Beyond equality, women require extra care in cardiovascular imaging

go back to reference Haider A, Bengs S, Luu J, Osto E, Siller-Matula JM, Muka T, Gebhard C. Sex and gender in cardiovascular medicine: presentation and outcomes of acute coronary syndrome. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(13):1328–36. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz898.CrossRefPubMed Haider A, Bengs S, Luu J, Osto E, Siller-Matula JM, Muka T, Gebhard C. Sex and gender in cardiovascular medicine: presentation and outcomes of acute coronary syndrome. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(13):1328–36. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1093/​eurheartj/​ehz898.CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Vaccarino V, Shah AJ, Mehta PK, Pearce B, Raggi P, Bremner JD, Quyyumi AA. Brain-heart connections in stress and cardiovascular disease: implications for the cardiac patient. Atherosclerosis. 2021;328:74–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2021.05.020.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Vaccarino V, Shah AJ, Mehta PK, Pearce B, Raggi P, Bremner JD, Quyyumi AA. Brain-heart connections in stress and cardiovascular disease: implications for the cardiac patient. Atherosclerosis. 2021;328:74–82. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/​j.​atherosclerosis.​2021.​05.​020.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Burger IA, Lohmann C, Messerli M, Bengs S, Becker A, Maredziak M, Treyer V, Haider A, Schwyzer M, Benz DC, Kudura K, Fiechter M, Giannopoulos AA, Fuchs TA, Gräni C, Pazhenkottil AP, Gaemperli O, Buechel RR, Kaufmann PA, Gebhard C. Age- and sex-dependent changes in sympathetic activity of the left ventricular apex assessed by 18F-DOPA PET imaging. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(8):e0202302. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0202302.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Burger IA, Lohmann C, Messerli M, Bengs S, Becker A, Maredziak M, Treyer V, Haider A, Schwyzer M, Benz DC, Kudura K, Fiechter M, Giannopoulos AA, Fuchs TA, Gräni C, Pazhenkottil AP, Gaemperli O, Buechel RR, Kaufmann PA, Gebhard C. Age- and sex-dependent changes in sympathetic activity of the left ventricular apex assessed by 18F-DOPA PET imaging. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(8):e0202302. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1371/​journal.​pone.​0202302.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Mikail N, Rossi A, Bengs S, Haider A, Stähli BE, Portmann A, Imperiale A, Treyer V, Meisel A, Pazhenkottil AP, Messerli M, Regitz-Zagrosek V, Kaufmann PA, Buechel RR, Gebhard C. Imaging of heart disease in women: review and case presentation. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2022. Mikail N, Rossi A, Bengs S, Haider A, Stähli BE, Portmann A, Imperiale A, Treyer V, Meisel A, Pazhenkottil AP, Messerli M, Regitz-Zagrosek V, Kaufmann PA, Buechel RR, Gebhard C. Imaging of heart disease in women: review and case presentation. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2022.

