Skip to main content
Key Specialties
Cardiology Diabetology Endocrinology Gastroenterology Geriatrics and Gerontology Gynecology and Obstetrics Hematology Infectious Disease Internal Medicine Nephrology Neurology Oncology Pediatrics Respiratory Medicine Rheumatology Surgery
Congress Coverage
2024 ACC Congress 2023 ESMO Congress 2023 EASD Congress 2023 ERS Congress 2023 ESC Congress
Clinical Collections
Advances in Alzheimer’s

Keynote webinar | Spotlight on medication adherence

LIVE: Thursday 27th June 2024, 18:00-19:30 (CEST)
Join our expert panel to discover why you need to understand the drivers of non-adherence in your patients, and how you can optimize medication adherence in your clinics to drastically improve patient outcomes.
ADVANCED SEARCH
Log in
Top
Annals of Behavioral Medicine
Published in: Annals of Behavioral Medicine 5/2015

01-10-2015 | Original Article

Effects of Encouraging Rapid Implementation and/or Structured Planning of Quit Attempts on Smoking Cessation Outcomes: a Randomized Controlled Trial

Authors: Ron Borland, PhD, James Balmford, PhD, Elena Swift, MRes

Published in: Annals of Behavioral Medicine | Issue 5/2015

Login to get access

Abstract

Background

Recent research has led to debate over the benefit of planning quit attempts, suggesting that attempts implemented spontaneously may be more effective. The roles of planning and spontaneity require prospective examination.

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to test the benefit of encouraging smokers using an online program to quit as soon as possible (Rapid Implementation arm) and of structured planning advice incorporating implementation intentions (Structured Planning arm).

Methods

Randomized controlled trial with 1601 cases in the Rapid Implementation arm and an additional 964 in the Structured Planning arm; 2565 in total.

Results

There was no effect of Rapid Implementation, but Structured Planning significantly increased 6-month sustained abstinence (14.6 vs 10.2 %; p = 0.001). There was significantly less relapse after 1 week in the structured planning group (61.0 vs 71.2 %, p = 0.001).

