellous autograft bone. Orthopedics 26:s561–s565PubMed Turner TM, Urban RM, Hall DJ, Cheema N, Lim TH (2003) Restoration of large bone defects using a hard-setting, injectable putty containing demineralized bone particles compared to cancellous autograft bone. Orthopedics 26:s561–s565PubMed

go back to reference Urban RM, Turner TM, Hall DJ, Infanger SI, Cheema N, Lim TH, Richelsoph K (2004) An injectable calcium sulfate-based bone graft putty using hydroxypropylmethylcellulose as the plasticizer. Orthopedics 27:s155–s159PubMed Urban RM, Turner TM, Hall DJ, Infanger SI, Cheema N, Lim TH, Richelsoph K (2004) An injectable calcium sulfate-based bone graft putty using hydroxypropylmethylcellulose as the plasticizer. Orthopedics 27:s155–s159PubMed

go back to reference Vaibhav B, Nilesh P, Vikram S, Anshul C (2007) Bone morphogenic protein and its application in trauma cases: a current concept update. Injury 38:1227–1235PubMed Vaibhav B, Nilesh P, Vikram S, Anshul C (2007) Bone morphogenic protein and its application in trauma cases: a current concept update. Injury 38:1227–1235PubMed

go back to reference Vail TP, Urbaniak JR (1996) Donor-site morbidity with use of vascularized autogenous fibular grafts. J Bone Joint Surg Am 78:204–211PubMed Vail TP, Urbaniak JR (1996) Donor-site morbidity with use of vascularized autogenous fibular grafts. J Bone Joint Surg Am 78:204–211PubMed

go back to reference Wang L, Li WS, Zhang QS (2001) Autogenous bone marrow graft for the management of nonunion of tibia. Zhongguo Xiu Fu Chong Jian Wai Ke Za Zhi 15:24–25PubMed Wang L, Li WS, Zhang QS (2001) Autogenous bone marrow graft for the management of nonunion of tibia. Zhongguo Xiu Fu Chong Jian Wai Ke Za Zhi 15:24–25PubMed

go back to reference White AP, Vaccaro AR, Hall JA, Whang PG, Friel BC, McKee MD (2007) Clinical applications of BMP-7/OP-1 in fractures, nonunions and spinal fusion. Int Orthop 31:735–741PubMed White AP, Vaccaro AR, Hall JA, Whang PG, Friel BC, McKee MD (2007) Clinical applications of BMP-7/OP-1 in fractures, nonunions and spinal fusion. Int Orthop 31:735–741PubMed

go back to reference Wilkins RM, Chimenti BT, Rifkin RM (2003) Percutaneous treatment of long bone nonunions: the use of autologous bone marrow and allograft bone matrix. Orthopedics 26:s549–s554PubMed Wilkins RM, Chimenti BT, Rifkin RM (2003) Percutaneous treatment of long bone nonunions: the use of autologous bone marrow and allograft bone matrix. Orthopedics 26:s549–s554PubMed

go back to reference Wilkins RM, Kelly CM (2003) The effect of allomatrix injectable putty on the outcome of long bone applications. Orthopedics 26:s567–s570PubMed Wilkins RM, Kelly CM (2003) The effect of allomatrix injectable putty on the outcome of long bone applications. Orthopedics 26:s567–s570PubMed

go back to reference Yu CW, Wu CC, Chen WJ (2002) Aseptic nonunion of a femoral shaft treated using exchange nailing. Chang Gung Med J 25:591–598PubMed Yu CW, Wu CC, Chen WJ (2002) Aseptic nonunion of a femoral shaft treated using exchange nailing. Chang Gung Med J 25:591–598PubMed

go back to reference Zelle BA, Bhandari M, Espiritu M, Koval KJ, Zlowodzki M, Evidence-based orthopaedic trauma working group (2006) Treatment of distal tibia fractures without articular involvement: a systematic review of 1125 fractures. J Orthop Trauma 20:76–79PubMed Zelle BA, Bhandari M, Espiritu M, Koval KJ, Zlowodzki M, Evidence-based orthopaedic trauma working group (2006) Treatment of distal tibia fractures without articular involvement: a systematic review of 1125 fractures. J Orthop Trauma 20:76–79PubMed

go back to reference Zelle BA, Gruen GS, Klatt B, Haemmerle MJ, Rosenblum WJ, Prayson MJ (2004) Exchange reamed nailing for aseptic nonunion of the tibia. J Trauma 57:1053–1059PubMed Zelle BA, Gruen GS, Klatt B, Haemmerle MJ, Rosenblum WJ, Prayson MJ (2004) Exchange reamed nailing for aseptic nonunion of the tibia. J Trauma 57:1053–1059PubMed

go back to reference Zhang P, He X, Liu K, Zhao F, Fu Z, Zhang D, Zhang Q, Jiang B (2004) Bone marrow stromal cells differentiated into functional Schwann cells in injured rats sciatic nerve. Artif Cells Blood Substit Immobil Biotechnol 32:509–518PubMedCrossRef Zhang P, He X, Liu K, Zhao F, Fu Z, Zhang D, Zhang Q, Jiang B (2004) Bone marrow stromal cells differentiated into functional Schwann cells in injured rats sciatic nerve. Artif Cells Blood Substit Immobil Biotechnol 32:509–518PubMedCrossRef

go back to reference Zimmermann G, Moghaddam A, Wagner C, Vock B, Wentzensen A (2006) Clinical experience with bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP 7) in nonunions of long bones. Unfallchirurg 109:528–537PubMed Zimmermann G, Moghaddam A, Wagner C, Vock B, Wentzensen A (2006) Clinical experience with bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP 7) in nonunions of long bones. Unfallchirurg 109:528–537PubMed

go back to reference Zipfel GJ, Guiot BH, Fessler RG (2003) Bone grafting. Neurosurg Focus 14:e8PubMed Zipfel GJ, Guiot BH, Fessler RG (2003) Bone grafting. Neurosurg Focus 14:e8PubMed

go back to reference Ziran BH, Smith WR, Morgan SJ (2007) Use of calcium-based demineralized bone matrix/allograft for nonunions and posttraumatic reconstruction of the appendicular skeleton: preliminary results and complications. J Trauma 63:1324–1328PubMed Ziran BH, Smith WR, Morgan SJ (2007) Use of calcium-based demineralized bone matrix/allograft for nonunions and posttraumatic reconstruction of the appendicular skeleton: preliminary results and complications. J Trauma 63:1324–1328PubMed