go back to reference Benjamin EJ, Blaha MJ, Chiuve SE, Cushman M, Das SR, Deo R, de Ferranti SD, Floyd J, Fornage M, Gillespie C, Isasi CR, Jiménez MC, Jordan LC, Judd SE, Lackland D, Lichtman JH, Lisabeth L, Liu S, Longenecker CT, Mackey RH, Matsushita K, Mozaffarian D, Mussolino ME, Nasir K, Neumar RW, Palaniappan L, Pandey DK, Thiagarajan RR, Reeves MJ, Ritchey M, Rodriguez CJ, Roth GA, Rosamond WD, Sasson C, Towfighi A, Tsao CW, Turner MB, Virani SS, Voeks JH, Willey JZ, Wilkins JT, Wu JH, Alger HM, Wong SS, Muntner P, American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2017 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2017;135(10):e146–603. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000485.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Benjamin EJ, Blaha MJ, Chiuve SE, Cushman M, Das SR, Deo R, de Ferranti SD, Floyd J, Fornage M, Gillespie C, Isasi CR, Jiménez MC, Jordan LC, Judd SE, Lackland D, Lichtman JH, Lisabeth L, Liu S, Longenecker CT, Mackey RH, Matsushita K, Mozaffarian D, Mussolino ME, Nasir K, Neumar RW, Palaniappan L, Pandey DK, Thiagarajan RR, Reeves MJ, Ritchey M, Rodriguez CJ, Roth GA, Rosamond WD, Sasson C, Towfighi A, Tsao CW, Turner MB, Virani SS, Voeks JH, Willey JZ, Wilkins JT, Wu JH, Alger HM, Wong SS, Muntner P, American Heart Association Statistics Committee and Stroke Statistics Subcommittee. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics-2017 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2017;135(10):e146–603. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1161/​CIR.​0000000000000485​.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Truong QA, Rinehart S, Abbara S, Achenbach S, Berman DS, Bullock-Palmer R, Carrascosa P, Chinnaiyan KM, Dey D, Ferencik M, Fuechtner G, Hecht H, Jacobs JE, Lee SE, Leipsic J, Lin F, Meave A, Pugliese F, Sierra-Galán LM, Williams MC, Villines TC, Shaw LJ, SCCT Women’s Committee. Coronary computed tomographic imaging in women: an expert consensus statement from the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr. 2018;12(6):451–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcct.2018.10.019.CrossRefPubMed Truong QA, Rinehart S, Abbara S, Achenbach S, Berman DS, Bullock-Palmer R, Carrascosa P, Chinnaiyan KM, Dey D, Ferencik M, Fuechtner G, Hecht H, Jacobs JE, Lee SE, Leipsic J, Lin F, Meave A, Pugliese F, Sierra-Galán LM, Williams MC, Villines TC, Shaw LJ, SCCT Women’s Committee. Coronary computed tomographic imaging in women: an expert consensus statement from the Society of Cardiovascular Computed Tomography. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr. 2018;12(6):451–66. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/​j.​jcct.​2018.​10.​019.CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Agarwal M, Shufelt C, Mehta PK, Gill E, Berman DS, Li D, Sharif B, Li N, Bairey Merz CN, Thomson LE. Cardiac risk factors and myocardial perfusion reserve in women with microvascular coronary dysfunction. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther. 2013;3(3):146–52. https://doi.org/10.3978/j.issn.2223-3652.2013.08.01.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Agarwal M, Shufelt C, Mehta PK, Gill E, Berman DS, Li D, Sharif B, Li N, Bairey Merz CN, Thomson LE. Cardiac risk factors and myocardial perfusion reserve in women with microvascular coronary dysfunction. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther. 2013;3(3):146–52. https://​doi.​org/​10.​3978/​j.​issn.​2223-3652.​2013.​08.​01.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Kwok Y, Kim C, Grady D, Segal M, Redberg R. Meta-analysis of exercise testing to detect coronary artery disease in women. Am J Cardiol. 1999;83(5):660–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9149(98)00963-1.CrossRefPubMed Kwok Y, Kim C, Grady D, Segal M, Redberg R. Meta-analysis of exercise testing to detect coronary artery disease in women. Am J Cardiol. 1999;83(5):660–6. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/​s0002-9149(98)00963-1.CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Hachamovitch R, Berman DS, Kiat H, Cohen I, Friedman JD, Shaw LJ. Value of stress myocardial perfusion single photon emission computed tomography in patients with normal resting electrocardiograms: an evaluation of incremental prognostic value and cost-effectiveness. Circulation. 2002;105(7):823–9. https://doi.org/10.1161/hc0702.103973.CrossRefPubMed Hachamovitch R, Berman DS, Kiat H, Cohen I, Friedman JD, Shaw LJ. Value of stress myocardial perfusion single photon emission computed tomography in patients with normal resting electrocardiograms: an evaluation of incremental prognostic value and cost-effectiveness. Circulation. 2002;105(7):823–9. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1161/​hc0702.​103973.CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Flotats A. Role of myocardial 123I-mIBG innervation imaging in the diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases. Clin Transl Imaging. 2018;6:449–58. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40336-018-0306-7.CrossRef Flotats A. Role of myocardial 123I-mIBG innervation imaging in the diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases. Clin Transl Imaging. 2018;6:449–58. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​s40336-018-0306-7.CrossRef

go back to reference Mieres JH, Rosman DR, Shaw LJ. The role of myocardial perfusion imaging in special populations: women, diabetics, and heart failure. Semin Nucl Med. 2005;35(1):52–61. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.semnuclmed.2004.09.004.CrossRefPubMed Mieres JH, Rosman DR, Shaw LJ. The role of myocardial perfusion imaging in special populations: women, diabetics, and heart failure. Semin Nucl Med. 2005;35(1):52–61. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1053/​j.​semnuclmed.​2004.​09.​004.CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Ghesani M, Depuey EG, Rozanski A. Role of F-18 FDG positron emission tomography (PET) in the assessment of myocardial viability. Echocardiography. 2005;22(2):165–77. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0742-2822.2005.04032.x.CrossRefPubMed Ghesani M, Depuey EG, Rozanski A. Role of F-18 FDG positron emission tomography (PET) in the assessment of myocardial viability. Echocardiography. 2005;22(2):165–77. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1111/​j.​0742-2822.​2005.​04032.​x.CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Ruan D, Sun L. Diagnostic efficacy of bone scintigraphy in transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis: an updated systematic review and Bayesian bivariate meta-analysis. Clin Transl Imaging. 2022;10:85–98. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40336-021-00471-8.CrossRef Ruan D, Sun L. Diagnostic efficacy of bone scintigraphy in transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis: an updated systematic review and Bayesian bivariate meta-analysis. Clin Transl Imaging. 2022;10:85–98. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​s40336-021-00471-8.CrossRef