Conclusions

A structured planning intervention delivered online can reduce relapse to smoking. Smokers should be encouraged to form implementation intentions and do most of their planning for relapse prevention after they have quit.
Literature
1.
Ajzen I. The theory of planned behavior. Organ Behav Hum Decis Process. 1991; 50: 179-211.CrossRef
2.
Fiore M, Jaen C, Baker T, et al. Treating tobacco use and dependence: 2008 update. US: US Department of Health and Human Services 2008, Public Health Service.
3.
Prochaska J, DiClemente C, Norcross J. In search of how people change. Applications to addictive behaviors. Am Psychol. 1992; 47: 1102-1114.CrossRefPubMed
4.
Raw M, McNeill A, West R. Smoking cessation guidelines for health professionals. A guide to effective smoking cessation interventions for the health care system. Health Education Authority. Thorax. 1998; 53(Suppl 5): S1-S19.PubMedCentralCrossRef
5.
Borland R. Understanding hard to maintain behavior change: A dual-process approach. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, Addiction Press; 2014.
6.
West R, Brown J. Theory of addiction (2nd Edition). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, Addiction Press; 2013.CrossRef
7.
Stead LF, Lancaster T. Group behavior therapy programmes for smoking cessation. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005; 2: CD001007.PubMed
8.
Ferguson S, Shiffman S, Gitchell J, Sembower M, West R. Unplanned quit attempts - results from a U.S. sample of smokers and ex-smokers. Nicotine Tob Res. 2009; 11: 827-832.CrossRefPubMed
9.
10.
Sendzik T, Mcdonald PW, Brown KS, Hammond D, Ferrence R. Planned quit attempts among Ontario smokers: Impact on abstinence. Addiction. 2011; 106: 2005-2013.CrossRefPubMed
11.
12.
Cooper J, Borland R, Yong H, et al. To what extent do smokers make spontaneous quit attempts and what are the implications for smoking cessation maintenance? Findings from the International Tobacco Control Four-Country survey. Nicotine Tob Res. 2010; 12(Suppl 1): S51-S57.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
13.
Murray R, Lewis S, Coleman T, Britton J, McNeill A. Unplanned attempts to quit smoking: Missed opportunities for health promotion? Addiction. 2009; 104: 1901-1909.CrossRefPubMed
14.
Borland R, Balmford J, Swift E. Effect of timing of initiation and planning on smoking cessation outcomes: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. BMC Public Health. 2013; 13: 235.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
15.
Balmford J, Borland R, Burney S. The influence of having a quit date on the prediction of smoking cessation outcome. Health Educ Res. 2010; 25: 698-706.CrossRefPubMed
16.
Cobb CO, Niaura RS, Donaldson EA, Graham AL. Quit now? Quit soon? Quit when you’re ready? Insights about target quit dates for smoking cessation from an online quit date tool. J Med Internet Res. 2014; 16: e55.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
17.
Hughes JR, Callas PW. Is delaying a quit attempt associated with less success? Nicotine Tob Res. 2011; 12: 1228-1232.CrossRef
18.
Hughes JR, Russ C, Messig MA. Association of deferring a quit attempt with smoking cessation success: A secondary analysis. J Subst Abuse Treat. 2014; 46: 264-267.CrossRefPubMed
19.
20.
Fong GT, Cummings KM, Borland R, et al. The conceptual framework of the International Tobacco Control (ITC) policy evaluation project. Tob Control. 2006; 15(Suppl 3): 3-11.
21.
Balmford J, Borland R, Swift E. Reported planning before and just after quitting and quit success: Retrospective data from the ITC 4-Country survey. Psychol Addict Behav. 2014; 28: 899-906.CrossRefPubMed
22.
Gollwitzer PM. Implementation intentions: Strong effects from simple plans. Am Psychol. 1999; 54: 493-503.CrossRef
23.
Gollwitzer PM, Sheeran P. Implementation intentions and goal achievement: A meta-analysis of effects and processes. Adv Exp Soc Psychol. 2006; 38: 69-119.CrossRef
24.
Achtziger A, Gollwitzer PM, Sheeran P. Implementation intentions and shielding goal striving from unwanted thoughts and feelings. Personal Soc Psychol Bul. 2008; 34: 381-393.CrossRef
25.
Armitage CJ. A volitional help sheet to encourage smoking cessation: A randomized exploratory trial. Health Psychol. 2008; 27: 557-566.CrossRefPubMed
26.
Armitage CJ, Arden MA. How useful are the stages of change for targeting interventions? Randomized test of a brief intervention to reduce smoking. Health Psychol. 2008; 27: 789-798.CrossRefPubMed
27.
Borland R, Balmford J, Benda P. Population-level effects of automated cessation help programs: A randomized controlled trial. Addiction. 2013; 108: 618-628.CrossRefPubMed
28.
Borland R, Balmford J, Hunt D. The effectiveness of personally tailored computer-generated advice letters for smoking cessation. Addiction. 2004; 99: 369-377.CrossRefPubMed
29.
Borland R, Yong H, O’Connor R, Hyland A, Thompson M. The reliability and predictive validity of the Heaviness of Smoking Index and its two components: Findings from the International Tobacco Control Four-Country study. Nicotine Tob Res. 2010; 12(Suppl 1): S45-S50.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
30.
Hagger MS, Luszczynska A. Implementation intention and action planning interventions in health contexts: State of the research and proposals for the way forward. Appl Psychol Health Well Being. 2014; 6: 1-47.CrossRefPubMed
31.
Hajek P, Stead LF, West R, Jarvis M, Hartmann-Boyce J, Lancaster T. Relapse prevention interventions for smoking cessation (review). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013; 8: CD003999.PubMed
32.
Borland R, Yong HH, Balmford J, et al. Motivational factors predict quit attempts but not maintenance of smoking cessation: Findings from the International Tobacco Control Four country project. Nicotine Tob Res. 2010; 12: S4-S11.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
33.
Partos TR, Borland R, Yong HH, Hyland A, Cummings KM. The quitting rollercoaster: how recent quitting history affects future cessation (data from the International Tobacco Control 4-country cohort study). Nicotine Tob Res. 2013; 15: 1578-1587.PubMedCentralCrossRefPubMed
34.
SRNT Subcommittee on Biochemical Verification. Biochemical verification of tobacco use and cessation. Nicotine Tob Res. 2002; 4: 149–159.
Metadata
Title
Effects of Encouraging Rapid Implementation and/or Structured Planning of Quit Attempts on Smoking Cessation Outcomes: a Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors
Ron Borland, PhD
James Balmford, PhD
Elena Swift, MRes
Publication date
01-10-2015
Publisher
Springer US
Published in
Annals of Behavioral Medicine / Issue 5/2015
Print ISSN: 0883-6612
Electronic ISSN: 1532-4796
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-015-9706-3

Other articles of this Issue 5/2015

Annals of Behavioral Medicine 5/2015 Go to the issue

Original Article

Husbands’ and Wives’ Physical Activity and Depressive Symptoms: Longitudinal Findings from the Cardiovascular Health Study

Original Article

Trajectories of Posttraumatic Growth and Associated Characteristics in Women with Breast Cancer

Original Article

Can the Affective Response to Exercise Predict Future Motives and Physical Activity Behavior? A Systematic Review of Published Evidence

Original Article

Which Images and Features in Graphic Cigarette Warnings Predict Their Perceived Effectiveness? Findings from an Online Survey of Residents in the UK

Erratum

Erratum to: The Strength of Family Ties: Perceptions of Network Relationship Quality and Levels of C-Reactive Proteins in the North Texas Heart Study

Original Article

It’s Complicated: Marital Ambivalence on Ambulatory Blood Pressure and Daily Interpersonal Functioning