go back to reference Heckmann MB, Reinhardt F, Finke D, Katus HA, Haberkorn U, Leuschner F, Lehmann LH. Relationship between cardiac fibroblast activation protein activity by positron emission tomography and cardiovascular disease. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2020;13(9):e010628. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.120.010628.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral Heckmann MB, Reinhardt F, Finke D, Katus HA, Haberkorn U, Leuschner F, Lehmann LH. Relationship between cardiac fibroblast activation protein activity by positron emission tomography and cardiovascular disease. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2020;13(9):e010628. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1161/​CIRCIMAGING.​120.​010628.CrossRefPubMedPubMedCentral

go back to reference Windram J, Grewal J. Cardiovascular imaging and pregnancy. Can J Cardiol. 2021;37(12):2080–2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2021.09.018.CrossRefPubMed Windram J, Grewal J. Cardiovascular imaging and pregnancy. Can J Cardiol. 2021;37(12):2080–2. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/​j.​cjca.​2021.​09.​018.CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Kim J, Cho SG, Kang SR, Yoo SW, Kwon SY, Min JJ, Bom HS, Song HC. Association between FDG uptake in the right ventricular myocardium and cancer therapy-induced cardiotoxicity. J Nucl Cardiol. 2020;27(6):2154–63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12350-019-01617-y.CrossRefPubMed Kim J, Cho SG, Kang SR, Yoo SW, Kwon SY, Min JJ, Bom HS, Song HC. Association between FDG uptake in the right ventricular myocardium and cancer therapy-induced cardiotoxicity. J Nucl Cardiol. 2020;27(6):2154–63. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​s12350-019-01617-y.CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Hyafil F, Chequer R, Sorbets E, Estellat C, Ducrocq G, Rouzet F, Alfaiate T, Regaieg H, Abtan J, Leygnac S, Milliner M, Imbert L, Burg S, Ben Azzouna R, Potier L, Laouénan C, Quintin C, Roussel R, Hartemann A, Montalescot G, Marie PY, Steg G, Le Guludec D. Head-to-head comparison of the diagnostic performances of Rubidium-PET and SPECT with CZT camera for the detection of myocardial ischemia in a population of women and overweight individuals. J Nucl Cardiol. 2020;27(3):755–68. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12350-018-01557-z.CrossRefPubMed Hyafil F, Chequer R, Sorbets E, Estellat C, Ducrocq G, Rouzet F, Alfaiate T, Regaieg H, Abtan J, Leygnac S, Milliner M, Imbert L, Burg S, Ben Azzouna R, Potier L, Laouénan C, Quintin C, Roussel R, Hartemann A, Montalescot G, Marie PY, Steg G, Le Guludec D. Head-to-head comparison of the diagnostic performances of Rubidium-PET and SPECT with CZT camera for the detection of myocardial ischemia in a population of women and overweight individuals. J Nucl Cardiol. 2020;27(3):755–68. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​s12350-018-01557-z.CrossRefPubMed

go back to reference Mannarino T, Assante R, Ricciardi C, Zampella E, Nappi C, Gaudieri V, Mainolfi CG, Di Vaia E, Petretta M, Cesarelli M, Cuocolo A, Acampa W. Head-to-head comparison of diagnostic accuracy of stress-only myocardial perfusion imaging with conventional and cadmium-zinc telluride single-photon emission computed tomography in women with suspected coronary artery disease. J Nucl Cardiol. 2021;28(3):888–97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12350-019-01789-7.CrossRefPubMed Mannarino T, Assante R, Ricciardi C, Zampella E, Nappi C, Gaudieri V, Mainolfi CG, Di Vaia E, Petretta M, Cesarelli M, Cuocolo A, Acampa W. Head-to-head comparison of diagnostic accuracy of stress-only myocardial perfusion imaging with conventional and cadmium-zinc telluride single-photon emission computed tomography in women with suspected coronary artery disease. J Nucl Cardiol. 2021;28(3):888–97. https://​doi.​org/​10.​1007/​s12350-019-01789-7.CrossRefPubMed